The problem of scattering from sea surface covered by oil films is investigated by using a composite random rough surface model. A model is developed which extends the range of validity beyond the small perturbation theory. A general expression for the scattering cross section is obtained taking into account a modulation of the rough surface by long surface waves. A numerical study for the radar scattering cross section is provided in order to investigate the influence of the different ranges of the rough surface spectrum on the backscattering depression. For the case of backscattering, the contrast of radar signals scattered from a slick-free and a slick-covered surface is evaluated. The study is also carried through for two-frequency probing. A possibility to explain the mechanism of the depression of backscattering is discussed. The results of this study demonstrate the importance of the improved model which takes into account the entire spectrum of the sea surface roughness for the description of scattering from an ocean surface with and without oil slicks.
2. Singh, K. P., A. L. Gray, R. K. Hawkins, and R. A. O’Neil, "The influence of surface oil on C-and Ku-band ocean backscatter," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens., Vol. 24, 738-744, 1989.
3. Frate, F., A. Petrocchi, Lichtenegger, and G. Calabresi, "Neural network for oil spill detection using ERS-SAR data," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens., Vol. 38, 2282-2288, 2000.
doi:10.1109/36.868885
4. Solberg, A. H., Schistad, G. Storvik, R. Solberg, and E. Volden, "Automatic detection of oil spills in ERS SAR images," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens., Vol. 37, 1916-1924, 1999.
doi:10.1109/36.774704
5. Maclin, J. T., "The imaging of oil slicks by synthetic-aperture radar," GEC Journal of Research, Vol. 10, 19-28, 1992.
6. Rice, O., "Reflection of electromagnetic waves by slightly rough surfaces," Commun. Pure Appl. Mathem., Vol. 4, 351-358, 1951.
doi:10.1002/cpa.3160040206
7. Nieto-Vespirenas, M., "Depolarization of electromagnetic waves scattered from slightly rough random surfaces: a study by means of the extinction theorem," J. Opt. Soc. Am., Vol. 72, No. 5, 539-547, 1982.
doi:10.1364/JOSA.72.000539
8. Agarwal, G. S., "Interaction of electromagnetic waves at rough dielectric surface," Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 15, 2371-2383, 1977.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.15.2371
9. Beckmann, P. and A. Spizzichino, The Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves from Rough Surfaces, Pergamon, New York, 1963.
10. Fung, A. K., Microwave Scattering and Emission Models and Their Applications, Artech House, Norwood, MA, 1994.
11. Valenzuela, G. R., "Theories for the interaction of electromagnetic and oceanic waves — a review," Boundary Layer Meteorol., Vol. 13, 61-85, 1978.
doi:10.1007/BF00913863
12. Wright, J. W., "A new model for sea clutter," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 16, 217-223, 1968.
doi:10.1109/TAP.1968.1139147
13. Conway, J. A., R. A. Cordey, and J. T. Maclin, "Contrasts on two-scale descriptions of backscattering from the sea surface using scatterometer model functions," Proc. IGARSS’88, Edinburgh, ESA SP-284, 33–34, 1988.
14. Brown, G. S., "Backscattering from a Gaussian distributed perfectly conducting rough surface," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 26, 472-482, 1978.
doi:10.1109/TAP.1978.1141854
15. Hasselmann, K., R. K. Raney, W. J. Plant, W. R. Alpers, R. A. Shuchman, D. R. Lyzenga, C. L. Rufenach, and M. J. Tucker, "Theory of synthetic aperture radar ocean imaging: A MARSEN view," Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 90, 4659-4686, 1985.
doi:10.1029/JC090iC03p04659
16. Alpers, W. R., D. B. Ross, and C. L. Rufenach, "On the detectability of ocean surface waves by real and synthetic aperture radar," Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 86, 6481-6498, 1981.
doi:10.1029/JC086iC07p06481
17. Wright, J. W., W. J. Plant, W. C. Keller, and W. L. Jones, "Ocean wave-radar modulation transfer functions from the West Coast Experiment," Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 85, 4957-4966, 1980.
doi:10.1029/JC085iC09p04957
18. Thompson, D. R., "Calculation of radar backscatter modulation from internal waves," Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 93, 12371-12380, 1988.
doi:10.1029/JC093iC10p12371
19. Holiday, D., G. St-Cyr, and N. E.Woods, "A radar imaging model for small to moderate incidence angles," Int. J. Remote Sensing, Vol. 7, 1809-1834, 1986.
doi:10.1080/01431168608948971
20. Kasilingam, D. P. and O. H. Shemdin, "The validity of the composite surface model and its applications to the modulation of radar backscatter," Int. J. Remote Sensing, Vol. 13, 2079-2104, 1992.
doi:10.1080/01431169208904255
21. Elfouhaily, T., D. R. Thompson, B. Chapron, and D. Vanemark, "A new bistatic model for electromagnetic scattering from perfectly conducting random surfaces," Waves Random Media, Vol. 9, 281-294, 1999.
doi:10.1088/0959-7174/9/3/301
22. Elfouhaily, T., D. R. Thompson, B. Chapron, and D. Vanemark, "A new bistatic model for electromagnetic scattering from perfectly conducting random surfaces: numerical evaluation and comparison with SPM," Waves Random Media, Vol. 11, 33-43, 2001.
doi:10.1088/0959-7174/11/1/303
23. Ishimaru, A., Wave Propagation and Scattering in Random Media, Academic Press, New York, 1978.
24. Timchenko, A. I., A. E. Serebryannikov, and K. F. Schuenemann, "The influence of the finite size of the illuminated area on electromagnetic scattering from surfaces with and without slicks," Progress In Electromagnetic Research, Vol. 33, 237-259, 2001.
doi:10.2528/PIER01012103
25. Stratton, J. A., Electromagnetic Theory, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1941.
26. Holiday, D., L. L. DeRaad Jr., and G. J. St-Cyr, "New equations for electromagnetic scattering by small perturbations of a perfectly conducting surface," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 46, 1427-1432, 1998.
doi:10.1109/8.725273
27. Holiday, D., G. St-Cyr, and N. E. Woods, "Comparison of a new radar ocean imaging model with SARSEX internal wave image data," Int. J. Remote Sensing, Vol. 8, 1423-1430, 1987.
doi:10.1080/01431168708954785
28. Holiday, D., "Resolution of controversy surrounding the Kirchhoff approach and the small perturbation method in rough surface scattering theory," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 35, 120-122, 1987.
doi:10.1109/TAP.1987.1143978
29. Timchenko, A. and A. Tropina, "Subsurface detection and discrimination of buried objects group using remote sensing technique," Proc. IGARSS’99, Vol. 5, 2681-2684, 1999.
30. Rice, S., "Mathematical analysis of random noise," Noise and Stochastic Processes, N. Wax (ed.), Dover Publ., Inc., New York, 1954, 182.
31. Lynch, P. J., "Curvature corrections to rough-surface scattering at high-frequencies," J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 47, 804-815, 1970.
doi:10.1121/1.1911963
32. Tatarskii, V. and S. F. Clifford, "On the theory of Dk radar observations of ocean surface waves," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 43, 843-850, 1995.
doi:10.1109/8.402204
Submit
