Vol. 95
Latest Volume
All Volumes
PIERC 142 [2024] PIERC 141 [2024] PIERC 140 [2024] PIERC 139 [2024] PIERC 138 [2023] PIERC 137 [2023] PIERC 136 [2023] PIERC 135 [2023] PIERC 134 [2023] PIERC 133 [2023] PIERC 132 [2023] PIERC 131 [2023] PIERC 130 [2023] PIERC 129 [2023] PIERC 128 [2023] PIERC 127 [2022] PIERC 126 [2022] PIERC 125 [2022] PIERC 124 [2022] PIERC 123 [2022] PIERC 122 [2022] PIERC 121 [2022] PIERC 120 [2022] PIERC 119 [2022] PIERC 118 [2022] PIERC 117 [2021] PIERC 116 [2021] PIERC 115 [2021] PIERC 114 [2021] PIERC 113 [2021] PIERC 112 [2021] PIERC 111 [2021] PIERC 110 [2021] PIERC 109 [2021] PIERC 108 [2021] PIERC 107 [2021] PIERC 106 [2020] PIERC 105 [2020] PIERC 104 [2020] PIERC 103 [2020] PIERC 102 [2020] PIERC 101 [2020] PIERC 100 [2020] PIERC 99 [2020] PIERC 98 [2020] PIERC 97 [2019] PIERC 96 [2019] PIERC 95 [2019] PIERC 94 [2019] PIERC 93 [2019] PIERC 92 [2019] PIERC 91 [2019] PIERC 90 [2019] PIERC 89 [2019] PIERC 88 [2018] PIERC 87 [2018] PIERC 86 [2018] PIERC 85 [2018] PIERC 84 [2018] PIERC 83 [2018] PIERC 82 [2018] PIERC 81 [2018] PIERC 80 [2018] PIERC 79 [2017] PIERC 78 [2017] PIERC 77 [2017] PIERC 76 [2017] PIERC 75 [2017] PIERC 74 [2017] PIERC 73 [2017] PIERC 72 [2017] PIERC 71 [2017] PIERC 70 [2016] PIERC 69 [2016] PIERC 68 [2016] PIERC 67 [2016] PIERC 66 [2016] PIERC 65 [2016] PIERC 64 [2016] PIERC 63 [2016] PIERC 62 [2016] PIERC 61 [2016] PIERC 60 [2015] PIERC 59 [2015] PIERC 58 [2015] PIERC 57 [2015] PIERC 56 [2015] PIERC 55 [2014] PIERC 54 [2014] PIERC 53 [2014] PIERC 52 [2014] PIERC 51 [2014] PIERC 50 [2014] PIERC 49 [2014] PIERC 48 [2014] PIERC 47 [2014] PIERC 46 [2014] PIERC 45 [2013] PIERC 44 [2013] PIERC 43 [2013] PIERC 42 [2013] PIERC 41 [2013] PIERC 40 [2013] PIERC 39 [2013] PIERC 38 [2013] PIERC 37 [2013] PIERC 36 [2013] PIERC 35 [2013] PIERC 34 [2013] PIERC 33 [2012] PIERC 32 [2012] PIERC 31 [2012] PIERC 30 [2012] PIERC 29 [2012] PIERC 28 [2012] PIERC 27 [2012] PIERC 26 [2012] PIERC 25 [2012] PIERC 24 [2011] PIERC 23 [2011] PIERC 22 [2011] PIERC 21 [2011] PIERC 20 [2011] PIERC 19 [2011] PIERC 18 [2011] PIERC 17 [2010] PIERC 16 [2010] PIERC 15 [2010] PIERC 14 [2010] PIERC 13 [2010] PIERC 12 [2010] PIERC 11 [2009] PIERC 10 [2009] PIERC 9 [2009] PIERC 8 [2009] PIERC 7 [2009] PIERC 6 [2009] PIERC 5 [2008] PIERC 4 [2008] PIERC 3 [2008] PIERC 2 [2008] PIERC 1 [2008]
2019-09-01
Experimental and Computational Analysis of the Effects of Tri-Band Antennas of Wearable Smart Glasses
By
Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 95, 91-105, 2019
Abstract
The goal of this study is to analyze the effect of tri-band antennas in 2.45, 3.6, 3.8, 4.56 and 6 GHz frequencies, which cover Wi-Fi and some of the future 5G frequencies for wearable smart glasses applications. The latter 4 frequencies are studied for the first time for smart glasses. In order to provide a thorough analysis, first a simulation study for the head model with the proposed antennas is performed, then a realistic experiment by using a semi-liquid gel phantom head model with the infrared thermography method is conducted, and also 4 male subjects are included to analyze temperature rise effects on the skin. The phantom prepared for this study is also validated for its robustness and matching parameters. The SAR values and temperature rise due to the usage of smart glasses calculated by simulation modeling, bio-heat analytical solution, and infrared thermography technique are in good agreement. The temperature rise of the skin regions gets monotonically increased in the duration of usage. The simulations for all indicated frequencies are performed. Also, to provide comparable and practical results, the phantom study is compared with simulations for 2.45 GHz. According to the quantitative data obtained on the liquid-gel head phantom and on the subjects, the temperature increase is below 1ºC, and its compliance with safety standards is determined. The results show that tri-band antennas for these frequencies can be safely used; however, a limiting behavior for the power is necessary for lower frequencies due to the increasing SAR values and temperature rise.
Citation
Miraç Dilruba Geyikoğlu, Fatih Kaburcuk, and Bülent Çavusoğlu, "Experimental and Computational Analysis of the Effects of Tri-Band Antennas of Wearable Smart Glasses," Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 95, 91-105, 2019.
doi:10.2528/PIERC19070403
References

