volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

Direct Antenna Modulation (DAM) is explored recently in many wireless communication systems. In this paper, we explore the modulation process of electromagnetic signals in the antenna circuit design directly. The proposed antenna consists of two non-concentric elliptical patches for broadband applications to suit the spread spectrum applications. To perform a Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK) modulation, two identical antennas are fed by a two-branch microstrip line with a phase shift. Utilizing Computer Simulation Technology of Microwave Studio (CSTMWS) based on Finite Integral Technique (FIT), an optimization based-on numerical analysis is adopted for designing the transmission line configuration at the desired frequency bands. The other significant aspect that has been achieved in this research is reducing the patch size to be suitable for wearable devices. Therefore, a cylindrical substrate is utilized for bending the proposed antenna structure. The proposed antenna design shows a gain of 4.73 dBi and 2.5 dBi for the planar and folded antenna profile respectively. Two high-speed Positive Intrinsic Negative (PIN) diodes as switching elements of the RF signal are inserted between the identical antenna elements through a transmission line. Switch 1 (SW1) and switch 2 (SW2) are used to control the phase shift between the antenna elements by changing the switching state from (OFF-ON) and vice versa. The designed antenna is further investigated to realize the effects of radiation leakage from the antenna elements on the human body in the context of wearable applications. This study is conducted to the antenna performance when it is bent on a cylinder and compared to the flat case on four human body regions: arm, head, thigh, and chest. The proposed antenna based on PIN diodes is fabricated, measured, and tested. Using a 3D axis field strength meter, the proposed antenna system field strength is measured for different conditions at various locations of the human body. Finally, an excellent agreement is found between the obtained numerical results and measurements.

1. Glover, I. and P. M. Grant, Digital Communications, Pearson Education, 2010.

2. Henthorn, S., K. L. Ford, and T. O’Farrell, "Bit-error-rate performance of quadrature modulation transmission using reconfigurable frequency selective surfaces," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 16, 2038-2041, 2017.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2017.2695008 Google Scholar

3. Babakhani, A., D. B. Rutledge, and A. Hajimiri, "Transmitter architectures based on near-field direct antenna modulation," IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 43, No. 12, 2674-2692, 2008.
doi:10.1109/JSSC.2008.2004864 Google Scholar

4. Mohamadzade, B., R. B. Simorangkir, S. Maric, A. Lalbakhsh, K. P. Esselle, and R. M. Hashmi, "Recent developments and state of the art in flexible and conformal reconfigurable antennas," Electronics, Vol. 9, No. 9, 1375, 2020.
doi:10.3390/electronics9091375 Google Scholar

5. Bernhard, J. T., "Reconfigurable antennas," Synthesis Lectures on Antennas, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1-66, 2007.
doi:10.2200/S00067ED1V01Y200707ANT004 Google Scholar

6. Christodoulou, C. G., Y. Tawk, S. A. Lane, and S. R. Erwin, "Reconfigurable antennas for wireless and space applications," Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 100, No. 7, 2250-2261, 2012.
doi:10.1109/JPROC.2012.2188249 Google Scholar

7. Eldek, A., A. Abdallah, and M. Manzoul, "Reconfigurable microstrip double-dipole antennas for personal wireless communications," Wireless Engineering and Technology, Vol. 2, No. 2, 60-69, 2011.
doi:10.4236/wet.2011.22009 Google Scholar

8. Matin, M. A., "Recent trends in antennas for modern wireless communications," Wearable Technologies: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications, 1413-1435, IGI Global, 2018. Google Scholar

9. Dahlman, E., Y. Jading, S. Parkvall, and H. Murai, "3G radio access evolution — HSPA and LTE for mobile broadband —," IEICE Transactions on Communications, Vol. 92, No. 5, 1432-1440, 2009.
doi:10.1587/transcom.E92.B.1432 Google Scholar

10. Yashchyshyn, Y., "Reconfigurable antennas by RF switches technology," 2009 5th International Conference on Perspective Technologies and Methods in MEMS Design, 155-157, IEEE, 2009. Google Scholar

11. Al Naiemy, Y., T. A. Elwi, and L. Nagy, "An end fire printed monopole antenna based on electromagnetic band gap structure," Automatika, Vol. 61, No. 3, 482-495, 2020.
doi:10.1080/00051144.2020.1785783 Google Scholar

12. Alnaiemy, Y., T. A. Elwi, and L. Nagy, "Mutual coupling reduction in patch antenna array based on EBG structure for MIMO applications," Periodica Polytechnica Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vol. 63, No. 4, 332-342, 2019.
doi:10.3311/PPee.14379 Google Scholar

13. AlSabbagh, H. M., T. A. Elwi, Y. Al-Naiemy, and H. M. Al-Rizzo, "A compact triple-band metamaterial-inspired antenna for wearable applications," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 62, No. 2, 763-777, 2020.
doi:10.1002/mop.32067 Google Scholar

14. Alnaiemy, Y., T. A. Elwi, L. Nagy, and T. Zwick, A systematic analysis and design of a high gain microstrip antenna based on a single EBG layer, 2019.

