PIER C | PIER Journals

2025-04-19

PIER C

Vol. 154, 239-248, 2025

download: 29

Multi-Objective Optimization Design of Surface-Mounted and Interior Hybrid Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor

Aikang Xu, Chaozhi Huang, Bo Yi, Fangrong Wang and Zhifeng Liu

Aiming at the problems of low ability of speed control by means of magnetic field weakening of surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor and large torque pulsation and more magnetic leakage of interior permanent magnet synchronous motor, a new structure of surface-mounted and interior hybrid permanent magnet synchronous motor is proposed. By establishing a finite element model of the motor and simulating it, and comparing the electromagnetic characteristic curves of the motor after simulation with those of the surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor and interior permanent magnet synchronous motor, the results show that the motor proposed in this paper has the advantages of both good weak magnetic performance and higher torque output. In the optimization of surface-mounted and interior hybrid permanent magnet synchronous motor, with the goal of achieving high torque value, low torque ripple, and low cogging torque, a multi-objective optimization strategy combining genetic algorithm (GA) optimized back-propagation (BP) network and non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) is adopted. Firstly, a comprehensive sensitivity analysis of the degree of influence of the design variables on the optimization objective is carried out, based on which the parameter variables are stratified, and then an accurate prediction model of the parameter variables and optimization objective is established by using GA-BP. Finally, the multi-objective optimization is carried out by NSGA-II, and the optimal design is selected from the generated Pareto frontiers. After comparing the electromagnetic performances of the motor before and after optimization, the effectiveness as well as the superiority of the multi-objective optimization design method is verified.

Multi-objective Optimization Design of Surface-mounted and Interior Hybrid Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor

2025-04-17

PIER C

Vol. 154, 229-238, 2025

doi:10.2528/PIERC24110302

download: 47

Impact of Different Integration Times on Distributions of Rain Rates for Predictions of Rain Attenuation

Mohammad Rofiqul Hassan, Islam Md. Rafiqul, Mohamed Hadi Habaebi, Ahmad Zabidi Suriza, Khairayu Badron, Asma Ali Budalal and Md. Mahmudul Hasan Mahfuz

All wireless communication systems are moving towards higher and higher frequencies day by day which are severely attenuated by rains in outdoor environment. To design a reliable RF system, an accurate prediction method of rain attenuation is established and used globally based on local rain intensity measurement. Required rain intensity used for attenuation prediction is generally measured at a point with 1-min integration time or converted from higher integration time to 1-min. Recent measurements of rain intensity with a 10-second integration time indicate that intensity is not uniform over a 1-minute duration. Consequently, the statistics of rain intensity distribution and attenuation predictions are influenced by measurements with integration times shorter than 1 minute. It has been established that an integration time of 0.01% provides the optimal fit for actual rain rate data. This paper presents the rain intensity distributions from data measured with 2-min, 1-min, 30-sec, 20-sec, and 10-sec integration times, and it has impact on rain rate distributions as well as rain attenuation predictions.

Impact of Different Integration Times on Distributions of Rain Rates for Predictions of Rain Attenuation

2025-04-16

PIER C

Vol. 154, 221-228, 2025

doi:10.2528/PIERC25030403

download: 28

A Dual-Port Millimeter-Wave Frequency Reconfigurable Array Antenna

Mingming Gao, Hang Yuan, Jingchang Nan, Hongliang Niu and Chang Ge

With the advancement of millimeter wave communication technology, reconfigurable antennas have garnered significant attention due to their adaptability. However, their radiation gain and sidelobe suppression performance are often constrained by factors such as diode package size and array scale. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a three-state frequency reconfigurable array antenna with high gain and low sidelobe characteristics, specifically designed to meet the demands of millimeter-wave communication. By optimizing the feed network and radiating element design, the proposed antenna achieves enhanced gain and improved sidelobe suppression. The design employs a dual-port feeding architecture that integrates a Taylor non-uniform amplitude distribution with a series-parallel hybrid feed network. This configuration ensures phase consistency while minimizing the number of diodes to just four, significantly reducing insertion loss and structural complexity. The antenna prototype is fabricated using standard printed circuit board (PCB) technology, with overall dimensions of 60.4 × 63 × 0.508 mm³. Measurement results indicate that the antenna exhibits an impedance bandwidth spanning from 27.5 GHz to 28.5 GHz and from 34.5 GHz to 35.5 GHz. The corresponding peak gains are 19.69 dBi and 19.51 dBi, with the sidelobe levels of are 18.93 dB and 18.03 dB respectively. The proposed antenna demonstrates excellent radiation characteristics and significantly enhanced radiation efficiency. With its simple structure, dual-band radiation capability, high gain, and low sidelobe levels, this antenna is highly suitable for millimeter-wave wireless communication systems. It offers a high-performance solution for multi-band communication in 5G/6G networks.

A Dual-port Millimeter-wave Frequency Reconfigurable Array Antenna

2025-04-15

PIER C

Vol. 154, 213-219, 2025

doi:10.2528/PIERC25022601

download: 16

An Ultra-Wideband All-Metal 45° Slant-Polarized 3D Vivaldi Antenna Array

Xuebo Xu, Qiulin Huang, Shunfeng Cao, Lina Yang and Guidong Li

Conventionally designed Vivaldi antennas are predominantly fabricated using PCB technology, which limits their long-term applicability in high-power systems. This paper proposes a three-dimensional all-metal slant 45°-polarized Vivaldi antenna suitable for high-power applications. The design incorporates a resonant cavity and optimized slot-line parameters to broaden the operational bandwidth. A 16 × 16 array configuration was developed, with parasitic elements integrated to suppress edge effects. The optimal prototype was fabricated and experimentally validated. Simulation and measurement results demonstrate that the proposed all-metal Vivaldi antenna achieves a voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) below 2.5 across a frequency bandwidth of 6-18 GHz, along with a maximum beam scanning angle of 48°. This paper demonstrates a practical solution for balancing wideband performance (6-18 GHz) with high-power handling capabilities in phased array applications.

An Ultra-wideband All-metal 45° Slant-polarized 3D Vivaldi Antenna Array

2025-04-14

PIER C

Vol. 154, 203-211, 2025

doi:10.2528/PIERC25021903

download: 44

Graphene as a Phase Shifter Element for Reflectarray Beam-Steering at THz Frequencies

Suhail Asghar Qureshi, Muhammad Ramlee Kamarudin, Yoshihide Yamada, Muhammad Inam Abbasi, Muhammad Hashim Dahri, Zuhairiah Zainal Abidin and Nordin Ramli

In Terahertz (THz) frequencies, using traditional phase delay components is extremely difficult and graphene has the potential to be used in THz. Graphene is typically used at less than λ/16 dimensions. However, it has the potential to change the properties of a unit cell in reflectarray and act as an electronic phase-shifting element at λ/2 dimensions. Therefore, this paper proposes the design and application of graphene in unit cells to develop reflectarray beam steering. A metal-graphene hybrid structure is proposed in this work for designing the reconfigurable reflectarray antenna (RRA). The unit cell operating at 1.025 THz frequency, consists of a thin graphene sheet as a phase-shifting element inside a golden ring, where graphene is used as the phase delay component. The variation in the chemical potential of graphene leads to changes in the reflection coefficient phase for each unit cell. A circular aperture array comprising a maximum of 489 elements shows a total of 80° beam-steering with side-lobe levels of less than -10 dB and a maximum gain of over 20 dBi. The -1 dB bandwidth of 12% was obtained at the centre frequency of 1025 GHz between 950 GHz and 1075 GHz. The aperture efficiency of the designed RRA is found to be 11%. This type of antenna could be an advent for the development of terahertz Reflecting Intelligent Surface (RIS).

Graphene as a Phase Shifter Element for Reflectarray Beam-steering at THz Frequencies

2025-04-13

PIER C

Vol. 154, 191-201, 2025

doi:10.2528/PIERC25021303

download: 33

Photovoltaic Power Prediction Based on k -Means++-BiLSTM -Transformer

Jianwei Liang, Liying Yin, Sichao Li, Xiubin Zhu, Zhangsheng Liu and Yanli Xin

The inherent volatility and uncertainty associated with photovoltaic (PV) power generation present significant challenges to maintaining grid stability. As the level of PV integration into the grid continues to rise, the importance of accurately predicting its power output becomes increasingly critical. This study presents a new PV power prediction model utilizing the K-means++-BiLSTM-Transformer framework. Initially, the Pearson correlation coefficient is computed to determine the key factors influencing the prediction of PV power significantly. Following this, the K-means++ clustering algorithm is applied to analyze historical power data, categorizing it into three distinct groups corresponding to different weather conditions. Finally, the BiLSTM-Transformer architecture is employed to develop a power output prediction model tailored for the three weather scenarios. The prediction model is subsequently optimized using Bayesian methods to determine the optimal model configuration for each specific weather condition. Experimental findings demonstrate that the proposed K-means++-BiLSTM-Transformer similar day PV power prediction model exhibits superior accuracy, enhanced generalization, and increased robustness compared to alternative prediction models.

