Iterative Time-Reversal Mirror Method for Imaging the Buried Object Beneath Rough Ground Surface

doi:10.2528/PIER11041304

PIER
Progress In Electromagnetics Research	ISSN: 1070-4698, E-ISSN: 1559-8985

Home > Vol. 117 > pp. 19-33

ITERATIVE TIME-REVERSAL MIRROR METHOD FOR IMAGING THE BURIED OBJECT BENEATH ROUGH GROUND SURFACE

By X. Zhu, Z. Zhao, W. Yang, Y. Zhang, Z.-P. Nie, and Q. H. Liu

Full Article PDF (621 KB)
Abstract:
An iterative Time-Reversal Mirror (TRM) method is proposed to Detect and Image the buried target beneath ground surface. Unlike the conventional TRM methods which treat the information of the ground as clutters and directly delete them, the iterative TRM imaging method proposed in this paper utilizes the information of rough ground surface as a useful knowledge. The new approach is consisted of two TRM procedures. In the first TRM procedure, it aims to image the rough surface where the propagation environment for electromagnetic wave is free space. The second TRM procedure aims to image the buried target. In this step, the information of the rough surface estimated by the first TRM procedure will be treated as newly updated propagation environment. Then conventional TRM is applied to image the buried target. By applying this iterative TRM method, the information of the rough ground can be well considered in the whole TRM procedure. Numerical simulations prove that this method performs significantly better image contrast comparing with the results obtained by using conventional TRM. 4-5 dB improvement on the imaging SNR has been achieved. Furthermore, the target can be located more accurately.

Citation:
X. Zhu, Z. Zhao, W. Yang, Y. Zhang, Z.-P. Nie, and Q. H. Liu, "Iterative time-reversal mirror method for imaging the buried object beneath rough ground surface," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 117, 19-33, 2011.
doi:10.2528/PIER11041304
http://www.jpier.org/pier/pier.php?paper=11041304

References:
1. Pettinelli, E., A. Di Matteo, E. Mattei, L. Crocco, F. Soldovieri, J. D. Redman, and A. P. Annan, "GPR response from buried pipes: Measurement on field site and tomographic reconstructions," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., Vol. 47, No. 8, 2639-2645, 2009.
doi:10.1109/TGRS.2009.2018301

2. Borgioli, G., L. Capineri, P. L. Falorni, S. Matucci, and C. G. Windsor, "The detection of buried pipes from time-of-flight radar data," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., Vol. 46, No. 8, 2254-2266, 2008.
doi:10.1109/TGRS.2008.917211

3. Daniels, D., "A review of GPR for landmine detection," Sens. Imaging: Int. J., Vol. 7, No. 3, 90-123, 2006.
doi:10.1007/s11220-006-0024-5

4. Das, Y., "Effects of soil electromagnetic properties on metal detectors," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., Vol. 44, No. 6, 1444-1453, 2006.
doi:10.1109/TGRS.2006.870401

5. Dogaru, T., L. Collins, and L. Carin, "Optimal time-domain detection of a deterministic target buried under a randomly rough interface ," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 49, 313-326, 2001.
doi:10.1109/8.918604

6. Van der Merwe, A. and I. J. Gupta, "A novel signal processing technique for clutter reduction in GPR measurements of small, shallow land mines ," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., Vol. 38, 2627-2637, 2000.
doi:10.1109/36.885209

7. Runkle, P. R., P. K. Bharadwaj, L. Couchman, and L. Carin, "Hidden markov models for multi-aspects target classification," IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, Vol. 47, 2035-2040, 1999.
doi:10.1109/78.771050

8. Sullivan, A., R. Damarla, N. Geng, Y. Dong, and L. Carin, "Ultrawide-band synthetic aperture radar for detection of unexploded ordnance: Modeling and measurements," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 48, 1306-1315, 2000.
doi:10.1109/8.898763

9. Dong, Y., P. R. Runkle, L. Carin, R. Damarla, A. Sullivan, M. A. Ressler, and J. Sichina, "Multi-aspect detection of surface and shallow-buried unexploded ordnance via ultra-wideband synthetic aperture radar ," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., Vol. 39, 1259-1269, 2001.
doi:10.1109/36.927448

10. Cui, G., L. Kong, and J. Yang, "A back-projection algorithm to stepped-frequency synthetic aperture through-the-wall radar imaging," Process of 1st Asian and Pacific Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar, 123-126, 2007.

