Vol. 62
Latest Volume
All Volumes
PIERB 106 [2024] PIERB 105 [2024] PIERB 104 [2024] PIERB 103 [2023] PIERB 102 [2023] PIERB 101 [2023] PIERB 100 [2023] PIERB 99 [2023] PIERB 98 [2023] PIERB 97 [2022] PIERB 96 [2022] PIERB 95 [2022] PIERB 94 [2021] PIERB 93 [2021] PIERB 92 [2021] PIERB 91 [2021] PIERB 90 [2021] PIERB 89 [2020] PIERB 88 [2020] PIERB 87 [2020] PIERB 86 [2020] PIERB 85 [2019] PIERB 84 [2019] PIERB 83 [2019] PIERB 82 [2018] PIERB 81 [2018] PIERB 80 [2018] PIERB 79 [2017] PIERB 78 [2017] PIERB 77 [2017] PIERB 76 [2017] PIERB 75 [2017] PIERB 74 [2017] PIERB 73 [2017] PIERB 72 [2017] PIERB 71 [2016] PIERB 70 [2016] PIERB 69 [2016] PIERB 68 [2016] PIERB 67 [2016] PIERB 66 [2016] PIERB 65 [2016] PIERB 64 [2015] PIERB 63 [2015] PIERB 62 [2015] PIERB 61 [2014] PIERB 60 [2014] PIERB 59 [2014] PIERB 58 [2014] PIERB 57 [2014] PIERB 56 [2013] PIERB 55 [2013] PIERB 54 [2013] PIERB 53 [2013] PIERB 52 [2013] PIERB 51 [2013] PIERB 50 [2013] PIERB 49 [2013] PIERB 48 [2013] PIERB 47 [2013] PIERB 46 [2013] PIERB 45 [2012] PIERB 44 [2012] PIERB 43 [2012] PIERB 42 [2012] PIERB 41 [2012] PIERB 40 [2012] PIERB 39 [2012] PIERB 38 [2012] PIERB 37 [2012] PIERB 36 [2012] PIERB 35 [2011] PIERB 34 [2011] PIERB 33 [2011] PIERB 32 [2011] PIERB 31 [2011] PIERB 30 [2011] PIERB 29 [2011] PIERB 28 [2011] PIERB 27 [2011] PIERB 26 [2010] PIERB 25 [2010] PIERB 24 [2010] PIERB 23 [2010] PIERB 22 [2010] PIERB 21 [2010] PIERB 20 [2010] PIERB 19 [2010] PIERB 18 [2009] PIERB 17 [2009] PIERB 16 [2009] PIERB 15 [2009] PIERB 14 [2009] PIERB 13 [2009] PIERB 12 [2009] PIERB 11 [2009] PIERB 10 [2008] PIERB 9 [2008] PIERB 8 [2008] PIERB 7 [2008] PIERB 6 [2008] PIERB 5 [2008] PIERB 4 [2008] PIERB 3 [2008] PIERB 2 [2008] PIERB 1 [2008]
2015-03-20
Antenna Correlation and Its Impact on Multi-Antenna System
By
Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 62, 241-253, 2015
Abstract
It is generally believed that antenna correlations of up to 0.5 in magnitude have negligible effects on the performance of multi-antenna systems, and that antenna correlation only affects the system performance via its magnitude. In this paper, we show that antenna correlations of 0.5 in magnitude that has negligible effect in capacity (i.e., theoretically maximum data rate) can cause noticeable degradation on the throughput (i.e., actual achievable data rate); and that, when the number of antennas is larger than two, the phase of the correlation also has an impact on the performance of multi-antenna system. We demonstrated these via simulations and measurements in a reverberation chamber.
Citation
Xiaoming Chen, "Antenna Correlation and Its Impact on Multi-Antenna System," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 62, 241-253, 2015.
doi:10.2528/PIERB15012805
References

1. Schwartz, M., W. R. Bennet, and S. Stein, Communication Systems and Techniques, IEEE Press, 1996.
doi:10.1109/MCOM.1996.492967

2. Levin, G. and S. Loyka, "From multi-keyholes to measure of correlation and power imbalance in MIMO channels: Outage capacity analysis," IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, Vol. 57, No. 6, 3515-3529, Jun. 2011.
doi:10.1109/TIT.2011.2133010

3. Chen, X., P.-S. Kildal, and J. Carlsson, "Revisiting the complex correlation in a MIMO system," 8th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, Hague, Netherlands, Apr. 6-11, 2014.

4. Gradoni, G., V.Mariani Primiani, and F. Moglie, "Reverberation chamber as a multivariate process: FDTD evaluation of correlation matrix and independent positions," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 133, 217-234, 2013.
doi:10.2528/PIER12091807

5. Grimmett, G. and D. Stirzaker, Probability and Random Processes, 3rd Ed., Oxford University Press, 2001.

6. Stein, S., "On cross coupling in multiple-beam antennas," IRE Trans. Antennas Propagat., 548-557, Sep. 1962.
doi:10.1109/TAP.1962.1137917

7. Janssen, N., K. A. Remley, C. L. Holloway, and W. F. Young, "Correlation coefficient and loading effects for MIMO antennas in a reverberation chamber," EMC Europe, 514-519, Brugge, Sep. 2-6, 2013.