15. Hassain, Z. A., A. R. Azeez, M. M. Ali, and T. A. Elwi, "A modified compact Bi-directional UWB taperd slot antenna with double band-notch characteristics," Advanced Electromagnetics, Vol. 8, No. 4, 74-79, 2019.
doi:10.7716/aem.v8i4.1130 Google Scholar

16. Wang, H., Z. Wu, Y. Wang, C.-Y.-D. Sim, and G. Yang, "Small-size folded monopole antenna with switchable matching circuit for ultra-thin mobile applications," Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 65, 131-138, 2016.
doi:10.2528/PIERC16040802 Google Scholar

17. Elwi, T. A., "Electromagnetic band gap structures based on ultra wideband microstrip antenna," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 59, No. 4, 827-834, 2017.
doi:10.1002/mop.30397 Google Scholar

18. Liang, B., B. Sanz-Izquierdo, E. A. Parker, and J. C. Batchelor, "A frequency and polarization reconfigurable circularly polarized antenna using active EBG structure for satellite navigation," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 63, No. 1, 33-40, 2014.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2014.2367537 Google Scholar

19. Singh, D. K., B. K. Kanaujia, S. Dwari, G. P. Pandey, and S. Kumar, "Reconfigurable circularly polarized capacitive coupled microstrip antenna," International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies, Vol. 9, No. 4, 843, 2017.
doi:10.1017/S1759078716000611 Google Scholar

20. Saeed, S. M., C. A. Balanis, and C. R. Birtcher, "Inkjet-printed flexible reconfigurable antenna for conformal WLAN/WiMAX wireless devices," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 15, 1979-1982, 2016.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2016.2547338 Google Scholar

21. Yousefbeiki, M. and J. Perruisseau-Carrier, "Towards compact and frequency-tunable antenna solutions for MIMO transmission with a single RF chain," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 62, No. 3, 1065-1073, 2013.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2013.2267197 Google Scholar

22. Yousefbeiki, M., O. N. Alrabadi, and J. Perruisseau-Carrier, "Efficient MIMO transmission of PSK signals with a single-radio reconfigurable antenna," IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. 62, No. 2, 567-577, 2014.
doi:10.1109/TCOMM.2013.122113.130481 Google Scholar

23. Pringle, L. N., P. H. Harms, S. P. Blalock, G. N. Kiesel, E. J. Kuster, P. G. Friederich, R. J. Prado, J. M. Morris, and G. S. Smith, "A reconfigurable aperture antenna based on switched links between electrically small metallic patches," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 52, No. 6, 1434-1445, 2004.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2004.825648 Google Scholar

24. Chia, M.-W., T.-H. Lim, J.-K. Yin, P.-Y. Chee, S.-W. Leong, and C.-K. Sim, "Electronic beam-steering design for UWB phased array," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 54, No. 6, 2431-2438, 2006.
doi:10.1109/TMTT.2006.875300 Google Scholar

25. Yin, Z., Q. Zheng, K. Guo, and Z. Guo, "Tunable beam steering, focusing and generating of orbital angular momentum vortex beams using high-order patch array," Applied Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 15, 2949, 2019.
doi:10.3390/app9152949 Google Scholar

26. Yao, W. and Y. E. Wang, "An integrated antenna for pulse modulation and radiation," Proceedings 2004 IEEE Radio and Wireless Conference (IEEE Cat. No. 04TH8746), 427-429, IEEE, 2004. Google Scholar

27. Mohammed, A. A., F. M. Alnahwi, A. S. Abdullah, and A. G. A. A. Hameed, "A compact monopole antenna with reconfigurable band notch for underlay cognitive radio applications," 2018 International Conference on Advance of Sustainable Engineering and Its Application (ICASEA), 25-30, IEEE, 2018.
doi:10.1109/ICASEA.2018.8370950 Google Scholar

28. Tasouji, N., J. Nourinia, C. Ghobadi, and F. Tofigh, "A novel printed UWB slot antenna with reconfigurable band-notch characteristics," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 12, 922-925, 2013.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2013.2273452 Google Scholar

29. Zhang, Z. and Z. Pan, "Time domain performance of reconfigurable filter antenna for IR-UWB, WLAN, and WiMAX applications," Electronics, Vol. 8, No. 9, 1007, 2019.
doi:10.3390/electronics8091007 Google Scholar