11. Bal, G. and L. Ryzhik, "Time reversal and refocusing in random media," SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics, Vol. 63, 1475-1498, 2003.
doi:10.1137/S0036139902401082

12. Zheng, W., Z. Zhao, and Z.-P. Nie, "Application of TRM in the UWB through wall radar," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 87, 279-296, 2008.
doi:10.2528/PIER08101202

13. Zheng, W.-J., Z.-Q. Zhao, Z.-P. Nie, and Q.-H. Liu, "Evaluation of TRM in the complex through wall environment," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 90, 235-254, 2009.
doi:10.2528/PIER09011003

14. Fink, M. and Time reversed acoustics, "Physics Today,", Vol. 50, 34-40, 1997.

15. Bellomo, L., S. Pioch, M. Saillard, and E. Spano, "Time reversal experiments in the microwave range: Description of the radar and results," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 104, 427-448, 2010.
doi:10.2528/PIER10030102

16. Tortel, H., G. Micolau, and M. Saillard, "Decomposition of the time reversal operator for electromagnetic scattering," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 13, No. 15, 687-719.

17. Chen, X., "Time-reversal operator for a small sphere in electromagnetic fields," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 21, No. 9, 1219-1230, 2007.

18. Liu, D., J. Krolik, and L. Carin, "Electromagnetic target detection in uncertain media: Time-reversal and minimum-variance algorithms," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., Vol. 45, 934-944, 2007.
doi:10.1109/TGRS.2006.890411

19. De Rosny, J., G. Lerosey, and M. Fink, "Theory of electromagnetic time-reversal mirrors," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 58, 3139-3149, 2010.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2010.2052567

20. Liu, X., B.-Z. Wang, S. Xiao, and J. H. Deng, "Performance of impulse radio UWB communications based on time reversal technique ," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 79, 401-413, 2008.
doi:10.2528/PIER07102205

21. Zhang, W., A. Hoorfar, and L. Li, "Through-the-wall target localization with time reversal music method,", Vol. 106, 75-89, 2010.
doi:10.2528/PIER10052408

22. Foroozan, F. and A. Asif, "Time-reversal ground-penetrating radar: Range estimation with cramér-rao lower bounds," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., Vol. 48, 3698-3708, 2010.
doi:10.1109/TGRS.2010.2047726

23. Bourgeois, J. M. and G. S. Smith, "A fully three-dimensional simulationof a ground-penetrating radar: FDTD theory comparedwith experiment ," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., Vol. 34, No. 1, 36-44, 1996.
doi:10.1109/36.481890

24. Bobrov, P. P., V. L. Mironov, O. V. Kondratieva, A. V. Repin, and , "Frequency dependence of permittivity of free and bound water in soils for different textures," PIERS Online, Vol. 5, No. 5, 426-430, 2009.
doi:10.2529/PIERS090219110307

25. Tsang, L., C. H. Chan, K. Pak, and H. Sangani, "Monte Carlo simulations of large-scale problems of random rough surface scattering and applications to grazing incidence with the BMIA/canonical grid method," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 43, 851-859, 1995.
doi:10.1109/8.402205

26. Zhao, Z., et al., "Analysis of scattering from very large three-dimensional rough surface using MLFMM and ray-based analyses," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 47, 20-30, 2005.
doi:10.1109/MAP.2005.1532538

27. Cousty, J., G. Bertrand, L. Najman, and M. Couprie, "Watershed cuts: Thinnings, shortest path forests, and topological watersheds," IEEE Trans. Patten Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. 32, No. 5, 925-939, 2010.
doi:10.1109/TPAMI.2009.71