Photovoltaic Power Prediction Based on K-means++-BiLSTM-Transformer

2025-04-12

PIER C

Vol. 154, 183-190, 2025

doi:10.2528/PIERC25012202

download: 38

SAF-SFT-SRAF-Based Signal Coherent Integration Method for High-Speed Target Detecting in Airborne Radar

Wenwen Xu, Yuhang Wang, Jidan Huang, Hao Wang and Jianyin Cao

In radar target detection, long-term coherent integration (LTCI) is widely employed to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and enhance the detection capability for weak and small targets. Meanwhile, the airborne radar, with advantages of wide-area surveillance, high sensitivity, and strong maneuver ability, demonstrates significant superiority in detecting high-speed targets. However, during the flight of the airborne radar platform, motion errors and the relative motion of high-speed targets can cause significant range migration (RM) and Doppler frequency migration (DFM), degrading coherent integration performance. To this end, this paper proposes a coherent integration method for high-speed target in airborne radar based on the symmetric autocorrelation function, scaled Fourier transform, and sequence reversing autocorrelation function (SAF-SFT-SRAF). Detailed comparisons between SAF-SFT-SRAF and several typical methods demonstrate that the proposed method effectively balances computational complexity and detection performance.

SAF-SFT-SRAF-Based Signal Coherent Integration Method for High-speed Target Detecting in Airborne Radar

2025-04-09

PIER C

Vol. 154, 175-182, 2025

doi:10.2528/PIERC25012101

download: 50

Robust Mode Matching of Waveguide Discontinuities by Minimizing Mean-Squared Error

James R. Nagel and Karl Warnick

The Mode-Matching Method (MMM) is a numerical technique that can be used to calculate electromagnetic wave propagation through a stepped waveguide junction. We present a generalized approach to mode-matching that works by minimizing the mean-squared error (MSE) of electromagnetic boundary conditions. The process begins by expressing each component of the electromagnetic field profile as a finite summation of modes within each waveguide region. Given some arbitrary pair of mode profiles, we next calculate the squared-error of each boundary condition along the entire span of the junction. The squared error is then averaged across the junction, resulting in a single matrix-vector equation for MSE. That equation is finally differentiated with respect to the mode amplitudes, and the result is then set to zero. The solution is thus a field profile in each waveguide region that minimizes the MSE of electromagnetic boundary conditions.

Robust Mode Matching of Waveguide Discontinuities by Minimizing Mean-squared Error

2025-04-09

PIER C

Vol. 154, 169-174, 2025

doi:10.2528/PIERC25021808

download: 88

A Wideband Quasi-Isotropic Biconical Antenna with Plano-Concave Lens for IoT Based Smart Applications

Rinkee Chopra

A wideband quasi-isotropic planar biconical antenna with plano-concave lens is designed for IoT applications. The antenna is realized using a broadband planar biconical dipole and a pair of plano-concave lenses. The cones of biconical dipole are placed at 70˚ angular separation for least gain deviation (GD) across the radiating sphere. A pair of plano-concave lenses suppress GD in elevation plane and improve the impedance matching bandwidth (IBW). Different design parameters are analyzed for wide IBW and 7 dB gain deviation bandwidth (GBW). The designed antenna dimensions are 0.25λ_o × 0.3λ_o × 0.004λ_o at 2.35 GHz. The proposed antenna provides 71.6% (1.51-3.2 GHz) IBW and 73.6% (1.5-3.25 GHz) 7 dB GBW. Experimental results are in good agreement with the simulated ones. The proposed antenna is suitable for IoT based smart applications, energy harvesting and 5G cellular communication.

A Wideband Quasi-isotropic Biconical Antenna with Plano-concave Lens for IoT Based Smart Applications

2025-04-09

PIER C

Vol. 154, 159-167, 2025

doi:10.2528/PIERC25021810

download: 74

Design of a Triple-Band Metamaterial Bandpass Filter Utilizing Modified-Minkowski Fractal Geometry

