volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

With reference to the mask-constrained power synthesis of shaped beams through fixed-geometry antenna arrays, we elaborate a recently proposed approach and introduce an innovative effective technique. In particular, the proposed formulation, which can take into account mutual coupling and mounting platform effects, relieson a nested optimization where the external global optimization acts on the field's phase shifts over a minimal number of `control points' located into the target region whereas the internal optimization acts instead on excitations. As the internal optimization of the ripple is shown to result in a Convex Programming problem and the external optimization deals with a reduced number of unknowns, a full control of the shaped beam's ripple and sidelobe level is achieved even in the case of arrays having a large size and aimed at generating large-footprint patterns. Examples involving comparisons with benchmark approaches as well as full-wave simulated realistic antennas are provided.

1. Morabito, A. F., A. R. Laganà, and L. Di Donato, "Satellite multibeam coverage of earth: Innovative solutions and optimal synthesis of aperture fields," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 156, 135-144, 2016.
doi:10.2528/PIER16061505 Google Scholar

2. Mosalanejad, M., S. Brebels, C. Soens, I. Ocket, and G. A. E. Vandenbosch, "Millimeter wave cavity backed microstrip antenna array for 79 GHz radar applications," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 158, 89-98, 2017.
doi:10.2528/PIER17010407 Google Scholar

3. Dessouky, M. I., H. A. Sharshar, and Y. A. Albagory, "Design of high altitude platforms cellular communications," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 67, 251-261, 2007.
doi:10.2528/PIER06092501 Google Scholar

4. Iero, D. A. M., T. Isernia, A. F. Morabito, I. Catapano, and L. Crocco, "Optimal constrained field focusing for hyperthermia cancer therapy: A feasibility assessment on realistic phantoms," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 102, 125-141, 2010.
doi:10.2528/PIER10011207 Google Scholar

5. Morabito, A. F., "Synthesis of maximum-efficiency beam arrays via convex programming and compressive sensing," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 16, 2404-2407, 2017.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2017.2721218 Google Scholar

6. Isernia, T. and A. F. Morabito, "Mask-constrained power synthesis of linear arrays with even excitations ," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 64, No. 7, 3212-3217, 2016.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2016.2556712 Google Scholar

7. Isernia, T. and G. Panariello, "Optimal focusing of scalar fields subject to arbitrary upper bounds," Electronics Letters, Vol. 34, No. 2, 162-164, 1998.
doi:10.1049/el:19980212 Google Scholar

8. Bucci, O. M., M. D’Urso, and T. Isernia, "Optimal synthesis of difference patterns subject to arbitrary sidelobe bounds by using arbitrary array antennas," IEE Proceedings on Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 152, No. 3, 129-137, 2005.
doi:10.1049/ip-map:20045073 Google Scholar

9. Oliveri, G. and L. Poli, "Optimal sub-arraying of compromise planar arrays through an innovative ACO-weighted procedure," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 109, 279-299, 2010.
doi:10.2528/PIER10092008 Google Scholar

10. Morabito, A. F. and P. Rocca, "Reducing the number of elements in phase-only reconfigurable arrays generating sum and difference patterns," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 14, 1338-1341, 2015.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2015.2404939 Google Scholar

11. Orchard, H. J., R. S. Elliott, and G. J. Stern, "Optimizing the synthesis of shaped beam antenna patterns," IEE Proceedings H --- Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 132, No. 1, 63-68, 1985.
doi:10.1049/ip-h-2.1985.0013 Google Scholar

12. Zhang, T. and W. Ser, "Robust beampattern synthesis for antenna arrays with mutual coupling effect," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 59, No. 8, 2889-2895, 2011.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2011.2152329 Google Scholar

13. Woodward, P. and J. Lawson, "The theoretical precision with which an arbitrary radiation-pattern may be obtained from a source of finite size," Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers --- Part III: Radio and Communication Engineering, Vol. 95, No. 37, 363-370, 1948.
doi:10.1049/ji-3-2.1948.0094 Google Scholar

14. Isernia, T., O. M. Bucci, and N. Fiorentino, "Shaped beam antenna synthesis problems: Feasibility criteria and new strategies," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 12, No. 1, 103-137, 1998.
doi:10.1163/156939398X00098 Google Scholar

15. Morabito, A. F., T. Isernia, and L. Di Donato, "Optimal synthesis of phase-only reconfigurable linear sparse arrays having uniform-amplitude excitations," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 124, 405-423, 2012.
doi:10.2528/PIER11112210 Google Scholar

16. Morabito, A. F., A. Massa, P. Rocca, and T. Isernia, "An effective approach to the synthesis of phase-only reconfigurable linear arrays," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 60, No. 8, 3622-3631, 2012.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2012.2201099 Google Scholar

17. Bucci, O. M., T. Isernia, and A. F. Morabito, "Optimal synthesis of circularly symmetric shaped beams," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 62, No. 4, 1954-1964, 2014.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2014.2302842 Google Scholar

18. Morabito, A. F., T. Isernia, and A. R. Laganà, "On the optimal synthesis of ring symmetric shaped patterns by means of uniformly spaced planar arrays," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 20, 33-48, 2010.
doi:10.2528/PIERB10011206 Google Scholar

19. Mahanti, G. K., A. Chakraborty, and S. Das, "Phase-only and amplitude-phase only synthesis of dual-beam pattern linear antenna arrays using floating-point genetic algorithms," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 68, 247-259, 2007.
doi:10.2528/PIER06072301 Google Scholar

20. Wang, W.-B., Q. Feng, and D. Liu, "Application of chaotic particle swarm optimization algorithm to pattern synthesis of antenna arrays," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 115, 173-189, 2011.
doi:10.2528/PIER11012305 Google Scholar

21. Liu, D., Q. Feng, W.-B. Wang, and X. Yu, "Synthesis of unequally spaced antenna arrays by using inheritance learning particle swarm optimization," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 118, 205-221, 2011.
doi:10.2528/PIER11050502 Google Scholar

22. Bucci, O. M., T. Isernia, A.F. Morabito, S. Perna, and D. Pinchera, "Aperiodic arrays for space applications: An effective strategy for the overall design," Proceedings of the 3rd European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, EuCAP 2009, 2031-2035, Berlin, Germany, March 23-27, 2009. Google Scholar

23. Floudas, C. A. and P. M. Pardalos, State of the Art in Global Optimization: Computational Methods and Applications, IX, Kluwer Acad. Publ., New York, Dordrecht, 1996.
doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-3437-8

24. Battaglia, G. M., G. G. Bellizzi, A. F. Morabito, G. Sorbello, and T. Isernia, "A general effective approach to the synthesis of shaped beams for arbitrary fixed-geometry arrays," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 33, No. 18, 2404-2422, 2019.
doi:10.1080/09205071.2019.1683472 Google Scholar

25. Morabito, A. F., L. Di Donato, and T. Isernia, "Orbital angular momentum antennas: Understanding actual possibilities through the aperture antennas theory," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 60, No. 2, 59-67, 2018.
doi:10.1109/MAP.2018.2796445 Google Scholar

26. Bucci, O. M., C. Gennarelli, and C. Savarese, "Representation of electromagnetic fields over arbitrary surfaces by a finite and nonredundant number of samples," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 46, No. 3, 351-359, 1998.
doi:10.1109/8.662654 Google Scholar

27. Morabito, A. F., A. