PIER C | PIER Journals

2025-03-31

PIER C

Vol. 154, 111-117, 2025

download: 26

Temperature Field Simulation of Submarine Cable Under Different Laying Environments Based on COMSOL

Guozhu Wang, Yajun Zhang and Zhichao Qiao

With the increasing maturity of marine energy development technology, the application ratio of submarine cable in marine engineering is climbing. The connection of submarine cable between offshore wind farms and mainland power grids is of great significance, and temperature is an important indicator for evaluating the safe operation status, which affects the stability and reliability of the cable directly. When the cable load exceeds the rated range, it will lead to a sharp rise in temperature, which will not only shorten its service life, but also may trigger an electrical fault. At lower loads, the cable fails to make full use of its transmission capacity under the rated load, thus affecting the economy of power supply. Therefore, the control of temperature rise of transmission lines during long-term operation is particularly critical, which is related to the stable operation of the power grid and the safety of power supply directly. This study conducted a detailed calculation of the current carrying capacity of submarine cable in accordance with the IEC60287 standard, and simulated the temperature field distribution of HYJQF41-F-26/35 kV 3 × 70 mm² three core AC submarine cable in different laying environments using COMSOL simulation software, providing a scientific basis for the structural design and material selection of three core submarine cable.

Temperature Field Simulation of Submarine Cable under Different Laying Environments Based on COMSOL

2025-03-31

PIER C

Vol. 154, 105-109, 2025

doi:10.2528/PIERC24123104

download: 43

A Broadband Vertical Transition from Waveguide to Microstrip Based on Narrow-Wall Excitation

Jun Dong, Bingqing Zhong, Jing Zheng, Feng Yao, Jinxin Yin and Hao Peng

In this paper, a broadband vertical rectangular waveguide (RWG)-to-microstrip line (MSL) transition structure for millimeter-wave solid-state circuits is proposed. The planar circuit in this transition is composed of a V-shaped probe and tapered fin-line ground, and the probe is inserted into the waveguide through a slot on the narrow side of the RWG. To facilitate energy coupling from RWG to MSL, a back-short with a length of a quarter-wavelength is designed on the bottom side of the probe to achieve effective electric coupling. A back-to-back prototype module has been designed to verify the performance of the transition. The measurement results show that the return loss of the back-to-back transition structure is better than 13 dB across the entire Ka-band, with the insertion loss (IL) of a single transition better than 0.55 dB. The measurement results agree well with simulation ones, validating the feasibility of the proposed transition circuit. A tolerance analysis is performed through simulations to verify the reliability of this transition design.

A Broadband Vertical Transition from Waveguide to Microstrip Based on Narrow-wall Excitation

2025-03-28

PIER C

Vol. 154, 97-103, 2025

doi:10.2528/PIERC24120604

download: 63

A Novel Asymmetric Spoof Surface Plasmon Polariton Transmission Line for High Gain Endfire Radiation Using Phase Reversal Condition

Dhruba Charan Panda, Bikash K. Santi, Biku Raut, Deepak Kumar Naik and Rajanikanta Swain

This paper introduces a novel asymmetric design for spoof surface plasmon polariton (SSPP) transmission line-based endfire antenna. It utilizes the phase reversal condition in an asymmetric SSPP transmission line to achieve high gain endfire radiation. The antenna design uses mono-planar fabrication using the CPW concept. Achieving asymmetry in the SSPP transmission line involves simply bending a straight SSPP transmission line containing H-shaped unit cells. Successive upward and downward bending of the transmission line introduces the phase reversal condition and increases the antenna's gain. Notably, there are no limitations on the length over which bending occurs to achieve the phase reversal condition. Simple design principles, a single-layer configuration, and high gain are the advantages of the antenna. Results from the fabricated prototype closely match simulation results. Within the 7.7-8.3 GHz operating band, the antenna exhibits a 7.5% bandwidth and a peak gain of 13.6 dBi. It can find applications in various wireless communication systems requiring high gain and endfire radiations.

A Novel Asymmetric Spoof Surface Plasmon Polariton Transmission Line for High Gain Endfire Radiation using Phase Reversal Condition

2025-03-27

PIER C

Vol. 154, 85-96, 2025

doi:10.2528/PIERC25022201

download: 26

Umbrella-Shaped Strip Line Patch Antenna with Partial Ground Plane for GPR Applications

Shekhara Kavitha, Ashish Singh, Adeeshwari Surendra Naik, Chandrika Hanumanth Naik, Rajaram Durga, Monica Ganapathi Naik and Durga Prasad

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) systems work with the help of highly efficient antennas that work in the desired frequency ranges for effective subsurface imaging. For applications that require ultra-wideband operation, a robust antenna design is crucial to achieving both deep penetration and high-resolution imaging, but the main challenge is to design an antenna that works in the desired range while also maintaining optimum performance, like gain, directivity, etc. The objective of this work is to develop a microstrip patch antenna capable of operating efficiently in the frequency span of 1.5 GHz to 4 GHz for GPR applications in the CST Microwave Studio platform. Further, the design is optimized to ensure that the antenna structure will exhibit desired characteristics. Once the desired performance has been simulated, the antenna is fabricated using chemical etching technique. Chemical etching is quite precise as it provides the very precise dimensions that are required by a microstrip patch antenna, and it is easy to prototype within a laboratory-controlled environment. The practical test results are compared with simulated design results, to validate the antenna design for GPR applications. It was observed that the fabricated antenna performs successfully as expected since the simulated and practical results are close.

Umbrella-shaped Strip Line Patch Antenna with Partial Ground Plane for GPR Applications

2025-03-27

PIER C

Vol. 154, 77-83, 2025

doi:10.2528/PIERC24123003

download: 30

Unsupervised Deep Learning-Based Source Synthesis Method for Fast Power Pattern Shaping

Lu Zhuang and Jun Ou Yang

This paper introduces a deep neural network (DNN) training framework to tackle the general power pattern synthesis problem. Compared to the iterative solving method, the DNN-based approach offers a shorter response time, which is significant in adaptive scenarios. In contrast to the widely adopted supervised learning framework, the encoder-decoder network structure utilized in this paper does not necessitate the pre-synthesized results as the training label. The issue of difficult convergence in training caused by the non-uniqueness of the solution is well solved in our method.

Unsupervised Deep Learning-based Source Synthesis Method for Fast Power Pattern Shaping

2025-03-25

PIER C

Vol. 154, 67-75, 2025

doi:10.2528/PIERC25022104

download: 44

A Fractal Approach to Investigate SAR of HMSA UWB Antenna for Medical Applications

Prasad A. Pathak, Sanjay Laxmikant Nalbalwar, Abhay E. Wagh and Jaswantsing L. Rajput

This paper introduces a hexagon-shaped microstrip fractal antenna over ultra-wideband frequencies for medical purposes when it is positioned in close proximity to the human body. A foam substrate of 2 mm thickness is used with copper as conducting material to investigate the on body performance. The proposed antenna of size 50×38×2 mm³ demonstrated broad frequency coverage from 2.05 to 14.75 GHz and achieved a peak gain of 7.07 dB at 2.5 GHz with maximum return loss of -28.06 dB. The addition of stub has resulted in good impedance matching and is ideal for real-time health tracking, body-centric communication. Its compact size, flexibility, and low-profile nature make it well suited for continuous use in medical environments. A detailed SAR evaluation is performed over a three-layer (Skin, fat, and muscle) phantom equivalent to human tissue for 1 and 10 grams. The on-body, 1 mm and 2 mm away context has been carried out and compared to validate SAR less than the safety threshold as prescribed by IEEE.