Hayder S. Ahmed and Aqiel Na'ma Almamori

In this paper, a triple-band bandpass filter based on metamaterials and fractal geometry is proposed. The proposed filter is designed based on three concepts. First, Transmission Lines (TLs) function both as feed lines and as resonators at high frequencies. Second, metamaterials open loop 0th iteration Modified-Minkowski resonators are employed for the middle-frequency band. Third, at a lower frequency, in the 1st iteration, Modified-Minkowski resonators are introduced in the space between TLs to optimize space utilization. The proposed filter has been designed at center frequencies 11 GHz, 6 GHz, and 5 GHz by using Rogers RO 4003 substrate with a thickness of 1.5 mm and dielectric constant of 3.5 resulting in an overall size of 32.2 mm × 20.6 mm. The design simulation is performed using CST microwave studio. To validate the results, the proposed filter has been fabricated. A strong correlation between the measured and simulated results confirms the effectiveness of the design. The proposed filter has three bands at 5 GHz, 6 GHz, and 11 GHz with corresponding S₂₁ values of -0.39 dB, -1 dB, and -0.26 dB and a size reduction of 31% compared with conventional Dual-Band Bandpass Filter for wireless applications.

Design of a Triple-band Metamaterial Bandpass Filter Utilizing Modified-Minkowski Fractal Geometry

2025-04-07

PIER C

Vol. 154, 147-158, 2025

doi:10.2528/PIERC25022301

download: 61

Eight-Element Dual-Band MIMO Antenna for 5G Smartphone

Yingjian Hou, Zhonggen Wang, Ming Yang and Jinzhi Zhou

This study proposes a dual-band MIMO antenna with high element isolation for 5G smartphones. The antenna unit consists of stacked F-shaped radiators, perpendicular to the motherboard, printed on the outer side frames. The antenna feeder is shaped like the Chinese character ``正'' and is printed on the inner surface of the side substrate. Based on this design, eight F-shaped antenna units are placed at the ends of two long side panels, forming an 8-element MIMO antenna system. High isolation in the operating bands is achieved using ground stubs and defective ground structures (DGSs). All radiating elements are etched on a low-cost FR4 substrate with a total size of 150×75×6.8 mm³. The antenna system is modeled and measured to operate in the N78 (3.3-3.8 GHz), N79 (4.4-5.0 GHz), and WLAN 5 GHz bands (5.15-5.85 GHz). The isolation between neighboring antenna units is greater than 15 dB, with total efficiencies ranging from 62% to 79%, and a measured envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) of less than 0.01. Additionally, the antenna performance in one-handed and two-handed holding scenarios has been evaluated, showing favorable results. These findings demonstrate that the proposed antenna system is well suited for MIMO applications in 5G smartphones.

Eight-Element Dual-band MIMO Antenna for 5G Smartphone

2025-04-06

PIER C

Vol. 154, 139-145, 2025

doi:10.2528/PIERC25021501

download: 49

Investigation of Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Properties in PVDF-PVP Composite Films Reinforced with VGCNF

Harsh Mishra, Nikhil Negi, Vikas Rathi, Brijesh Prasad and Varun Mishra

This paper presents a comparative study of electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding properties of PVDF-PVP composite film with VGCNF as a conducting filler. The films were fabricated using solvent casting and further tested for their mechanical and thermal properties. The process was followed by a comparative analysis of shielding effectiveness calculated via dielectric parameters against the shielding measured through scattering parameters with the help of a network analyzer. Scanning Electron Microscopy was also done to better understand the morphological structure of the films. The film, with a thickness of around 0.18 mm, showcased shielding effectiveness within 25 dB-34 dB across a frequency band of 12 GHz to 18 GHz while being flexible and mechanically durable.

Investigation of Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Properties in PVDF-PVP Composite Films Reinforced with VGCNF

2025-04-05

PIER C

Vol. 154, 131-137, 2025

doi:10.2528/PIERC25021704

download: 60

Low-Loss, High-Rejection UWB Filter with Dual Sharp Notch Characteristics for Wireless Communications

Mingming Gao, Hanci Jiang, Yunshu Yang, Xinyue Zhang and Ya He

To improve the requirements of stopband rejection in ultra-wideband (UWB) filters, a modified T-shaped resonator is proposed and optimized based on multimode resonator theory. The conventional resonator is enhanced by loading open-circuit branches and introducing circular slots to create transmission zeros, while asymmetric coupling lines and a ``ram's horn'' structure are employed to realize dual trapping at 6.3 GHz and 6.8 GHz. Additionally, a defective ground structure is incorporated to further improve the filter's performance. The proposed filter exhibits a passband range of 4.1 GHz to 10.7 GHz, with a minimum insertion loss of -0.2 dB and a return loss greater than 10 dB. The filter demonstrates excellent out-of-band rejection, with trap depths of -28.4 dB and -50 dB at the trapped frequencies of 6.3 GHz and 6.8 GHz, respectively.

