A method of designing smart antennas based on switched parasitic antenna arrays is presented in this paper. The direction of maximum gain can be controlled by a digital word, while the selection of element spacing and weighting is optimized using the method of genetic algorithms. Various results are presented to show how antennas of this type perform, outlining the advantages and limitations of their design.

The measured self-field AC power dissipation in superconducting BiSrCaCuO-2223/Ag tapes and a prototype cable is cable is compared with theoretical models. A brief overview of the theoretical background for AC loss calculations in superconductor tapes with different geometrical shapes is also discussed. New models for the harmonic components of the fundamental frequency and the current dependent non-linear inductance are also derived. It is shown that the latter models can be used to estimate current distribution and the variation of flux penetration in superconducting tapes. Two separate experimental apparatus were designed and constructed for measurements on tapes and prototype cable systems. The observed losses in tapes are reasonably well described by models based on the Critical State Model (CSM). In contrast, the measured losses in the prototype cable are found to be a factor of approximately two higher the predicted values. Further investigations showed that this may be due to inhomogeneous contact resistance between individual tapes and the current joints and the variation in critical current density (JC) distribution between tapes. The significance of current dependence of the loss component, inductive quadrature component, phase error in measurements and the definition of the critical current in the prototype cable are also discussed.

After a review of work leading to the determination of the electric field induced in the human body when exposed to the electromagnetic field near an extremely-low-frequency high-voltage transmission line, attention is directed to a spherical cell exposed to the electric field in the body. Following a brief discussion of the potential biological significance of the study, the electric field acting on the surface of the cell and the electric field induced by it in the region between the outer cell membrane and the nuclear envelope are determined analytically, as is the field induced in the nucleus. It is shown, as an example, that when the body is exposed to a 60-Hz axial electric field of 2100 V/m, the field induced in the nucleus of a cell in the body is 0.27 nV/m when the radius of the nucleus is half that of the cell. The biologically interesting electric field along the outer surface of the nuclear envelope is in this case 2.7 μV/m. The simple analytical formulas can be applied to other values of the parameters, such as varying sizes of the nucleus (see Figure 2), and to power-line fields of different magnitude.

In this paper we show that by means of an appropriate optimization technique the zeros of Rhodes radiation patterns can be perturbed so as to improve or modify pattern and/or the aperture distribution characteristics without altering the behaviour of the excitation amplitude distribution at the ends of the aperture. The examples presented include symmetric and asymmetric shaped beams, sum patterns with individually controlled side lobe heights, shaped beams generated by real excitations, and sum pattern aperture distributions that are smoother than the original Rhodes distribution.

We use the three dimensional Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) technique to study metamaterials exhibiting both negative permittivity and permeability in certain frequency bands. The structure under study is the well-known periodic arrangement of rods and split-ring resonators, previously used in experimental setups. The three parameters we study are the transmission coefficient of a slab, the phase variation of the propagating fields within the metamaterial, and the refraction of a wave through a prism. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the last two parameters are studied rigorously using a numerical method. The results of this work show that fields propagating inside the metamaterial with a forward power direction exhibit a backward phase velocity and negative index of refraction.

We first consider the mathematical theory of boundaryinitial value problems for Maxwell's equations with as illustration, an extensive discussion of 1D-problems, Then, with the objective to investigate electromagnetic pulse propagation in dispersive media, we analyse how to translate electromagnetic processes which take place in a bounded domain of space-time into a boundary-initial value problem of Maxwell's equations, still focusing on 1D-problems.

A conformal FDTD approach is developed to compute scattering from anisotropically coated bodies. Comparisons between the standard and conformal FDTDs are numerically carried out to demonstrate the advantages of the conformal FDTD. Scattering of anisotropic dielectric sphere is computed and compared with the analytical results to further validate the developed approach. Several new results of scattering by anisotropically coated bodies are also given in the paper.

In this paper, we study the electromagnetic fields propagating through a slab which permittivity and permeability are simultaneously negative. We show that symmetry properties of the wave solution remove all ambiguity in the choice of the sign of the wave numbers inside the slab. Upon developing the Green's functions in terms of plane waves, growing "evanescent" waves in the direction of power flow are shown to exist inside the slab. As an illustration, the perfect imaging property of a slab where ²1 = −²0 and μ1 = −μ0 is verified.

The paper suggests a model of dielectric properties of bound water in wet soils. The application of the model to the description of dielectric and radiophysical properties of wet soils in microwave electromagnetic range is considered. The comparisons of theoretical and experimental dielectric constants provided show good reliability of the suggested model.

