Vol. 141
Latest Volume
All Volumes
PIER 179 [2024] PIER 178 [2023] PIER 177 [2023] PIER 176 [2023] PIER 175 [2022] PIER 174 [2022] PIER 173 [2022] PIER 172 [2021] PIER 171 [2021] PIER 170 [2021] PIER 169 [2020] PIER 168 [2020] PIER 167 [2020] PIER 166 [2019] PIER 165 [2019] PIER 164 [2019] PIER 163 [2018] PIER 162 [2018] PIER 161 [2018] PIER 160 [2017] PIER 159 [2017] PIER 158 [2017] PIER 157 [2016] PIER 156 [2016] PIER 155 [2016] PIER 154 [2015] PIER 153 [2015] PIER 152 [2015] PIER 151 [2015] PIER 150 [2015] PIER 149 [2014] PIER 148 [2014] PIER 147 [2014] PIER 146 [2014] PIER 145 [2014] PIER 144 [2014] PIER 143 [2013] PIER 142 [2013] PIER 141 [2013] PIER 140 [2013] PIER 139 [2013] PIER 138 [2013] PIER 137 [2013] PIER 136 [2013] PIER 135 [2013] PIER 134 [2013] PIER 133 [2013] PIER 132 [2012] PIER 131 [2012] PIER 130 [2012] PIER 129 [2012] PIER 128 [2012] PIER 127 [2012] PIER 126 [2012] PIER 125 [2012] PIER 124 [2012] PIER 123 [2012] PIER 122 [2012] PIER 121 [2011] PIER 120 [2011] PIER 119 [2011] PIER 118 [2011] PIER 117 [2011] PIER 116 [2011] PIER 115 [2011] PIER 114 [2011] PIER 113 [2011] PIER 112 [2011] PIER 111 [2011] PIER 110 [2010] PIER 109 [2010] PIER 108 [2010] PIER 107 [2010] PIER 106 [2010] PIER 105 [2010] PIER 104 [2010] PIER 103 [2010] PIER 102 [2010] PIER 101 [2010] PIER 100 [2010] PIER 99 [2009] PIER 98 [2009] PIER 97 [2009] PIER 96 [2009] PIER 95 [2009] PIER 94 [2009] PIER 93 [2009] PIER 92 [2009] PIER 91 [2009] PIER 90 [2009] PIER 89 [2009] PIER 88 [2008] PIER 87 [2008] PIER 86 [2008] PIER 85 [2008] PIER 84 [2008] PIER 83 [2008] PIER 82 [2008] PIER 81 [2008] PIER 80 [2008] PIER 79 [2008] PIER 78 [2008] PIER 77 [2007] PIER 76 [2007] PIER 75 [2007] PIER 74 [2007] PIER 73 [2007] PIER 72 [2007] PIER 71 [2007] PIER 70 [2007] PIER 69 [2007] PIER 68 [2007] PIER 67 [2007] PIER 66 [2006] PIER 65 [2006] PIER 64 [2006] PIER 63 [2006] PIER 62 [2006] PIER 61 [2006] PIER 60 [2006] PIER 59 [2006] PIER 58 [2006] PIER 57 [2006] PIER 56 [2006] PIER 55 [2005] PIER 54 [2005] PIER 53 [2005] PIER 52 [2005] PIER 51 [2005] PIER 50 [2005] PIER 49 [2004] PIER 48 [2004] PIER 47 [2004] PIER 46 [2004] PIER 45 [2004] PIER 44 [2004] PIER 43 [2003] PIER 42 [2003] PIER 41 [2003] PIER 40 [2003] PIER 39 [2003] PIER 38 [2002] PIER 37 [2002] PIER 36 [2002] PIER 35 [2002] PIER 34 [2001] PIER 33 [2001] PIER 32 [2001] PIER 31 [2001] PIER 30 [2001] PIER 29 [2000] PIER 28 [2000] PIER 27 [2000] PIER 26 [2000] PIER 25 [2000] PIER 24 [1999] PIER 23 [1999] PIER 22 [1999] PIER 21 [1999] PIER 20 [1998] PIER 19 [1998] PIER 18 [1998] PIER 17 [1997] PIER 16 [1997] PIER 15 [1997] PIER 14 [1996] PIER 13 [1996] PIER 12 [1996] PIER 11 [1995] PIER 10 [1995] PIER 09 [1994] PIER 08 [1994] PIER 07 [1993] PIER 06 [1992] PIER 05 [1991] PIER 04 [1991] PIER 03 [1990] PIER 02 [1990] PIER 01 [1989]
2013-07-29
Novel Triangular Metamaterial Design for Electromagnetic Absorption Reduction in Human Head
By
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 141, 463-478, 2013
Abstract
In this paper, a novel triangular metamaterial (TMM) structure, which exhibits a resounding electric response at microwave frequency, is developed by etching two concentric triangular rings of conducting materials. A finite-difference time-domain method in conjunction with the lossy-Drude model was used in this study. Simulations were performed using the CST Microwave Studio®. The technique of specific absorption rate (SAR) reduction is discussed, and the effects of the position of attachment, the distance, and the size of the metamaterials on the SAR reduction are explored. The performance of the novel TMMs in cellular phones was also measured in the cheek and the tilted positions using the COMOSAR system. The TMMs achieved a 50.82% reduction for 1 gm SAR. These results provide a guideline to determine the triangular design of metamaterials with the maximum SAR reducing effect for a cellular phone.
Citation
Mohammad Rashed Iqbal Faruque, and Mohammad Tariqul Islam, "Novel Triangular Metamaterial Design for Electromagnetic Absorption Reduction in Human Head," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 141, 463-478, 2013.
doi:10.2528/PIER13050603
References