Low-loss, High-rejection UWB Filter with Dual Sharp Notch Characteristics for Wireless Communications

2025-04-03

PIER C

Vol. 154, 119-129, 2025

doi:10.2528/PIERC25013101

download: 38

Design of Variable Boundary Layer Sliding Mode Observer for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Based on Fuzzy Control

Yu Nan, Lei Wang, Meng Qi and Zhi Li

A novel position-free control strategy for permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) based on an improved fuzzy sliding mode observer (FSMO) is proposed to enhance the accuracy of rotor position estimation across different speeds. Traditional sliding mode observers (SMOs) employ a single sliding mode control rate, limiting their precision under varying speed conditions. To address this, the proposed FSMO adaptively adjusts the boundary layer thickness based on system stability and speed, effectively suppressing sliding mode chattering under diverse operating conditions. Additionally, a complex coefficient filter is integrated to mitigate the adverse effects of abrupt boundary layer changes on system stability by filtering the back electromotive force (EMF). Furthermore, a phase-locked loop (PLL) is employed to precisely extract and estimate rotor position and speed. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed FSMO outperforms conventional SMOs and fixed-boundary-layer SMOs, achieving more accurate rotor position and speed estimation across different operating speeds.

Design of Variable Boundary Layer Sliding Mode Observer for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Based on Fuzzy Control

2025-03-31

PIER C

Vol. 154, 111-117, 2025

doi:10.2528/PIERC25021802

download: 81

Temperature Field Simulation of Submarine Cable Under Different Laying Environments Based on COMSOL

Guozhu Wang, Yajun Zhang and Zhichao Qiao

With the increasing maturity of marine energy development technology, the application ratio of submarine cable in marine engineering is climbing. The connection of submarine cable between offshore wind farms and mainland power grids is of great significance, and temperature is an important indicator for evaluating the safe operation status, which affects the stability and reliability of the cable directly. When the cable load exceeds the rated range, it will lead to a sharp rise in temperature, which will not only shorten its service life, but also may trigger an electrical fault. At lower loads, the cable fails to make full use of its transmission capacity under the rated load, thus affecting the economy of power supply. Therefore, the control of temperature rise of transmission lines during long-term operation is particularly critical, which is related to the stable operation of the power grid and the safety of power supply directly. This study conducted a detailed calculation of the current carrying capacity of submarine cable in accordance with the IEC60287 standard, and simulated the temperature field distribution of HYJQF41-F-26/35 kV 3 × 70 mm² three core AC submarine cable in different laying environments using COMSOL simulation software, providing a scientific basis for the structural design and material selection of three core submarine cable.

Temperature Field Simulation of Submarine Cable under Different Laying Environments Based on COMSOL

2025-03-31

PIER C

Vol. 154, 105-109, 2025

doi:10.2528/PIERC24123104

download: 86

A Broadband Vertical Transition from Waveguide to Microstrip Based on Narrow-Wall Excitation

Jun Dong, Bingqing Zhong, Jing Zheng, Feng Yao, Jinxin Yin and Hao Peng

In this paper, a broadband vertical rectangular waveguide (RWG)-to-microstrip line (MSL) transition structure for millimeter-wave solid-state circuits is proposed. The planar circuit in this transition is composed of a V-shaped probe and tapered fin-line ground, and the probe is inserted into the waveguide through a slot on the narrow side of the RWG. To facilitate energy coupling from RWG to MSL, a back-short with a length of a quarter-wavelength is designed on the bottom side of the probe to achieve effective electric coupling. A back-to-back prototype module has been designed to verify the performance of the transition. The measurement results show that the return loss of the back-to-back transition structure is better than 13 dB across the entire Ka-band, with the insertion loss (IL) of a single transition better than 0.55 dB. The measurement results agree well with simulation ones, validating the feasibility of the proposed transition circuit. A tolerance analysis is performed through simulations to verify the reliability of this transition design.

