volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

This paper proposes a hybrid, compact, low profile, and multi-port antenna system for Cognitive Radio (CR). This system consists of a CPW fed sensing UWB monopole (2-11 GHz) and three NB antennas, out of which one is standalone (7.355 GHz); one is dual-band (5.834 GHz and 8.786 GHz); and the other is reconfigurable (3.863 GHz, 4.664 GHz, 5.2 GHz, and 6.13 GHz) using switching mechanism. This antenna system exhibits less than -15 dB isolation over the operating band. The system is simulated using CST Microwave Studio, and a prototype is fabricated to verify the results. The simulated results are in good agreement with measured ones. The proposed antenna is suitable to operate in C-band, ISM/WLAN/Military application, mid-band 5G, maritime radio navigation, X-band satellite communication, and public safety wireless communications.

1. FCC, , FCC report and order on ultra wideband technology, Federal Commun. Commission, Washington, DC, USA, 2002.

2. Haykin, S., "Cognitive radio: Brain-empowered wireless communications," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. 23, No. 2, 201-220, 2005.

3. Atapattu, S., C. Tellambura, and H. Jiang, Energy Detection for Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio, 94, Springer Science & Business Media, 2014.

4. Tawk, Y., J. Costantine, and C. Christodoulou, Antenna Design for Cognitive Radio, 289, Artech House, 2016.

5. Zaidi, A., W. A. Awan, N. Hussain, and A. Baghdad, "A wide and tri-band flexible antennas with independently controllable notch bands for sub-6 GHz communication system," Radioengineering, Vol. 29, No. 1, 44-51, 2020.

6. Kumar, G. and R. Kumar, "A Survey on planar ultra-wideband antennas with band notch characteristics: principle, design, and applications," AEU — International Journal of Electronics and Communications, Vol. 109, 76-98, 2019.

7. Nella, A. and A. S. Gandhi, "A planar four-port integrated UWB and NB antenna system for CR in 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz," IEEE National Conference on Communications, 1-6, IEEE, Bangalore, India, 2019.

8. Hall, P. S., P. Gardner, and A. Faraone, "Antenna requirements for software defined and cognitive radios," Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 100, No. 7, 2262-2270, 2012.

9. Volakis, J., C. C. Chen, and K. Fujimoto, Small Antennas: Miniaturization Techniques & Applications, 448, McGraw Hill Professional, 2009.

10. Balani, W., M. Sarvagya, T. Ali, M. M. M. Pai, J. Anguera, A. Andujar, and S. Das, "Design techniques of super-wideband antenna — Existing and future prospective," IEEE Access, 141241-141257, 2019.

11. Ellis, M. S., Z. Zhao, J.Wu, Z. Nie, and Q. H. Liu, "Small planar monopole ultra-wideband antenna with reduced ground plane effect," IET Microwaves Antennas Propagation, Vol. 9, No. 10, 1028-1034, 2015.

12. Chen, Z. N., T. S. P. See, and X. Qing, "Small printed ultrawideband antenna with reduced ground plane effect," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 55, No. 2, 383-388, 2007.

13. Midya, M., A. Chatterjee, and M. Mitra, "A printed CPW-fed ultra-wideband planar inverted-F antenna," International Journal of Microwave and Optical Technology, Vol. 15, 51-57, 2020.

14. Ebrahimi, E., J. R. Kelly, and P. S. Hall, "Integrated wide-narrowband antenna for multi-standard radio," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 59, No. 7, 2628-2635, 2011.

15. Nachouane, H., A. Najid, A. Tribak, and F. Riouch, "Dual port antenna combining sensing and communication tasks for cognitive radio," International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications, Vol. 62, No. 2, 121-127, 2016.

16. Pahadsingh, S. and S. Sahu, "A two port UWB-dual narrowband antenna for cognitive radios," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 58, No. 8, 1973-1978, 2016.

17. Jha, K. R., B. Bukhari, C. Singh, G. Mishra, and S. K. Sharma, "Compact planar multi-standard MIMO antenna for IoT applications," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 66, No. 7, 3327-3336, 2018.

18. Nella, A. and A. S. Gandhi, "A survey on planar antenna designs for cognitive radio applications," Wireless Personal Communications, Vol. 98, No. 1, 541-569, 2018.

19. Chacko, B. P., G. Augustin, and T. A. Denidni, "Electronically reconfigurable uniplanar antenna with polarization diversity for cognitive radio applications," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 14, 213-216, 2015.

20. Tawk, Y. and C. G. Christodoulou, "A new reconfigurable antenna design for cognitive radio," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 8, 1378-1381, 2009.

