Vol. 111
Latest Volume
All Volumes
PIER 179 [2024] PIER 178 [2023] PIER 177 [2023] PIER 176 [2023] PIER 175 [2022] PIER 174 [2022] PIER 173 [2022] PIER 172 [2021] PIER 171 [2021] PIER 170 [2021] PIER 169 [2020] PIER 168 [2020] PIER 167 [2020] PIER 166 [2019] PIER 165 [2019] PIER 164 [2019] PIER 163 [2018] PIER 162 [2018] PIER 161 [2018] PIER 160 [2017] PIER 159 [2017] PIER 158 [2017] PIER 157 [2016] PIER 156 [2016] PIER 155 [2016] PIER 154 [2015] PIER 153 [2015] PIER 152 [2015] PIER 151 [2015] PIER 150 [2015] PIER 149 [2014] PIER 148 [2014] PIER 147 [2014] PIER 146 [2014] PIER 145 [2014] PIER 144 [2014] PIER 143 [2013] PIER 142 [2013] PIER 141 [2013] PIER 140 [2013] PIER 139 [2013] PIER 138 [2013] PIER 137 [2013] PIER 136 [2013] PIER 135 [2013] PIER 134 [2013] PIER 133 [2013] PIER 132 [2012] PIER 131 [2012] PIER 130 [2012] PIER 129 [2012] PIER 128 [2012] PIER 127 [2012] PIER 126 [2012] PIER 125 [2012] PIER 124 [2012] PIER 123 [2012] PIER 122 [2012] PIER 121 [2011] PIER 120 [2011] PIER 119 [2011] PIER 118 [2011] PIER 117 [2011] PIER 116 [2011] PIER 115 [2011] PIER 114 [2011] PIER 113 [2011] PIER 112 [2011] PIER 111 [2011] PIER 110 [2010] PIER 109 [2010] PIER 108 [2010] PIER 107 [2010] PIER 106 [2010] PIER 105 [2010] PIER 104 [2010] PIER 103 [2010] PIER 102 [2010] PIER 101 [2010] PIER 100 [2010] PIER 99 [2009] PIER 98 [2009] PIER 97 [2009] PIER 96 [2009] PIER 95 [2009] PIER 94 [2009] PIER 93 [2009] PIER 92 [2009] PIER 91 [2009] PIER 90 [2009] PIER 89 [2009] PIER 88 [2008] PIER 87 [2008] PIER 86 [2008] PIER 85 [2008] PIER 84 [2008] PIER 83 [2008] PIER 82 [2008] PIER 81 [2008] PIER 80 [2008] PIER 79 [2008] PIER 78 [2008] PIER 77 [2007] PIER 76 [2007] PIER 75 [2007] PIER 74 [2007] PIER 73 [2007] PIER 72 [2007] PIER 71 [2007] PIER 70 [2007] PIER 69 [2007] PIER 68 [2007] PIER 67 [2007] PIER 66 [2006] PIER 65 [2006] PIER 64 [2006] PIER 63 [2006] PIER 62 [2006] PIER 61 [2006] PIER 60 [2006] PIER 59 [2006] PIER 58 [2006] PIER 57 [2006] PIER 56 [2006] PIER 55 [2005] PIER 54 [2005] PIER 53 [2005] PIER 52 [2005] PIER 51 [2005] PIER 50 [2005] PIER 49 [2004] PIER 48 [2004] PIER 47 [2004] PIER 46 [2004] PIER 45 [2004] PIER 44 [2004] PIER 43 [2003] PIER 42 [2003] PIER 41 [2003] PIER 40 [2003] PIER 39 [2003] PIER 38 [2002] PIER 37 [2002] PIER 36 [2002] PIER 35 [2002] PIER 34 [2001] PIER 33 [2001] PIER 32 [2001] PIER 31 [2001] PIER 30 [2001] PIER 29 [2000] PIER 28 [2000] PIER 27 [2000] PIER 26 [2000] PIER 25 [2000] PIER 24 [1999] PIER 23 [1999] PIER 22 [1999] PIER 21 [1999] PIER 20 [1998] PIER 19 [1998] PIER 18 [1998] PIER 17 [1997] PIER 16 [1997] PIER 15 [1997] PIER 14 [1996] PIER 13 [1996] PIER 12 [1996] PIER 11 [1995] PIER 10 [1995] PIER 09 [1994] PIER 08 [1994] PIER 07 [1993] PIER 06 [1992] PIER 05 [1991] PIER 04 [1991] PIER 03 [1990] PIER 02 [1990] PIER 01 [1989]
2010-12-08
PO/Mec-Based Scattering Model for Complex Objects on a Sea Surface
By
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 111, 229-251, 2011
Abstract
In this contribution a model based on asymptotic methods is proposed to compute the scattered field from complex objects on a sea surface. The scattering model combines the geometrical optics, the physical optics and the method of equivalent currents. It includes the shadowing effects and multiple-bounce up to order 3. This model is used, in the following, for Radar Cross Section (RCS) estimation and to generate Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) raw data for imaging applications. The theoretical aspects are reviewed in this paper and the proposed model is detailed. Numerical results are provided to validate the approach through the computation of RCS for canonical objects and complex scenes. Both the bistatic and the monostatic configurations are studied in this work. Finally some first results dealing with SAR imaging of objects on a sea surface are provided. These images are constructed from the simulated raw data thanks to a chirp scaling-based algorithm.
Citation
Alexandre Baussard, M. Rochdi, and Ali Khenchaf, "PO/Mec-Based Scattering Model for Complex Objects on a Sea Surface," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 111, 229-251, 2011.
doi:10.2528/PIER10083005
References

