Vol. 126
Latest Volume
All Volumes
PIER 179 [2024] PIER 178 [2023] PIER 177 [2023] PIER 176 [2023] PIER 175 [2022] PIER 174 [2022] PIER 173 [2022] PIER 172 [2021] PIER 171 [2021] PIER 170 [2021] PIER 169 [2020] PIER 168 [2020] PIER 167 [2020] PIER 166 [2019] PIER 165 [2019] PIER 164 [2019] PIER 163 [2018] PIER 162 [2018] PIER 161 [2018] PIER 160 [2017] PIER 159 [2017] PIER 158 [2017] PIER 157 [2016] PIER 156 [2016] PIER 155 [2016] PIER 154 [2015] PIER 153 [2015] PIER 152 [2015] PIER 151 [2015] PIER 150 [2015] PIER 149 [2014] PIER 148 [2014] PIER 147 [2014] PIER 146 [2014] PIER 145 [2014] PIER 144 [2014] PIER 143 [2013] PIER 142 [2013] PIER 141 [2013] PIER 140 [2013] PIER 139 [2013] PIER 138 [2013] PIER 137 [2013] PIER 136 [2013] PIER 135 [2013] PIER 134 [2013] PIER 133 [2013] PIER 132 [2012] PIER 131 [2012] PIER 130 [2012] PIER 129 [2012] PIER 128 [2012] PIER 127 [2012] PIER 126 [2012] PIER 125 [2012] PIER 124 [2012] PIER 123 [2012] PIER 122 [2012] PIER 121 [2011] PIER 120 [2011] PIER 119 [2011] PIER 118 [2011] PIER 117 [2011] PIER 116 [2011] PIER 115 [2011] PIER 114 [2011] PIER 113 [2011] PIER 112 [2011] PIER 111 [2011] PIER 110 [2010] PIER 109 [2010] PIER 108 [2010] PIER 107 [2010] PIER 106 [2010] PIER 105 [2010] PIER 104 [2010] PIER 103 [2010] PIER 102 [2010] PIER 101 [2010] PIER 100 [2010] PIER 99 [2009] PIER 98 [2009] PIER 97 [2009] PIER 96 [2009] PIER 95 [2009] PIER 94 [2009] PIER 93 [2009] PIER 92 [2009] PIER 91 [2009] PIER 90 [2009] PIER 89 [2009] PIER 88 [2008] PIER 87 [2008] PIER 86 [2008] PIER 85 [2008] PIER 84 [2008] PIER 83 [2008] PIER 82 [2008] PIER 81 [2008] PIER 80 [2008] PIER 79 [2008] PIER 78 [2008] PIER 77 [2007] PIER 76 [2007] PIER 75 [2007] PIER 74 [2007] PIER 73 [2007] PIER 72 [2007] PIER 71 [2007] PIER 70 [2007] PIER 69 [2007] PIER 68 [2007] PIER 67 [2007] PIER 66 [2006] PIER 65 [2006] PIER 64 [2006] PIER 63 [2006] PIER 62 [2006] PIER 61 [2006] PIER 60 [2006] PIER 59 [2006] PIER 58 [2006] PIER 57 [2006] PIER 56 [2006] PIER 55 [2005] PIER 54 [2005] PIER 53 [2005] PIER 52 [2005] PIER 51 [2005] PIER 50 [2005] PIER 49 [2004] PIER 48 [2004] PIER 47 [2004] PIER 46 [2004] PIER 45 [2004] PIER 44 [2004] PIER 43 [2003] PIER 42 [2003] PIER 41 [2003] PIER 40 [2003] PIER 39 [2003] PIER 38 [2002] PIER 37 [2002] PIER 36 [2002] PIER 35 [2002] PIER 34 [2001] PIER 33 [2001] PIER 32 [2001] PIER 31 [2001] PIER 30 [2001] PIER 29 [2000] PIER 28 [2000] PIER 27 [2000] PIER 26 [2000] PIER 25 [2000] PIER 24 [1999] PIER 23 [1999] PIER 22 [1999] PIER 21 [1999] PIER 20 [1998] PIER 19 [1998] PIER 18 [1998] PIER 17 [1997] PIER 16 [1997] PIER 15 [1997] PIER 14 [1996] PIER 13 [1996] PIER 12 [1996] PIER 11 [1995] PIER 10 [1995] PIER 09 [1994] PIER 08 [1994] PIER 07 [1993] PIER 06 [1992] PIER 05 [1991] PIER 04 [1991] PIER 03 [1990] PIER 02 [1990] PIER 01 [1989]
2012-03-26
Koch-Like Sided Sierpinski Gasket Multifractal Dipole Antenna
By
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 126, 399-427, 2012
Abstract
Koch-like fractal curve and Sierpinski Gasket are syncretized in minor-main way, forming so called Koch-like sided Sierpinski Gasket multifractal dipole (KSSG). Some iterative combinatorial cases of the two monofractals KiSj KSSG have been investigated in free space without feedline for revealing the assumed multifractal property. Then a pragmatical coplanar stripline (CPS) fed K4S1 KSSG multifractal bow-tie dipole with dimension of 61.1mm×34.75mm was designed, fabricated and measured. Six matched bands(S11<-10dB) with moderate gain (2dBi-6dBi) and high efficiency (80%-95%) are obtained within band 1.5GHz-14GHz, of which f1=2.137GHz (1.978-2.287GHz, 309MHz, 14.46%, PCS1900+IMT2000+UMTS), f2=4.103GHz (3.916-4.2GHz, 374MHz, 9.12%, WiMAX), f3=5.596GHz (5.499-5.679GHz, 180MHz, 3.22%, WLAN+WiMAX) are commonly used. Gain patterns of these bands are all almost omnidirectional in H-plane (Phi=0o, XOZ) and doughnut-shaped in E-plane (Phi=90o, YOZ), which suggests that K4S1 KSSG operates as a half-wavelength dipole. It behaviors like the main fractal in low frequency and resembles the minor one in high frequency. The consistent results of simulation and measurement have evinced the multifractal antennas' peculiar properties and superiority over its monofractals in impedance uniformity, gain pattern, efficiency and dimension. So it is attractive to PCS, UMTS, WLAN, WiFi, WiMAX and other communication systems.
Citation
Daotie Li, and Jun-Fa Mao, "Koch-Like Sided Sierpinski Gasket Multifractal Dipole Antenna," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 126, 399-427, 2012.
doi:10.2528/PIER12010404
References

