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PIER PIER B PIER C PIER M PIER Letters
2012-02-14
Signal Propagation Analysis for Low Data Rate Wireless Sensor Network Applications in Sport Grounds and on Roads
By
David Lorater Ndzi,

    Dr. David Lorater Ndzi

    Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering

    University of Portsmouth

    UK

    Homepage

M. A. Mohd Arif,

    Dr. M. A. Mohd Arif

    School of Computer and Communication Engineering

    Universiti Malaysia Perlis

    Malaysia

    Homepage

Ali Yeon Md. Shakaff,

    Dr. Ali Yeon Md. Shakaff

    School of Mechatronic Engineering

    Universiti Malaysia Perlis

    Malaysia

    Homepage

Mohd Noor Ahmad,

    Dr. Mohd Noor Ahmad

    School of Materials Engineering

    Universiti Malaysia Perlis

    Malaysia

    Homepage

Azizi Harun,

    Dr. Azizi Harun

    School of Mechatronic Engineering

    University of Malaysia Perlis

    Malaysia

    Homepage

Latifah M. Kamarudin,

    Dr. Latifah M. Kamarudin

    School of Computer and Communication Engineering

    University of Malaysia Perlis

    Malaysia

    Homepage

Ammar Zakaria,

    Dr. Ammar Zakaria

    School of Mechatronic Engineering

    University of Malaysia Perlis

    Malaysia

    Homepage

Mohd F. Ramli,

    Dr. Mohd F. Ramli

    School of Mechatronic Engineering

    University of Malaysia Perlis

    Malaysia

    Homepage

Mohammad Shahrazel Razalli

    Dr. Mohammad Shahrazel Razalli

    School of Computer & Communication Engineering

    Universit Malaysia Perlis

    Malaysia

    Homepage

Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 125, 1-19, 2012
doi:10.2528/PIER11111406
Abstract
This paper presents results of a study to characterise wireless point-to-point channel for wireless sensor networks applications in sport hard court arenas, grass fields and on roads. Antenna height and orientation effects on coverage are also studied and results show that for omni-directional patch antenna, node range is reduced by a factor of 2 when the antenna orientation is changed from vertical to horizontal. The maximum range for a wireless node on a hard court sport arena has been determined to be 70 m for 0 dBm transmission but this reduces to 60 m on a road surface and to 50 m on a grass field. For horizontal antenna orientation the range on the road is longer than on the sport court which shows that scattered signal components from the rougher road surface combine to extend the communication range. The channels investigated showed that packet error ratio (PER) is dominated by large-scale, rather than small-scale, channel fading with an abrupt transition from low PER to 100% PER. Results also show that large-scale received signal power can be modeled with a 2nd order log-distance polynomial equation on the sport court and road, but a 1st order model is sufficient for the grass field. Small-scale signal variations have been found to have a Rice distribution for signal to noise ratio levels greater than 10 dB but the Rice K-factor exhibits significant variations at short distances which can be attributed to the influence of strong ground reflections.
Citation
David Lorater Ndzi, M. A. Mohd Arif, Ali Yeon Md. Shakaff, Mohd Noor Ahmad, Azizi Harun, Latifah M. Kamarudin, Ammar Zakaria, Mohd F. Ramli, and Mohammad Shahrazel Razalli, "Signal Propagation Analysis for Low Data Rate Wireless Sensor Network Applications in Sport Grounds and on Roads," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 125, 1-19, 2012.
doi:10.2528/PIER11111406
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