21. Hussain, R. and M. S. Sharawi, "Planar four-element frequency agile MIMO antenna system with chassis mode reconfigurability," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 57, No. 8, 1933-1938, 2015.

22. Nella, A. and A. S. Gandhi, "Lumped equivalent models of narrowband antennas and isolation enhancement in a three antennas system," Radioengineering, Vol. 27, No. 3, 646-653, 2018.

23. Kumar, R. and R. Vijay, "Frequency agile quadrilateral patch and slot based optimal antenna design for cognitive radio system," International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering, Vol. 28, No. 2, 21176, 2018.

24. Kumar, R. and R. Vijay, "A frequency agile semicircular slot antenna for cognitive radio system," International Journal of Microwave Science and Technology, Vol. 2016, 1-11, 2016.

25. Kumar, R., P. Kumar, S. Singh, and R. Vijay, "Fast and accurate synthesis of frequency reconfigurable slot antenna using back propagation network," AEU — International Journal of Electronics and Communications, Vol. 112, 152962, 2019.

26. Mansoul, A., F. Ghanem, M. R. Hamid, and M. Trabelsi, "A selective frequency-reconfigurable antenna for cognitive radio applications," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 13, 515-518, 2014.

27. Kaur, R., D. Arora, R. Mittal, and R. Kumar, "Design and fabrication of compact frequency reconfigurable near-circular slot antenna for cognitive radio system applications," Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems, Vol. 10, 2340-2347, 2018.

28. Nella, A. and A. S. Gandhi, "A compact novel three-port integrated wide and narrow band antennas system for cognitive radio applications," International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 2016, 1-14, 2016.

29. Sharma, S. and C. C. Tripathi, "An integrated frequency reconfigurable antenna for cognitive radio application," Radioengineering, Vol. 26, 746-754, 2017.

30. Nella, A. and A. S. Gandhi, "A five-port integrated UWB and narrowband antennas system design for CR applications," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 66, No. 4, 1669-1676, 2018.

31. Yeonjeong, O., Y., Y. Jin, and J. Choi, "A compact four-port coplanar antenna based on an excitation switching reconfigurable mechanism for cognitive radio applications," Applied Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 15, 3157, 2019.

32. Liang, J., L. Guo, C. C. Chiau, X. Chen, and C. G. Parini, "Study of CPW-fed circular disc monopole antenna for ultra wideband applications," IEE Proceedings — Microwaves Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 152, No. 6, 520-526, 2005.

33. Ray, K. P. and S. S. Thakur, "Ultra wide band vertex truncated printed pentagon monopole antenna," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 56, No. 10, 2228-2234, 2014.

34. Ray, K. P., "Design aspects of printed monopole antennas for ultra-wide band applications," International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 2008, 1-8, 2008.

35. Kundu, S., "Experimental study of a printed ultra-wideband modified circular monopole antenna," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 61, No. 5, 1388-1393, 2019.

36. Suh, S. Y., W. L. Stutzman, and W. A. Davis, "A new ultra-wideband printed monopole antenna: The planar inverted cone antenna (PICA)," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 52, No. 5, 1361-1364, 2004.

37. Martınez-Vazquez, M., M. Geissler, D. Heberling, A. Martınez-Gonzalez, and D. Sanchez-Hernandez, "Compact dual-band antenna for mobile handsets," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 32, No. 2, 87-88, 2002.

38. Deshmukh, A. A. and K. P. Ray, "Analysis and design of broadband U-slot cut rectangular microstrip antennas," Sadhana, Vol. 42, No. 10, 1671-1684, 2017.

39. Lee, K. F., S. L. Steven Yang, A. A. Kishk, and K. M. Luk, "The versatile U-slot patch antenna," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 52, No. 1, 71-88, 2010.

40. Ullah, S., S. Ahmad, B. A. Khan, and J. A. Flint, "A multi-band switchable antenna for Wi-Fi, 3G advanced, WiMAX, and WLAN wireless applications," International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies, Vol. 10, No. 8, 991-997, 2018.

41. Ullah, S., S. Hayat, A. Umar, U. Ali, F. A. Tahir, and J. A. Flint, "Design, fabrication and measurement of triple band frequency reconfigurable antennas for portable wireless communications," AEU — International Journal of Electronics and Communications, Vol. 81, 236-242, 2017.

42. Ren, J., W. Hu, Y. Yin, and R. Fan, "Compact printed MIMO antenna for UWB applications," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 13, 1517-1520, 2014.

Dr. Rajeev Kumar Parida

Dr. Rashmirekha Kalyani Mishra

Dr. Nihar Kanta Sahoo

Dr. Arjuna Muduli

Dr. Dhruba Charan Panda

Prof. Rabindra Kishore Mishra