In an attempt to bridge the gap between theory and applications, this paper brings together a few diverse subjects, and presents them as much as possible in self-contained form. A general perturbation method is developed for calculating the first order effects in quite general bi-anisotropic materials. The advantage of this approach is the feasibility of generating solutions of the Maxwell equations for the complicated media, in terms of well-known solutions for simple media. Specifically, the present study was motivated by a need to provide a theoretical framework for polarimetric glucometry methods, presently under investigation, in the hope of gaining better understanding of the systems and their limitations, as well as suggesting new configurations for acquiring better data. To that end, we chose to analyze gyromagnetic effects in lossless magneto-optical systems. Some representative examples have been chosen, and the obtained results, for various situations involving plane and spherical waves, are discussed. It is shown that the specific configuration of the magnetic fields affect the solutions. Generally speaking, the magnetic fields create new multipoles in the resultant wave fields. Another interesting feature of the present approach is the fact that we get the elementary Faraday rotation effect without resorting to a pair of two oppositely oriented circularly polarized waves, as usually done. Consequently we are able to discuss explicitly complicated situations involving non-planar waves and various external magnetic fields. The penalty is of course the restricted validity of the model to small non-isotropic effects.

The paper presents a new universal formulation of electromagnetic fields in microwave ferrite-dielectric waveguiding structures from the given magnetic field distribution of an external source. The solution is derived from the linearized Landau-Lifshits equation using an orthogonality condition for eigenwaves of a magnetization. The magnetization excited in ferrite is obtained in an electrodynamic, magnetostatic or dipole-exchange approximation, depending on the approximation used for eigenwaves. Results are applied for the formulation and the analytical solution of self-consistent electrodynamic problems of an excitation and a reception of waves in ferrite films by transmission lines of an arbitrary type. Numerical calculations are performed for filters and delay lines on the base of symmetric strip-lines using surface and forward volume magnetostatic waves in ferrite films.

In this paper, a spatial-domain Galerkin's procedure in Method of Moments is applied to analyse a cylindrical-rectangular chirostrop antenna. It is assumed that a single-layer chiral substrate is wrap-fabricated around a conducting core-cylinder and that a perfectly conducting and electrically thin rectangular-cylindrical microstrip patch antenna is mounted on the surface of the chiral substrate. By imposing the boundary conditions on the multiple interfaces and applying the scattering superposition method, a complete expression of dyadic Green's functions (DGFs) has been obtained and the current distribution over the cylindrical rectangular chirostrip antenna has been determined. Various radiation patterns due to such a microstrip antenna in the presence of a chiral substrate are obtained and compared with those in the presence of an achiral substrate, so as to gain physical insight into effects of the chirostrip.

In this paper, radiation patterns of a thin circular conducting loop embedded in a two-layered spherical chiral medium but illuminated by a plane wave are obtained. The method of moments is employed in this work to formulate the current distribution along the circular loop enclosed by the spherical chiral radome shell. The dyadic Green's functions defining electromagnetic fields due to sources in both the outer and inner regions are applied. In the Galerkin's procedure for the method of moments, basis functions used in the work are sine and cosine functions which form a Fourier series. The formulation itself here is quite compact, straightforward, and easy-to-use. Effects of various geometrical and dielectric parameters of the chiral radome shell are discussed. As expected, the role of the spherical chiral radome is again realized as a polarization transformer. Associated with these parameters, waves and fields in such an electromagnetic system are characterized. It should pointed that there existed some mistakes in the literature which did not use the correct Green's functions in the method of moments procedure. This paper aims at correcting the mistake and establish a correct concept in the method of moments analysis.

The integral transform method with the asymptotic extraction technique is formulated to evaluate a Sommerfeld type integral for the analysis microstrip dipole on a uniaxial substrate. The infinite double integral of the asymptotic part of the impedance matrix with triangular subdomain basis function with edge condition can be reduced to a finite one-dimensional integral. This finite onedimensional integral can be easily evaluated numerically after the singular part of the integral is treated analytically. It is demonstrated the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method to evaluate the asymptotic part of impedance matrix.

The dyadic Green's function for an unbounded anisotropic medium is treated analytically in the Fourier domain. The Green's function, which is expressed as a triple Fourier integral, can be next reduced to a double integral by performing the integration over the longitudinal Fourier variable or the transverse Fourier variable. The singular behavior of Green's dyadic is discussed for the general anisotropic case.