A Fractal Approach to Investigate SAR of HMSA UWB Antenna for Medical Applications

2025-03-24

PIER C

Vol. 154, 61-66, 2025

doi:10.2528/PIERC24112801

download: 39

Evaluation Method of BTM Antenna Radiation Emission Environmental Effect Based on Similarity Theory

Rui Wang, Xiaolin Zhao, Jia Liu and Yongjian Zhou

In the pursuit of comprehensively assessing the radiation emission characteristics of the balise transmission module (BTM) antenna within diverse train environments, this paper puts forward a novel approach grounded in similarity theory. Herein, the ideal radiation emission field distribution of a single BTM antenna serves as the reference two-dimensional dataset. The radiation emission field distribution specific to a given train environment is adopted as the input data. By calculating the similarity coefficients, the extent of influence exerted by different train settings on the radiation emission traits of BTM antennas can be accurately gauged. In addition, 13 representative train environments have been meticulously measured and evaluated. The results reveal that the mean square error (MSE) of this evaluation method is less than 0.011. This compellingly demonstrates the effectiveness of the method's predictive capabilities. In light of the above-mentioned theoretical postulations and practical exigencies, the proposed method empowers us to effectively evaluate the impact of a particular environment on the radiation characteristics of the BTM antenna even prior to the installation of BTM equipment.

Evaluation Method of BTM Antenna Radiation Emission Environmental Effect Based on Similarity Theory

2025-03-24

PIER C

Vol. 154, 47-59, 2025

doi:10.2528/PIERC25012506

download: 91

Biomedical Antenna Design Optimization Using Multi-Objective Inverse Neural Networks

Rania Ibtissam Ben Melouka, Yamina Tighilt, Chemseddine Zebiri, Kamil Karaçuha, Abdelhak Ferhat Hamida, Arwa Mashat and Nail Alaoui

A new approach based on an Inverse Artificial Neural Network (IANN) for Multi-Objective Antenna Design is presented in this paper. The network sets the geometrical variables as the output and uses three antenna performances as inputs. The proposed ANN model is structured into two distinct parts: In the first part, three autonomous branches establish the correlation among S-parameters, gain, specific absorption rate (SAR), and antenna geometric variables. The outputs of these branches are used as inputs in the second part to derive a distinctive solution for these geometric variables. The proposed antenna dimensions are 20x24x1.58 mm³, an ultra- wide-band of 4.1 GHz to 8.7 GHz is achieved in free space and on human tissue which coincides with the 5.8 GHz ISM band. Body temperature and specific absorption rate are simulated using the suggested rectangular patch antenna, The resulting optimized antenna holds promising potential for biomedical applications.

Biomedical Antenna Design Optimization Using Multi-objective Inverse Neural Networks

2025-03-24

PIER C

Vol. 154, 39-46, 2025

doi:10.2528/PIERC25012504

download: 27

Two Methods for Convergence Determination of EMC Uncertainty Analysis Based on Variance and Failure Rate

Jinjun Bai, Shenghang Huo, Huiyan Hou, Xingfeng Cao and Yilai Ren

The uncertainty analysis method based on surrogate models is a current research topic in electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) simulation. However, research on its convergence determination remains underdeveloped. Based on the multi-surrogate model integration technique, this paper proposes two convergence determination methods: one based on variance and the other on failure rate. Researchers can select the appropriate convergence determination method based on specific application requirements, ultimately identifying the optimal number of sample points to ensure the accuracy and efficiency in EMC uncertainty analysis.

Two Methods for Convergence Determination of EMC Uncertainty Analysis Based on Variance and Failure Rate

2025-03-20

PIER C

Vol. 154, 31-38, 2025

doi:10.2528/PIERC24093003

download: 74

Inverse S-Shaped Meander Line Antenna Loaded with Slotted Parasitic Patch and Defected Ground for Internet of Things (IoT ) Applications

Sadman Sakib Prottoy, Md. Masud Rana, Md. Ariful Islam, Md. Arifuzzaman and Najmul Alam

This paper introduces a microstrip patch antenna operating at the 2.4 GHz ISM (Industrial, Scientific, and Medical) band, specifically suitable for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The proposed antenna comprises a compact 40×10×1.6 mm³ design using an inverse S-shaped meander line, defected ground, and slotted parasitic patch to achieve enhanced bandwidth and very low return loss, contributing significantly to antenna design for IoT applications. FR-4 material is used as substrate for this antenna. The proposed antenna achieves a measured return loss of -24.67 dB at 2.4 GHz, with a bandwidth of 8.75%. Moreover, it provides a gain of 1.14 dB with an efficiency of 73.35%. Also, the designed antenna is integrated into a home automation system to verify its performance in IoT application, and the results are highly satisfactory.