1. Wang, J. and O. Fujiwara, "FDTD computation of temperature rise in the human head for portable telephones," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., Vol. 47, No. 8, 1528-1534, Aug. 1999.

2. Faruque, M. R. I., M. T. Islam, and N. Misran, "Design analysis of new metamaterial for EM absorption reduction," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 124, 119-135, 2012.

3. Manapati, M. B. and R. S. Kshetrimayum, "SAR reduction in human head from mobile phone radiation using single negative metamaterials," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 23, No. 10, 1385-1395, 2009.

4. Kusuma, A. H., A.-F. Sheta, I. M. Elshafiey, Z. Siddiqui, M. A. S. Alkanhal, S. Aldosari, S. A. Alshebeili, and S. F. Mahmoud, "A new low SAR antenna structure for wireless handset applications," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 112, 23-40, 2011.

5. Zhang, M. and A. Alden, "Calculation of whole-body SAR from a 100MHz dipole antenna," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 119, 133-153, 2011.

6. Golestanirad, L., A. P. Izquierdo, S. J. Graham, J. R. Mosig, and C. Pollo, "Effect of realistic modeling of deep brain stimulation on the prediction of volume of activated tissue," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 126, 1-16, 2012.

7. Islam, M. T., H. Z. Abidin, M. R. I. Faruque, and N. Misran, "Analysis of materials effects on radio frequency electromagnetic fields in human head," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 128, 121-136, 2012.

8. Ronald, S. H., M. F. B. A. Malek, S. H. Idris, E. M. Cheng, M. H. Mat, M. S. Zulkefli, and S. F. Binti Maharimi, "Designing Asian-sized hand model for SAR determination at GSM900/1800: Simulation part," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 129, 439-467, 2012.

9. Ikeuchi, R., K. H. Chan, and A. Hirata, "SAR and radiation characteristics of a dipole antenna above different finite EBG substrates in the presence of a realistic head model in the 3.5 GHz band," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 44, 53-70, 2012.

10. Husni, N. A., M. T. Islam, M. R. I. Faruque, and N. Misran, "Effects of electromagnetic absorption towards human head due to variation of its dielectric properties at 900, 1800 and 1900MHz with different antenna substrates," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 138, 367-388, 2013.

11. Kuo, C. M. and C. W. Kuo, "SAR distribution and temperature increase in the human head for mobile communication," IEEE-APS Int. Symp. Dig., 1025-1028, Columbus, OH, 2003.