In this paper a method for the analysis of a frequency selective surface (FSS) supported by a bianisotropic substrate is presented. The frequency selective structure is a thin metallic pattern - the actual FSS - on a plane supporting substrate. Integral representations of the fields in combination with the method of moments carried out in the spatial Fourier domain are shown to be a fruitful way of analyzing the problem with a complex substrate. This approach results in a very general formulation in which the supporting substrate can have arbitrary bianisotropic properties. The bianisotropic slab can be homogeneous,stratified, or it can have continuously varying material parameter as a function of depth. The analysis presented in this paper is illustrated in a series of numerical examples. Results for isotropic,anisotropic and bianisotropic substrates are given.

To characterize electromagnetic waves in complex media has been an important topic because of its useful applications and scientific significance of its physical mechanism. Dyadic Green's functions, as a mathematical kernel or a dielectric medium response, relate directly the radiated electromagnetic fields and the source distribution. In terms of the vector wave functions in cylindrical coordinates, dyadic Green's functions in a unbounded and a planar, multilayered gyroelectric chiral media are formulated. By use of the scattering superposition principle and taking the multiple reflections into account, a general representation of the Green's dyadics is obtained. Furthermore, the scattering coefficients of the Green's dyadics are determined from the boundary conditions at each interface and are expressed in a greatly compact form of recurrence matrices. In the formulation of the Green's dyadics and their scattering coefficients, three cases are considered, i.e., the current source is impressed in (1) the first, (2) the intermediate, and (3) the last regions, respectively. Although the dyadic Green's functions for a unbounded gyroelectric chiral medium has been reported in the literature, some of the results are incorrect. As compared to the existing results, the current work basically contributes (1) a correct form of dyadic Green's function for a unbounded gyroelectric chiral medium, (2) the general representation of the dyadic Green's functions for a multi-layered gyroelectric chiral medium, and (3) a convincible and direct derivation of the irrotational Green's dyadic.

In this paper we provide a general formulation for the electromagnetic wave interaction with stratified media and then specialize to slabs of negative isotropic media. The field solutions are obtained in all regions of the stratified medium. The characteristic waves in negative isotropic media are backward waves. We derive the field solutions and show that a Gaussian beam is laterally shifted by a negative isotropic slab. The amount of beam center shift is calculated for both cases of transmission and reflection. Guided waves in stratified media are studied. Placing a linear antenna and all types of Hertzian dipole antennas in a stratified medium, we obtained solutions in all regions. We demonstrate and locate the positions of the perfect images of the antenna sources in the presence of negative isotropic slabs.

This paper presents the applicability of combined microwave (ERS-2 SAR) and optical (Landsat TM) data for surface water quality retrievals. Three surface water quality parameters such as turbidity,Secc hi disk depth (SDD), and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) in the Gulf of Finland are estimated using multivariate approach. The results indicate that the visible bands of TM data are somewhat correlated to SAR signals,b y which SAR can explain 14.4% of the variability in TM2 observations. Multivariate analyses show that SAR has some contribution to derive those parameters if they are somewhat correlated to the water surface oproperties. Although it may be possible to develop algorithms for surface water quality retrievals in which SAR is used as supplementary data to optical observations,it still needs to be refined sufficiently to detect differences within the range of these parameters in the area under study.

The hypothesis of a natural sophisticated RADAR tracking system affecting hornets flight was described, analyzed and developed in previous papers [1, 2] considering their (cuticle) skin complex spike elements arrays shown by electronic microscope pictures. The existence of different spike length arrays and their disposition lead, by analogy with antenna, and radio theory and practice, to the hypothesis of transmitting and receiving phased arrays antennae operating at three different wavelengths in the sub-millimetric bands. The natural photo-and piezo electric generation of energy in the hornets reported previously explain how is generated the Radio Frequency (RF) energy required for the operation of the sub-millimeter wavelength natural RADAR system. However, similar to bats, new computation results show that the operation range of hornets RADAR system is limited to less than 100 m. Recently, investigations have shown that also in the hornet two antennae are located hundreds of spikes which may radiate and detect significant radio energy from their internal photo electric sources and piezoelectric effect. Thus, the existence of three separate sources of radiation and detection enable the application of Direction Finding (DF) communication additional hypothesis. The DF concept can contribute to explain how male hornets track the queens and how workers can be guided to theirnest even forop eration distances up to a few kms. It is possible that the results of the proposed investigations will provide tools to improve real tracking and DF systems performances especially in the yet not sufficiently explored submillimeter wavelength ranges and to find applications to this novel hornet property. Soon will be published results and analysis of experiments contributing to prove this fascinating hypothesis.