volume | PIER Journals

0000-00-00

Hypothesis of Natural Radar Tracking and Communication Direction Finding Systems Affecting Hornets Flight

Jacob Gavan,

Professor Jacob Gavan

Engineering Department

Holon Academic Institute of Technology

Israel

Homepage

Jacob Ishay

Dr. Jacob Ishay

Department of Physiology and Pharmacology

Tel Aviv University

Israel

Homepage

, Vol. 34, 299-312, 2001

doi:10.2528/PIER01092703

Abstract

The hypothesis of a natural sophisticated RADAR tracking system affecting hornets flight was described, analyzed and developed in previous papers [1, 2] considering their (cuticle) skin complex spike elements arrays shown by electronic microscope pictures. The existence of different spike length arrays and their disposition lead, by analogy with antenna, and radio theory and practice, to the hypothesis of transmitting and receiving phased arrays antennae operating at three different wavelengths in the sub-millimetric bands. The natural photo-and piezo electric generation of energy in the hornets reported previously explain how is generated the Radio Frequency (RF) energy required for the operation of the sub-millimeter wavelength natural RADAR system. However, similar to bats, new computation results show that the operation range of hornets RADAR system is limited to less than 100 m. Recently, investigations have shown that also in the hornet two antennae are located hundreds of spikes which may radiate and detect significant radio energy from their internal photo electric sources and piezoelectric effect. Thus, the existence of three separate sources of radiation and detection enable the application of Direction Finding (DF) communication additional hypothesis. The DF concept can contribute to explain how male hornets track the queens and how workers can be guided to theirnest even forop eration distances up to a few kms. It is possible that the results of the proposed investigations will provide tools to improve real tracking and DF systems performances especially in the yet not sufficiently explored submillimeter wavelength ranges and to find applications to this novel hornet property. Soon will be published results and analysis of experiments contributing to prove this fascinating hypothesis.

Citation

Copy Export

Jacob Gavan, and Jacob Ishay, "Hypothesis of Natural Radar Tracking and Communication Direction Finding Systems Affecting Hornets Flight," , Vol. 34, 299-312, 2001.
doi:10.2528/PIER01092703

References

1. Ishay, J. S. and J. Gavan, "Hypothesis stipulating that a natural RADAR navigational system guides hornet flight," Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves and Applications, Vol. 13, 1611-1625, 1999.

2. Gavan, J. and J. S. Ishay, "Hypothesis of natural RADAR detection and navigational system guides hornets flight," International Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Vol. 21, No. 2, 309-320, February 2000.
doi:10.1023/A:1006669321663

3. Ishay, J. S., O. Goldstein, E. Rosenzweig, D. Kalicharan, and W. L. Jongebloed, "Hornet yellow cuticle microstructure: A photovoltaic system," Phys. Chem. and Physics and Med. NMR, Vol. 9, No. 1, 71-93, 1997.

4. Hudson, J. E., Adaptive Array Principles, Peregrinus, London, 1981.
doi:10.1049/PBEW011E

5. Perez, R., (ed.), Electromagnetic Compatibility Handbook, Chapter19, 715–745, Academic Press, 1995.

6. Gavan, J. and J. S. Ishay, "Hypothesis of natural radar detection and navigational system guides hornets flight," 24th International Symposium of IR and Mm Waves, FB3 (1–2), Monterey, CA, September 1999.

7. Griffin, D. R., Listeningin the Dark, 150-166, Yale Univ. Press, 1958.

8. CCIR "Propagation in non ionized media,", Recommendations and Report of the CCIR, Dusseldorf. International Telecommunication Union Publication, Geneva, 1990.

9. Reference Data for Radio Engineers, Chapters 35–37, Mc Graw Hill, 1993.

10. Keil, T. A., "Functional morphology of insect mechanoreceptors," Microsc. Res. and Techn., Vol. 39, 506-531, 1997.
doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0029(19971215)39:6<506::AID-JEMT5>3.0.CO;2-B

11. Snowden, C. M., W. R, and Stone (eds.), "Towards terahertz semiconductortec hnology," Review of Radio Science 1996–1999, 327-346, Oxford University Press, 1999.

12. Gavan, J. and M. Haridim, "Trimode LADAR/RADAR transponder systems for tracking long range cooperative targets," International Journal of IR and Mm Waves, Vol. 17, No. 4, 721-734, 1996.
doi:10.1007/BF02088367

13. Gavan, J., "Ladar/Radar dual mode operation system for enhancing tracking range and accuracy," International Journal of IR and Mm Waves, Vol. 15, No. 1, 145-153, 1995.
doi:10.1007/BF02265881

14. Gavan, J., "Optimal radio beams for detection and localization of underground passive transponders," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 6, No. 8, 1069-1082, August 1992.

15. Gavan, J. and A. Peled, "Optimized LADAR/RADAR systems fordetection and tracking," 16th Int. Symposium of IR and Mm Waves, Lausane, Vol. 12, 1035-1142, 1994.

16. Gavan, J. and J. S. Ishay, "Hypothesis of natural radar detection, navigation and direction finding tracking systems guiding hornets flight," LEE International Conference in Tel-Aviv Israel, 134-137, May 2000.

17. Demmel, F., W. Genal, and U. Unselt, Digital Scanning Direction Finder, No. 158, 21-23, News from Rhode & Schwarz, 1998.

18. Callahan, P. S., "Far-infrared emission and detection by nightflying moths," Nature, Vol. 207, 1175-1183, 1965.

19. Hsia, H. S. and C. Susskind, "Infrared and microwave communication by moths," IEEE Spectrum, 69-76, March 1970.
doi:10.1109/MSPEC.1970.5213254

20. Tristram, C. and S. Biver, "Has GPS lost its way?," Technology Review, 71-74, July/August 1999.