A Broadband Vertical Transition from Waveguide to Microstrip Based on Narrow-wall Excitation

2025-03-28

PIER C

Vol. 154, 97-103, 2025

doi:10.2528/PIERC24120604

download: 121

A Novel Asymmetric Spoof Surface Plasmon Polariton Transmission Line for High Gain Endfire Radiation Using Phase Reversal Condition

Dhruba Charan Panda, Bikash K. Santi, Biku Raut, Deepak Kumar Naik and Rajanikanta Swain

This paper introduces a novel asymmetric design for spoof surface plasmon polariton (SSPP) transmission line-based endfire antenna. It utilizes the phase reversal condition in an asymmetric SSPP transmission line to achieve high gain endfire radiation. The antenna design uses mono-planar fabrication using the CPW concept. Achieving asymmetry in the SSPP transmission line involves simply bending a straight SSPP transmission line containing H-shaped unit cells. Successive upward and downward bending of the transmission line introduces the phase reversal condition and increases the antenna's gain. Notably, there are no limitations on the length over which bending occurs to achieve the phase reversal condition. Simple design principles, a single-layer configuration, and high gain are the advantages of the antenna. Results from the fabricated prototype closely match simulation results. Within the 7.7-8.3 GHz operating band, the antenna exhibits a 7.5% bandwidth and a peak gain of 13.6 dBi. It can find applications in various wireless communication systems requiring high gain and endfire radiations.

A Novel Asymmetric Spoof Surface Plasmon Polariton Transmission Line for High Gain Endfire Radiation using Phase Reversal Condition

2025-03-27

PIER C

Vol. 154, 85-96, 2025

doi:10.2528/PIERC25022201

download: 61

Umbrella-Shaped Strip Line Patch Antenna with Partial Ground Plane for GPR Applications

Shekhara Kavitha, Ashish Singh, Adeeshwari Surendra Naik, Chandrika Hanumanth Naik, Rajaram Durga, Monica Ganapathi Naik and Durga Prasad

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) systems work with the help of highly efficient antennas that work in the desired frequency ranges for effective subsurface imaging. For applications that require ultra-wideband operation, a robust antenna design is crucial to achieving both deep penetration and high-resolution imaging, but the main challenge is to design an antenna that works in the desired range while also maintaining optimum performance, like gain, directivity, etc. The objective of this work is to develop a microstrip patch antenna capable of operating efficiently in the frequency span of 1.5 GHz to 4 GHz for GPR applications in the CST Microwave Studio platform. Further, the design is optimized to ensure that the antenna structure will exhibit desired characteristics. Once the desired performance has been simulated, the antenna is fabricated using chemical etching technique. Chemical etching is quite precise as it provides the very precise dimensions that are required by a microstrip patch antenna, and it is easy to prototype within a laboratory-controlled environment. The practical test results are compared with simulated design results, to validate the antenna design for GPR applications. It was observed that the fabricated antenna performs successfully as expected since the simulated and practical results are close.

Umbrella-shaped Strip Line Patch Antenna with Partial Ground Plane for GPR Applications

2025-03-27

PIER C

Vol. 154, 77-83, 2025

doi:10.2528/PIERC24123003

download: 45

Unsupervised Deep Learning-Based Source Synthesis Method for Fast Power Pattern Shaping

Lu Zhuang and Jun Ou Yang

This paper introduces a deep neural network (DNN) training framework to tackle the general power pattern synthesis problem. Compared to the iterative solving method, the DNN-based approach offers a shorter response time, which is significant in adaptive scenarios. In contrast to the widely adopted supervised learning framework, the encoder-decoder network structure utilized in this paper does not necessitate the pre-synthesized results as the training label. The issue of difficult convergence in training caused by the non-uniqueness of the solution is well solved in our method.

Unsupervised Deep Learning-based Source Synthesis Method for Fast Power Pattern Shaping

2025-03-25

PIER C

Vol. 154, 67-75, 2025

doi:10.2528/PIERC25022104

download: 100

A Fractal Approach to Investigate SAR of HMSA UWB Antenna for Medical Applications

Prasad A. Pathak, Sanjay Laxmikant Nalbalwar, Abhay E. Wagh and Jaswantsing L. Rajput

This paper introduces a hexagon-shaped microstrip fractal antenna over ultra-wideband frequencies for medical purposes when it is positioned in close proximity to the human body. A foam substrate of 2 mm thickness is used with copper as conducting material to investigate the on body performance. The proposed antenna of size 50×38×2 mm³ demonstrated broad frequency coverage from 2.05 to 14.75 GHz and achieved a peak gain of 7.07 dB at 2.5 GHz with maximum return loss of -28.06 dB. The addition of stub has resulted in good impedance matching and is ideal for real-time health tracking, body-centric communication. Its compact size, flexibility, and low-profile nature make it well suited for continuous use in medical environments. A detailed SAR evaluation is performed over a three-layer (Skin, fat, and muscle) phantom equivalent to human tissue for 1 and 10 grams. The on-body, 1 mm and 2 mm away context has been carried out and compared to validate SAR less than the safety threshold as prescribed by IEEE.