1. Cohen, N., "Fractal antennas: Part 1," Communications Quarterly, 7-22, Aug. 1995.

2. Cohen, N., "Fractal antenna applications in wireless telecommunications," IEEE Electronics Industries Forum of New England, 43-49, 1997.

3. Werner, D. H., R. L. Haup, and P. L. Werner, "Fractal antenna engineering: The theory and design of fractal antenna arrays," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 41, No. 5, 37-58, Oct. 1999.
doi:10.1109/74.801513

4. Kaur, J., S. Singh, and A. Kansal, "Multiband behavior of Sierpinski fractal antenna," Res. J. Inform. Technol., Vol. 3, No. 1, 35-43, 2011.
doi:10.3923/rjit.2011.35.43

5. Sinha, S. N. and M. Jain, "A self-affine fractal multiband antenna," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 6, 110-112, 2007.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2007.891519

6. Rathee, D. and J. Ashraf, "CPW-fed Sierpinski fractal monopole antenna with varying scale factor," International Journal of Electronics Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 1, 77-80, 2011.

7. Anguera, J., C. Puente, C. Borja, and J. Soler, "Fractal-shaped antennas: A review," Wiley Encyclopedia of RF and Microwave Engineering, Vol. 2, 1620-1635, 2005.

8. Ying, L., S. X. Gong, and D. M. Fu, "The advances in development of fractal antennas," Chinese Journal of Radio Science, Vol. 17, No. 1, Feb. 2002.

9. Mandelbrot, B. B., The Fractal Geometry of Nature, 2nd Ed., W. H. Freeman, New York, 1983.

10. Falconer, K., "Fractal Geometry: Mathematical Foundations and Applications," John Wiley & Son, Inc., New York, 2003.

11. Khan, S. N., J. Hu, J. Xiong, and S. He, "Circular fractal monopole antenna for low VSWR UWB applications," Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 1, 19-25, 2008.
doi:10.2528/PIERL07110903

12. Puente, C., J. Romeu, R. Pous, and A. Cardama, "On the behavior of the Sierpinski multiband fractal antenna," IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propag., Vol. 46, 517-524, Apr. 1998.
doi:10.1109/8.664115

13. Rosu, I., Small antennas for high frequencies, http://www.qsl.n-et/va3iul/.

14. Serkan Basat, S., S. Bhattacharya, and L. Yang, "Design of a novel high-e±ciency UHF RFID antenna on flexible LCP substrate with high read-range capability," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Vol. 7, No. 9, 1031-1034, Jul. 2006.

15. Heldring, A., E. Ubeda, and J. M. Rius, "Efficient computation of the effect of wire ends in thin wire analysis," IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propag., Vol. 54, No. 10, 3034-3037, Oct. 2006.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2006.882194

16. Hwang, K. C., "A modified Sierpinski fractal antenna for multiband application," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 6, 2007.

17. Aneesh Kumar, S. and T. K. Sreeja, "A modified fractal antenna for multiband applications," IEEE International Conference on Communication, Control and Computing Technologies (ICC-CCT), Vol. 10, 47-51, 2010.
doi:10.1109/ICCCCT.2010.5670770

18. Baliarda, C. P., J. Romeu, and A. Cardama, "The koch monopole: A small fractal antenna," IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propag., Vol. 48, No. 11, 1773-1781, Nov. 2000.
doi:10.1109/8.900236

19. Mahatthanajatuphat, C., S. Saleekaw, and P. Akkaraekthalin, "A rhombic patch monopole antenna with modified Minkowski fractal geometry for UMTS, WLAN, and mobile WiMAX application," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 89, 57-74, 2009.
doi:10.2528/PIER08111907

20. Lizzi, L. and G. Oliveri, "Hybrid design of a fractal-shaped GSM/UMTS antenna," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 24, No. 5-6, 707-719, 2010.
doi:10.1163/156939310791036386

21. Li, C.-M., K. Wang, and C.-K. Chen, "Small Tri-band monopole antenna for WIMAX/WLAN applications," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 25, No. 8-9, 1297-1307, 2011.
doi:10.1163/156939311795762132

22. He, K., R.-X. Wang, Y.-F. Wang, and B.-H. Sun, "Compact Tri-band claw-shaped monopole antenna for WLAN/WIMAX applications," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 25, No. 5-6, 869-877, 2011.
doi:10.1163/156939311794827104