8. Chen, X., P.-S. Kildal, J. Carlsson, and J. Yang, "MRC diversity and MIMO capacity evaluations of multi-port antennas using reverberation chamber and anechoic chamber," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 61, No. 2, 917-926, Feb. 2013.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2012.2223442

9. Blanch, S., J. Romeu, and I. Corbella, "Exact representation of antenna system diversity performance from input parameter description," Electronics Letters, Vol. 39, No. 9, 705-707, May 2003.
doi:10.1049/el:20030495

10. Li, H., X. Lin, B. K. Lau, and S. He, "Equivalent circuit based calculation of signal correlation in lossy antenna arrays," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 61, No. 10, 5214-5222, Oct. 2013.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2013.2273212

11. Chiani, M., M. Z. Win, and A. Zanella, "On the capacity of spatially correlated MIMO Rayleigh-fading channels," IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, Vol. 49, No. 10, 2363-2371, Oct. 2003.
doi:10.1109/TIT.2003.817437

12. Chizhik, D., F. Farrokhi, J. Ling, and A. Lozano, "Effect of antenna separation on the capacity of BLAST in correlated channels," IEEE Commun. Lett., Vol. 4, No. 11, 337-339, Nov. 2000.
doi:10.1109/4234.892194

13. Laub, A. J., Matrix Analysis for Scientists and Engineers, SIAM, Philadelphia, PA, 2005.
doi:10.1137/1.9780898717907

14. Kildal, P.-S., X. Chen, M. Gustafsson, et al. "MIMO characterization on system level of 5G micro base stations subject to randomness in LOS," IEEE Access, Vol. 2, 1062-1075, 2014.

15. Rappaport, T. S., Wireless Communications --- Principles and Practice, 2nd Ed., Prentice Hall PTR, 2002.

16. Yaglom, A. M., Theory of Stationary and Related Random Functions, Springer, 1987.

17. Jorswieck, E. and H. Boche, "Majorization and matrix-monotone functions in wireless communications," Foundations Trends Commun. Inf. Theory, Vol. 3, No. 6, 553-701, 2006.
doi:10.1561/0100000026

18. Chen, X., "On independent platform sample number for reverberation chamber measurements," IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., Vol. 54, No. 6, 1306-1309, Dec. 2012.
doi:10.1109/TEMC.2012.2222417

19. Chen, X., "Experimental investigation of the number of independent samples and the measurement uncertainty in a reverberation chamber," IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., Vol. 55, No. 5, 816-824, Oct. 2013.
doi:10.1109/TEMC.2013.2242473

20. Pirkl, R. J., K. A. Remley, and C. S. L. Patané, "Reverberation chamber measurement correlation," IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., Vol. 54, No. 3, 533-544, 2012.
doi:10.1109/TEMC.2011.2166964

21. Paulraj, A., R. Nabar, and D. Gore, Introduction to Space-time Wireless Communication, Cambridge University Press, 2003.

22. Cover, T. M. and J. A. Thomas, Elements of Information Theory, John Wiley & Sons, 1991.
doi:10.1002/0471200611

23. Chen, X., P.-S. Kildal, and M. Gustafsson, "Characterization of implemented algorithm for MIMO spatial multiplexing in reverberation chamber," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 61, No. 8, 4400-4404, Aug. 2013.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2013.2259459

24. Recanatini, R., F. Moglie, and V. Mariani Primiani, "Performance and immunity evaluation of complete WLAN systems in a large reverberation chamber," IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., Vol. 55, No. 5, 806-815, Oct. 2013.
doi:10.1109/TEMC.2013.2239636

25. Genender, E., C. L. Holloway, K. A. Remley, J. M. Ladbury, G. Koepke, and H. Garbe, "Simulating the multipath channel with a reverberation chamber: Application to bit error rate measurements," IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., Vol. 52, 766-777, 2010.
doi:10.1109/TEMC.2010.2044578

26. Im, Y.-T., M. Ali, and S.-O. Park, "Slow modulation behavior of the FMCW radar for wireless channel sounding technology," IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., Vol. 56, No. 5, 1229-1237, 2014.
doi:10.1109/TEMC.2014.2311095

27. Ferrara, G., M. Migliaccio, and A. Sorrentino, "Characterization of GSM non-line-of-sight propagation channels generated in a reverberating chamber by using bit error rates," IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., Vol. 49, No. 3, 467-473, Aug. 2007.
doi:10.1109/TEMC.2007.903040

28. Chen, X., P.-S. Kildal, and J. Carlsson, "Measurement uncertainties of capacities of multi-antenna system in anechoic chamber and reverberation chamber," 8th International Symposium on Wireless Communication Systems, 216-220, Aachen, Germany, Nov. 6-9, 2011.

29. Olkin, I. and J. W. Pratt, "Unbiased estimation of certain correlation coefficients," The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, Vol. 29, No. 1, 201-211, 1958.
doi:10.1214/aoms/1177706717

30. Szini, I., "Reference antenna proposal for MIMO OTA," CTIA Contribution MOSG110504R1, May 2011.

31. Chen, X., "Throughput multiplexing efficiency for MIMO antenna characterization," IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., Vol. 12, 1208-1211, 2013.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2013.2282952