1. Varshini, K. and T. Rama Rao, "Estimation of specific absorption rate using infrared thermography for the biocompatibility of wearable wireless devices," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 56, 101-109, 2017.

2. Lahiri, B., S. Bagavathiappan, C. Soumya, T. Jayakumar, and J. Philip, "Infrared thermography based studies on mobile phone induced heating," Infrared Physics & Technology, Vol. 71, 242-251, 2015.

3. Repacholi, M. H., "Low-level exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields: Health effects and research needs," Bioelectromagnetics: Journal of the Bioelectromagnetics Society, the Society for Physical Regulation in Biology and Medicine, the European Bioelectromagnetics Association, Vol. 19, No. 1, 1-19, 1998.

4. Zhang, M. and X. Wang, "Influence on SAR due to metallic frame of glasses based on high-resolution Chinese electromagnetic human model," 2010 Asia-Pacific Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility (APEMC), 48-51, IEEE, 2010.

5. Pizarro, Y., A. De Salles, S. Severo, J. Garzon, and S. Bueno, "Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) in the head of Google glasses and Bluetooth user’s," 2014 IEEE Latin-America Conference on Communications (LATINCOM), 1-6, IEEE, 2014.

6. Bellanca, G., G. Caniato, A. Giovannelli, P. Olivo, S. J. M. Trillo, and O. T. Letters, "Effect of field enhancement due to the coupling between a cellular phone and metallic eyeglasses," Microwave & Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 48, No. 1, 63-65, 2006.

7. Cihangir, A., et al., "Dual-band 4G eyewear antenna and SAR implications," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 65, No. 4, 2085-2089, 2017.

8. Cihangir, A., C. J. Panagamuwa, W. G. Whittow, F. Gianesello, C. J. I. A. Luxey, and W. P. Letters, "Ultra-broadband antenna with robustness to body detuning for 4G eyewear devices," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 16, 1225-1228, 2017.

9. Cihangir, A., W. Whittow, C. Panagamuwa, G. Jacquemod, F. Gianesello, and C. J. C. R. P. Luxey, "4G antennas for wireless eyewear devices and related SAR," Comptes Rendus Physique, Vol. 16, No. 9, 836-850, 2015.

10. Cihangir, A., et al., "Feasibility study of 4G cellular antennas for eyewear communicating devices," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 12, 1704-1707, 2013.

11. Lan, J., X. Liang, T. Hong, G. J. P. I. b. Du, and M. Biology, "On the effects of glasses on the SAR in human head resulting from wireless eyewear devices at phone call state," Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Vol. 136, 29-36, August 2018.

12. Tikhomirov, A., E. Omelyanchuk, and A. Semenova, "Recommended 5G frequency bands evaluation," 2018 Systems of Signals Generating and Processing in the Field of on Board Communications, 2018.

13. Letavin, D. A. and D. A. Trifonov, "Simulation of 3600–3800 MHz frequency band antenna for fifth generation mobile communication," 2018 Ural Symposium on Biomedical Engineering, Radioelectronics and Information Technology (USBEREIT), 291-294, IEEE, 2018.

14. Qamar, F., M. H. S. Siddiqui, K. Dimyati, K. A. B. Noordin, and M. B. Majed, "Channel characterization of 28 and 38GHz MM-wave frequency band spectrum for the future 5G network," 2017 IEEE 15th Student Conference on Research and Development (SCOReD), 291-296, IEEE, 2017.

15. Pandit, S., A. Mohan, and P. J. I. S. L. Ray, "Compact frequency-reconfigurable MIMO antenna for microwave sensing applications in WLAN and WiMAX frequency bands," IEEE Sensors Letters, Vol. 2, No. 2, 1-4, 2018.

16. Karthik, V. and T. R. Rao, "Investigations on SAR and thermal effects of a body wearable microstrip antenna," Wireless Personal Communications, Vol. 96, No. 3, 3385-3401, 2017.

17. Varshini, K. and T. Rama Rao, "Thermal distribution based investigations on electromagnetic interactions with the human body for wearable wireless devices," Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 50, 141-150, 2016.

18. Brishoual, M., C. Dale, J. Wiart, and J. Citerne, "Methodology to interpolate and extrapolate SAR measurements in a volume in dosimetric experiment," IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. 43, No. 3, 382-389, 2001.