Inverse S-shaped Meander Line Antenna Loaded with Slotted Parasitic Patch and Defected Ground for Internet of Things (IoT) Applications

2025-03-20

PIER C

Vol. 154, 21-29, 2025

doi:10.2528/PIERC25010701

download: 69

Close Quarters Permittivity Detection Based on Tagging Antenna Sensor for Solid Material Characterization

Syah Alam, Indra Surjati, Raden Deiny Mardian, Lydia Sari, Ghathfan Daffin, Iznih, Zahriladha Zakaria, Leni Devera Asrar and Teguh Firmansyah

This research proposes a tagging antenna sensor for permittivity detection of solid materials based on a close quarter approach. The sensor is proposed to operate at a frequency of 2.53 GHz using a single port resonator with a reflection coefficient (S₁₁) ≤ -10 dB. The sample is placed directly in the sensing area of the antenna sensor based on the concentration of the electric field. Permittivity detection is proposed based on the resonant frequency shift of the transmission coefficient (S₂₁) using interrogator antennas separated by a distance of (d) = 100 mm determined using the Fresnel region. Based on the measurement results, the antenna sensor has a high accuracy of 96% while the sensitivity and ΔF are 0.39% and 0.012 GHz respectively. Moreover, the sensitivity of the proposed sensor is still low due the low concentration of the electric field. Therefore, increasing the sensitivity of the antenna sensor can be recommended as further work such as combining the structure of single port resonator with another structure such as interdigital capacitor and artificial magnetic conductor (AMC). Finally, this research makes a significant contribution to the permittivity detection of solid materials with a close quarter approach to support real time and flexible measurements and can be recommended for several applications for the biomedical, pharmaceutical, and material quality control industries.

Close Quarters Permittivity Detection Based on Tagging Antenna Sensor for Solid Material Characterization

2025-03-20

PIER C

Vol. 154, 11-19, 2025

doi:10.2528/PIERC25012401

download: 52

A Circularly Polarized Magnetoelectric Dipole Antenna with Microstrip-Line Aperture-Coupled Feeding

Wu-Sheng Ji, Yun Gao, Xing-Yong Jiang, Xinyi Li and Wenhan Wan

This paper presents a high-gain right-hand circularly polarized (RHCP) magnetoelectric (ME) dipole antenna (MEDA) with microstrip-line aperture-coupled feeding. By extending one pair of diagonal horizontal metallic plates in the traditional linearly polarized MEDA in opposite directions, the electric dipole current becomes parallel to the magnetic dipole current, achieving circular polarization performance. The antenna is excited using a microstrip-line aperture-coupled feeding structure, and its electrical performance is further enhanced by integrating a box-shaped reflector. The measured results of the antenna prototype show that the impedance bandwidth (|S₁₁| ≤ -10 dB) is 46.8% (2.90-4.67 GHz); the 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth is 26.4% (3.58-4.67 GHz); and the maximum in-band gain reaches 12.9 dBic. A cross-polarization level below -18 dB and a front-to-back ratio exceeding 20 dB highlight the superior performance of the proposed antenna.

A Circularly Polarized Magnetoelectric Dipole Antenna with Microstrip-line Aperture-Coupled Feeding

2025-03-19

PIER C

Vol. 154, 1-9, 2025

doi:10.2528/PIERC25012502

download: 78

Design and Analysis of a Novel Segmented Secondary Modular Double-Sided Flux-Switching Linear Motor

Yuxiao Zhu, Yongkuan Li, Yujian Chang, Jiaming Li and Jin Chen

In this paper, a novel double-sided flux-switching linear motor is proposed. The motor adopts the structure of primary modularization and secondary segment. It has the advantages of high safety, high thrust density, and low thrust fluctuation. In this paper, the detent force characteristics of the proposed motor are analyzed, and the influence of the end effect on the magnetic congregate effect is discussed, which has reference value for the study of the permanent magnet linear motor with transverse magnetization. Moreover, according to the above analysis, suitable and effective structural optimization and parameter optimization methods are designed for the motor. After the optimization, the proposed motor achieves higher thrust output and significantly lower fluctuation. Finally, a prototype is constructed for validation.