12. Tay, R. Y. S., Q. Balzano, and N. Kuster, "Dipole configuration with strongly improved radiation efficiency for hand-held transceivers," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 46, No. 6, 798-806, Jun. 1998.

13. Islam, M. T., M. R. I. Faruque, and N. Misran, "Design analysis of ferrite sheet attachment for SAR reduction in human head," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 98, 191-205, 2009.

14. Yanase, K. and A. Hirata, "Effective resistance of grounded humans for whole-body averaged SAR estimation at resonance frequencies," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 35, 15-27, 2011.

15. Vidal, N., S. Curto, J. M. Lopez-Villegas, J. Sieiro, and F. M. Ramos, "Detuning study of implantable antennas inside the human body," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 124, 265-283, 2012.

16. Zhang, M. and A. Alden, "Calculation of whole-body SAR from a 100MHz dipole antenna," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 119, 133-153, 2011.

17. Chen, Z., Y.-L. Ban, J.-H. Chen, J. L.-W. Li, and Y.-J. Wu, "Bandwidth enhancement of LTE/WWAN printed mobile phone antenna using slotted ground structure," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 129, 469-483, 2012.

18. Sievenpiper, D., "High-impedance electromagnetic surfaces with a forbidden frequency band," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., Vol. 47, 2059-2074, Nov. 1999.

19. Kuster, N. and v, "Energy absorption mechanism by biological bodies in the near field of dipole antennas above 300 MHz," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., Vol. 41, No. 1, 17-23, 1992.

20. Jensen, M. A. and Y. Rahmat-Samii, "EM interaction of handset antennas and a human in personal communications," Proc. of the IEEE, Vol. 83, 7-17, 1995.

21. Okoniewski, M. and M. A. Stuchly, "A study of the handset antenna and human body interaction," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., Vol. 44, 1855-1864, 1996.

22. Caloz, C. and T. Itoh, Electromagnetic Metamaterials, Transmission Line Theory and Microwave Applications, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005.

23. Ziolkowski, R. W., "Design, fabrication, and testing of double negative metamaterials," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 51, No. 7, 1516-1529, Jul. 2003.

24. Wu, Z., B.-Q. Zeng, and S. Zhong, "A double-layer chiral metamaterial with negative index," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 24, No. 7, 983-992, 2010.

25. Petrillo, L., F. Jangal, M. Darces, J.-L. Montmagnon, and M. Helier, "Negative permittivity media able to propagate a surface wave," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 115, 1-10, 2011.

26. Hasar, U. C. and J. J. Barroso, "Retrieval approach for determination of forward and backward wave impedances of bianisotropic metamaterials," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 112, 109-124, 2011.

27. Bayindir, M., K. Aydin, and E. Ozbay, "Transmission properties of composite metamaterials in free space," Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 81, No. 1, 120-122, Jul. 2002.

28. Hawang, J. N. and F.-C. Chen, "Reduction of the peak SAR in the human head with metamaterials," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 54, No. 12, 3763-3770, Dec. 2006.

29. Pendry, J. B., A. J. Holen, D. J. Robbins, and W. J. Stewart, "Magnetism from conductors and enhanced nonlinear phenomena," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., Vol. 47, No. 11, 2075-2084, Nov. 1999.

30. Faruque, M. R. I., M. T. Islam, and N. Misran, "Analysis of electromagnetic absorption in the mobile phones using metamaterials," Electromagnetics Journal, Vol. 31, No. 3, 215-232, 2011.

31. Smith, D. R., W. J. Padilla, D. C. Vier, S. C. Nemat-Nasser, and S. Schultz, "Composite medium with simultaneously negative permeability and permittivity," Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 84, No. 18, 4184-4187, 2000.

32. Sajin, G. I., "Impedance measurement of millimeter wave metamaterial antennas by transmission line stubs," Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 26, 59-68, 2011.

33. De la Mata Luque, T. M., N. R. K. Devarapalli, and C. G. Christodoulou, "Investigation of bandwidth enhancement in volumetric left-handed metamaterials using fractals," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 131, 185-194, 2012.

34. Burlak, G., "Spectrum of cherenkov radiation in dispersive metamaterials with negative refraction index," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 132, 149-158, 2012.