19. Chavannes, N., R. Tay, N. Nikoloski, and N. Kuster, "RF design of mobile phones by TCAD: Suitability and limitations of FDTD," IEEE Antennas Propagation Mag., Vol. 45, 52-66, 2003.

20. Mobashsher, A. T. and A. M. Abbosh, "Artificial human phantoms: Human proxy in testing microwave apparatuses that have electromagnetic interaction with the human body," IEEE Microwave Magazine, Vol. 16, No. 6, 42-62, 2015.

21. Bakar, A. A., A. Abbosh, P. Sharpe, and M. Bialkowski, "Artificial breast phantom for microwave imaging modality," 2010 IEEE EMBS Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Sciences (IECBES), 385-388, IEEE, 2010.

22. Islam, M. T., M. Samsuzzaman, S. Kibria, and M. T. Islam, "Experimental breast phantoms for estimation of breast tumor using microwave imaging systems," IEEE Access, Vol. 6, 78587-78597, 2018.

23. Duan, Q., et al., "Characterization of a dielectric phantom for high-field magnetic resonance imaging applications," Medical Physics, Vol. 41, No. 10, 102303, 2014.

24. Soler Gonzalez, F., "Radiation effects of wearable antenna in human body tissues," EEE Student Reports (FYP/IA/PA/PI), 2014.

25. Castello-Palacios, S., C. Garcia-Pardo, A. Fornes-Leal, N. Cardona, and A. Valles-Lluch, "Wideband phantoms of different body tissues for heterogeneous models in body area networks," 2017 39th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), 3032-3035, IEEE, 2017.

26. Castello-Palacios, S., C. Garcia-Pardo, A. Fornes-Leal, N. Cardona, and A. Valles-Lluch, "Tailor-made tissue phantoms based on acetonitrile solutions for microwave applications up to 18 GHz," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 64, No. 11, 3987-3994, 2016.

27. Destruel, A., et al., "A numerical and experimental study of RF shimming in the presence of hip prostheses using adaptive SAR at 3 T," Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 2019.

28. Simba, A., S. Watanabe, T. Hikage, and T. Nojima, "Experimental and numerical investigation of the maximum specific absorption rate in a spherical phantom when operating a mobile phone near a metallic wall," IET Science, Measurement & Technology, Vol. 5, No. 6, 225-230, 2011.

29. Abdelsamie, M. A., S. Mustafa, M. Isa, and D. Hashim, "Evaluation of electric and magnetic fields distribution and SAR induced in 3D models of water containers by radiofrequency radiation and their relationship to the non-thermal effects of microwaves,", arXiv preprint arXiv:1410.2147, 2014.

30. Wessapan, T., S. Srisawatdhisukul, and P. Rattanadecho, "Specific absorption rate and temperature distributions in human head subjected to mobile phone radiation at different frequencies," International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 55, No. 1–3, 347-359, 2012.

31. Hamada, L., T. Iyama, T. Onishi, and S. Watanabe, "The specific absorption rate of mobile phones measured in a flat phantom and in the standardized human head phantom," EMC09 21S4-1, 245-247, 2009.

32. Alon, L., D. K. Sodickson, and C. M. Deniz, "Heat equation inversion framework for average SAR calculation from magnetic resonance thermal imaging," Bioelectromagnetics, Vol. 37, No. 7, 493-503, 2016.

33. Foster, K. R., "Thermal and nonthermal mechanisms of interaction of radio-frequency energy with biological systems," IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Vol. 28, No. 1, 15-23, 2000.

34. Sarimov, R., L. O. Malmgren, E. Markova, B. R. Persson, and I. Y. Belyaev, "Nonthermal GSM microwaves affect chromatin conformation in human lymphocytes similar to heat shock," IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Vol. 32, No. 4, 1600-1608, 2004.

35. Huber, E., M. Mirzaee, J. Bjorgaard, M. Hoyack, S. Noghanian, and I. Chang, "Dielectric property measurement of PLA," 2016 IEEE International Conference on Electro Information Technology (EIT), 0788-0792, IEEE, 2016.

36. https://www.omicsonline.org/universities/Italian National Research Council/.

37. La Gioia, A., et al., "Open-ended coaxial probe technique for dielectric measurement of biological tissues: Challenges and common practices," Diagnostics, Vol. 8, No. 2, 40, 2018.

38. Zajıcek, R. and J. Vrba, "Broadband complex permittivity determination for biomedical applications," Advanced Microwave Circuits and Systems, 365-385, IntechOpen, 2010.

39. https://speag.swiss/products/em-phantoms/phantoms/sam-v4-5bs/.

40. I. S. C. C. 34 "IEEE recommended practice for determining the peak spatial-average Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) in the human head from wireless communications devices: Measurement techniques," Standard 1528-2003, Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, 2003.

41. Kritikos, H. and H. P. Schwan, "Potential temperature rise induced by electromagnetic field in brain tissues," IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 26, No. 1, 29-34, 1979.