A Fractal Approach to Investigate SAR of HMSA UWB Antenna for Medical Applications

2025-03-24

PIER C

Vol. 154, 61-66, 2025

doi:10.2528/PIERC24112801

download: 57

Evaluation Method of BTM Antenna Radiation Emission Environmental Effect Based on Similarity Theory

Rui Wang, Xiaolin Zhao, Jia Liu and Yongjian Zhou

In the pursuit of comprehensively assessing the radiation emission characteristics of the balise transmission module (BTM) antenna within diverse train environments, this paper puts forward a novel approach grounded in similarity theory. Herein, the ideal radiation emission field distribution of a single BTM antenna serves as the reference two-dimensional dataset. The radiation emission field distribution specific to a given train environment is adopted as the input data. By calculating the similarity coefficients, the extent of influence exerted by different train settings on the radiation emission traits of BTM antennas can be accurately gauged. In addition, 13 representative train environments have been meticulously measured and evaluated. The results reveal that the mean square error (MSE) of this evaluation method is less than 0.011. This compellingly demonstrates the effectiveness of the method's predictive capabilities. In light of the above-mentioned theoretical postulations and practical exigencies, the proposed method empowers us to effectively evaluate the impact of a particular environment on the radiation characteristics of the BTM antenna even prior to the installation of BTM equipment.

Evaluation Method of BTM Antenna Radiation Emission Environmental Effect Based on Similarity Theory

2025-03-24

PIER C

Vol. 154, 47-59, 2025

doi:10.2528/PIERC25012506

download: 121

Biomedical Antenna Design Optimization Using Multi-Objective Inverse Neural Networks

Rania Ibtissam Ben Melouka, Yamina Tighilt, Chemseddine Zebiri, Kamil Karaçuha, Abdelhak Ferhat Hamida, Arwa Mashat and Nail Alaoui

A new approach based on an Inverse Artificial Neural Network (IANN) for Multi-Objective Antenna Design is presented in this paper. The network sets the geometrical variables as the output and uses three antenna performances as inputs. The proposed ANN model is structured into two distinct parts: In the first part, three autonomous branches establish the correlation among S-parameters, gain, specific absorption rate (SAR), and antenna geometric variables. The outputs of these branches are used as inputs in the second part to derive a distinctive solution for these geometric variables. The proposed antenna dimensions are 20x24x1.58 mm³, an ultra- wide-band of 4.1 GHz to 8.7 GHz is achieved in free space and on human tissue which coincides with the 5.8 GHz ISM band. Body temperature and specific absorption rate are simulated using the suggested rectangular patch antenna, The resulting optimized antenna holds promising potential for biomedical applications.

Biomedical Antenna Design Optimization Using Multi-objective Inverse Neural Networks

2025-03-24

PIER C

Vol. 154, 39-46, 2025

doi:10.2528/PIERC25012504

download: 45

Two Methods for Convergence Determination of EMC Uncertainty Analysis Based on Variance and Failure Rate

Jinjun Bai, Shenghang Huo, Huiyan Hou, Xingfeng Cao and Yilai Ren

The uncertainty analysis method based on surrogate models is a current research topic in electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) simulation. However, research on its convergence determination remains underdeveloped. Based on the multi-surrogate model integration technique, this paper proposes two convergence determination methods: one based on variance and the other on failure rate. Researchers can select the appropriate convergence determination method based on specific application requirements, ultimately identifying the optimal number of sample points to ensure the accuracy and efficiency in EMC uncertainty analysis.

Two Methods for Convergence Determination of EMC Uncertainty Analysis Based on Variance and Failure Rate

2025-03-20

PIER C

Vol. 154, 31-38, 2025

doi:10.2528/PIERC24093003

download: 103

Inverse S-Shaped Meander Line Antenna Loaded with Slotted Parasitic Patch and Defected Ground for Internet of Things (IoT ) Applications

Sadman Sakib Prottoy, Md. Masud Rana, Md. Ariful Islam, Md. Arifuzzaman and Najmul Alam

This paper introduces a microstrip patch antenna operating at the 2.4 GHz ISM (Industrial, Scientific, and Medical) band, specifically suitable for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The proposed antenna comprises a compact 40×10×1.6 mm³ design using an inverse S-shaped meander line, defected ground, and slotted parasitic patch to achieve enhanced bandwidth and very low return loss, contributing significantly to antenna design for IoT applications. FR-4 material is used as substrate for this antenna. The proposed antenna achieves a measured return loss of -24.67 dB at 2.4 GHz, with a bandwidth of 8.75%. Moreover, it provides a gain of 1.14 dB with an efficiency of 73.35%. Also, the designed antenna is integrated into a home automation system to verify its performance in IoT application, and the results are highly satisfactory.