1. Hazlett, M., D. Andersh, and S. Lee, "XPATCH: A high frequency electromagnetic scattering prediction code using shooting and bouncing rays," SPIE, Vol. 2469, 266-275, 1999.
doi:10.1117/12.210627

2. Rius, J., M. Ferrando, and L. Jofre, "GRECO: Graphical electromagnetic computing for RCS prediction in real time," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 35, No. 2, 7-17, 1993.
doi:10.1109/74.207645

3. Keller, J., "Geometrical theory of diffraction," Journal of the Optical Society of America, Vol. 52, 116-130, 1962.
doi:10.1364/JOSA.52.000116

4. Knott, E., J. Shaeffer, and M. Tuley, Radar Cross Section, 2 Ed., SciTech Publishing, 2004.

5. Michaeli, A., "Equivalent edge currents for arbitrary aspect of observation," IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 32, No. 3, 252-258, 1984.
doi:10.1109/TAP.1984.1143303

6. Ufimtsev, P., "Method of edge waves in the physical theory of diffraction,", (in translation from the Russian version published by Soviet Radio Publication House, Moscow, 1962), Tech. Rep. Document ID FTD-HC-23-259-71, Air Force Systems Command, Foreign Tech., 1971.

7. Burkholder, R., P. Janpugdee, and D. Colak, "Development of computational tools for predicting the radar scattering from targets on a rough sea surface,", Tech. Rep. 735231-3, ElectroScience Lab, The Ohio State University, 2001.

8. Kim, K., J.-H. Kim, and D.-S. Cho, "Radar cross section analysis of marine targets using a combining method of physical optics/geometric optics and a monte-carlo simulation," Ocean Engineering, Vol. 36, No. 11, 821-830, 2009.
doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2009.05.005

9. Luo, W., M. Zhang, Y.-W. Zhao, and H. Chen, "An efficient hybrid high-frequency solution for the composite scattering of the ship very large two-dimensional sea surface," Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 8, 79-89, 2009.
doi:10.2528/PIERM09050103

10. Xu, F. and Y.-Q. Jin, "Bidirectional analytic ray tracing for fast computation of composite scattering from electric-large target over a randomly rough surface," IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 57, No. 5, 1495-1505, 2009.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2009.2016691

11. Ye, H. and Y.-Q. Jin, "Fast iterative approach to difference scattering from the target above a rough surface," IEEe Trans. Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 44, No. 1, 108-115, 2006.
doi:10.1109/TGRS.2005.859955

12. Mishra, A. and B. Mulgrew, "Generation of sar image for real-life objects using general purpose em simulators," IETE Technical Review, Vol. 26, No. 1, 18-27, 2009.
doi:10.4103/0256-4602.48465

13. Margarit, G., J. Mallorqui, J. Rius, and J. Sanz-Marcos, "On the usage of grecosar, an orbital polarimetric sar simulator of complex targets, to vessel classification studies," IEEE Trans. Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 44, No. 12, 3517-3526, 2006.
doi:10.1109/TGRS.2006.881120