30. Iqbal, A., A. Smida, N. K. Mallat, R. Ghayoula, I. Elfergani, J. Rodriguez, and S. Kim, "Frequency and pattern reconfigurable antenna for emerging wireless communication systems," Electronics, Vol. 8, No. 4, 407, 2019.
doi:10.3390/electronics8040407 Google Scholar

31. Ojaroudi Parchin, N., H. Jahanbakhsh Basherlou, Y. I. Al-Yasir, R. A. Abd-Alhameed, A. M. Abdulkhaleq, and J. M. Noras, "Recent developments of reconfigurable antennas for current and future wireless communication systems," Electronics, Vol. 8, No. 2, 128, 2019.
doi:10.3390/electronics8020128 Google Scholar

32. Yang, H., X. Xi, H. Hou, X. Shi, and Y. Yuan, "Design of reconfigurable monopole antenna with switchable dual band-notches for UWB applications," International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies, Vol. 10, No. 9, 1065-1071, 2018.
doi:10.1017/S175907871800096X Google Scholar

33. Manteghi, M., "A wideband electrically small transient-state antenna," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 64, No. 4, 1201-1208, 2016.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2016.2525828 Google Scholar

34. Kiani, G. I. and T. S. Bird, "ASK modulator based on switchable FSS for THz applications," Radio Science, Vol. 46, No. 02, 1-8, 2011.
doi:10.1029/2010RS004465 Google Scholar

35. Henthorn, S., K. L. Ford, and T. O’Farrell, "Direct antenna modulation for high-order phase shift keying," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 68, No. 1, 111-120, 2019.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2019.2935136 Google Scholar

36. Srivastava, S. and J. J. Adams, "Analysis of a direct antenna modulation transmitter for wideband OOK with a narrowband antenna," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 65, No. 10, 4971-4979, 2017.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2017.2734063 Google Scholar

37. Tang, W., J. Y. Dai, M. Chen, X. Li, Q. Cheng, S. Jin, K.-K. Wong, and T. J. Cui, "Programmable metasurface-based rf chain-free 8PSK wireless transmitter," Electronics Letters, Vol. 55, No. 7, 417-420, 2019.
doi:10.1049/el.2019.0400 Google Scholar

38. Diaby, F., A. Clemente, L. Di Palma, L. Dussopt, K. Pham, E. Fourn, and R. Sauleau, "Linearlypolarized electronically reconfigurable transmitarray antenna with 2-bit phase resolution in Ka-band," 2017 International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications (ICEAA), 1295-1298, IEEE, 2017.
doi:10.1109/ICEAA.2017.8065510 Google Scholar

39. Alnaiemy, Y., T. A. Elwi, and N. Lajos, "A folded microstrip antenna structure based differential phase shift keying modulation technique," 2018 IEEE 18th International Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Informatics (CINTI), 000 071-000 074, IEEE, 2018. Google Scholar

40. Il Kwak, S., D.-U. Sim, J. H. Kwon, and Y. J. Yoon, "Design of PIFA with metamaterials for body-SAR reduction in wearable applications," IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. 59, No. 1, 297-300, 2016.
doi:10.1109/TEMC.2016.2593493 Google Scholar

41. Ahmed, H. S. and T. A. Elwi, "SAR effect reduction using reject band filter arrays for Wi-Fi portable devices," International Journal of Electronics Letters, Vol. 7, No. 2, 236-248, 2019.
doi:10.1080/21681724.2018.1477190 Google Scholar

42. Andreuccetti, D., R. Fossi, and C. Petrucc, "Dielectric properties of body tissues: HTML clients," IFACCNR, Vol. 2007, Florence, Italy, 1997. Google Scholar

43. Ali, U., S. Ullah, M. Shafi, S. A. Shah, I. A. Shah, and J. A. Flint, "Design and comparative analysis of conventional and metamaterial-based textile antennas for wearable applications," International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields, Vol. 32, No. 6, e2567, 2019.
doi:10.1002/jnm.2567 Google Scholar

44. Elwi, T. A. and A. M. Al-Saegh, "Further realization of a flexible metamaterial-based antenna on indium nickel oxide polymerized palm fiber substrates for RF energy harvesting," International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies, 1-9, 2020. Google Scholar

45. Elwi, T. A., O. A. Tawfeeq, Y. Alnaiemy, H. S. Ahmed, and N. Lajos, "A UWB monopole antenna design based RF energy harvesting technology," 2018 Third Scientific Conference of Electrical Engineering (SCEE), 111-115, IEEE, 2018.
doi:10.1109/SCEE.2018.8684112 Google Scholar

Mr. Yahiea Alnaiemy

Dr. Lajos Nagy