Inverse S-shaped Meander Line Antenna Loaded with Slotted Parasitic Patch and Defected Ground for Internet of Things (IoT) Applications

2025-03-20

PIER C

Vol. 154, 21-29, 2025

doi:10.2528/PIERC25010701

download: 92

Close Quarters Permittivity Detection Based on Tagging Antenna Sensor for Solid Material Characterization

Syah Alam, Indra Surjati, Raden Deiny Mardian, Lydia Sari, Ghathfan Daffin, Iznih, Zahriladha Zakaria, Leni Devera Asrar and Teguh Firmansyah

This research proposes a tagging antenna sensor for permittivity detection of solid materials based on a close quarter approach. The sensor is proposed to operate at a frequency of 2.53 GHz using a single port resonator with a reflection coefficient (S₁₁) ≤ -10 dB. The sample is placed directly in the sensing area of the antenna sensor based on the concentration of the electric field. Permittivity detection is proposed based on the resonant frequency shift of the transmission coefficient (S₂₁) using interrogator antennas separated by a distance of (d) = 100 mm determined using the Fresnel region. Based on the measurement results, the antenna sensor has a high accuracy of 96% while the sensitivity and ΔF are 0.39% and 0.012 GHz respectively. Moreover, the sensitivity of the proposed sensor is still low due the low concentration of the electric field. Therefore, increasing the sensitivity of the antenna sensor can be recommended as further work such as combining the structure of single port resonator with another structure such as interdigital capacitor and artificial magnetic conductor (AMC). Finally, this research makes a significant contribution to the permittivity detection of solid materials with a close quarter approach to support real time and flexible measurements and can be recommended for several applications for the biomedical, pharmaceutical, and material quality control industries.

Close Quarters Permittivity Detection Based on Tagging Antenna Sensor for Solid Material Characterization

2025-03-20

PIER C

Vol. 154, 11-19, 2025

doi:10.2528/PIERC25012401

download: 79

A Circularly Polarized Magnetoelectric Dipole Antenna with Microstrip-Line Aperture-Coupled Feeding

Wu-Sheng Ji, Yun Gao, Xing-Yong Jiang, Xinyi Li and Wenhan Wan

This paper presents a high-gain right-hand circularly polarized (RHCP) magnetoelectric (ME) dipole antenna (MEDA) with microstrip-line aperture-coupled feeding. By extending one pair of diagonal horizontal metallic plates in the traditional linearly polarized MEDA in opposite directions, the electric dipole current becomes parallel to the magnetic dipole current, achieving circular polarization performance. The antenna is excited using a microstrip-line aperture-coupled feeding structure, and its electrical performance is further enhanced by integrating a box-shaped reflector. The measured results of the antenna prototype show that the impedance bandwidth (|S₁₁| ≤ -10 dB) is 46.8% (2.90-4.67 GHz); the 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth is 26.4% (3.58-4.67 GHz); and the maximum in-band gain reaches 12.9 dBic. A cross-polarization level below -18 dB and a front-to-back ratio exceeding 20 dB highlight the superior performance of the proposed antenna.

A Circularly Polarized Magnetoelectric Dipole Antenna with Microstrip-line Aperture-Coupled Feeding

2025-03-19

PIER C

Vol. 154, 1-9, 2025

doi:10.2528/PIERC25012502

download: 97

Design and Analysis of a Novel Segmented Secondary Modular Double-Sided Flux-Switching Linear Motor

Yuxiao Zhu, Yongkuan Li, Yujian Chang, Jiaming Li and Jin Chen

In this paper, a novel double-sided flux-switching linear motor is proposed. The motor adopts the structure of primary modularization and secondary segment. It has the advantages of high safety, high thrust density, and low thrust fluctuation. In this paper, the detent force characteristics of the proposed motor are analyzed, and the influence of the end effect on the magnetic congregate effect is discussed, which has reference value for the study of the permanent magnet linear motor with transverse magnetization. Moreover, according to the above analysis, suitable and effective structural optimization and parameter optimization methods are designed for the motor. After the optimization, the proposed motor achieves higher thrust output and significantly lower fluctuation. Finally, a prototype is constructed for validation.