14. Auer, S., S. Hinz, and R. Bamler, "Ray-tracing simulation techniques for understanding high-resolution SAR images," IEEE Trans. Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 48, No. 3, 1445-1456, 2010.
doi:10.1109/TGRS.2009.2029339

15. Airiau, O. and A. Khenchaf, "A methodology for modeling and simulating target echoes with a moving polarimetric bistatic radar," Radio Science, Vol. 35, No. 3, 773-782, 2000.
doi:10.1029/1999RS002158

16. Comblet, F., A. Khenchaf, A. Baussard, and F. Pellen, "Bistatic synthetic aperture radar imaging: Theory, simulations, and validations," IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 54, No. 11, 3529-3540, 2006.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2006.884223

17. Arnold-Bos, A., A. Khenchaf, and A. Martin, "Bistatic radar imaging of the marine environment. Part I: Theoretical background," IEEE Trans. on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 45, No. 11, 3372-3383, 2007.
doi:10.1109/TGRS.2007.897436

18. Arnold-Bos, A., A. Khenchaf, and A. Martin, "Bistatic radar imaging of the marine environment. Part II: Simulation and results analysis," IEEE Trans. on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 45, No. 11, 3384-3396, 2007.
doi:10.1109/TGRS.2007.899812

19. Dos Santos, M. and N. Rabelo, "On the ludwig integration algorithm for triangular subregions," IEEE Proceedings, No. 10, 1986.

20. Michaeli, A., "Elimination of infinities in equivalent edge current. Part 1: Physical optics components," IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 34, No. 8, 1034-1037, 1986.
doi:10.1109/TAP.1986.1143941

21. Michaeli, A., "Elimination of infinities in equivalent edge currents, part II: Physical optics components," IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 34, No. 8, 1034-1037, 1986.
doi:10.1109/TAP.1986.1143941

22. Polycarpou, A., C. Balanis, and P. Tirkas, "Radar cross section evaluation of the square trihedral corner reflector using PO and MEC," IEEE International Antennas and Propagation Symposium, Vol. 3, 1428-1431, 1993.

23. Burkholder, R. and K. Jamil, "Simulation of electromagnetic scattering experiments in the NSWC Carderock MASK facility,", Tech. Rep. 742961-1, 2003.

24. Elfouhaily, T., B. Chapron, and K. Katsaros, "A unified directional spectrum for long and short," Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 102, No. C7, 15-781, 1997.
doi:10.1029/97JC00467

25. Pierson, W. and L. Moskowitz, "A proposed spectral form for fully developed wind seas based upon the similarity theory of s.a. Kitaigorodskii," Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 69, 5181-5190, 1964.
doi:10.1029/JZ069i024p05181

26. Fung, A. K. and K. K. Lee, "A semi-empirical sea-spectrum model for scattering coefficient estimation," IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, Vol. 7, No. 4, 166-176, 1982.
doi:10.1109/JOE.1982.1145535

27. Cao, Q.-F., S. Liu, and P.-G. Xu, "SCTE: RCS prediction system for complex target and interaction with environment," Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences, Vol. 4, No. 3, 299-303, 1999.
doi:10.1007/BF02842355

28. Klein, L. and C. Swift, "An improved model for the dielectric constant of sea water at microwave frequencies," IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 25, No. 1, 104-111, 1977.
doi:10.1109/TAP.1977.1141539

29. Ulaby, F. T., R. K. Moore, and A. K. Fung, Microwave Remote Sensing: Active and Passive, Vol. 2, Artech House, 1986.

30. Cox, C. and W. Munk, "Statistics of the sea surface derived from sun glitter," Journal of Marine Research, Vol. 13, 198-227, 1954.

31. Rice, S., "Reflection of electromagnetic waves from slightly rough surfaces," Theory of Electromagnetic Waves, 351-378, 1951.

32. Khenchaf, A. and O. Airiau, "Bistatic radar moving returns from sea surface," IEICE Trans. on Electronics, Vol. E83-C, No. 12, 1827-1835, 2000.

33. Ishimaru, A., Wave Propagation and Scattering in Random Media, Academic Press, 1978.

34. Moreira, A., J. Mittermayer, and R. Scheiber, "Extended chirp scaling algorithm for air- and spaceborne SAR data processing in stripmap and scansar imaging modes," IEEE Trans. on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 34, No. 5, 1123-1136, 1996.
doi:10.1109/36.536528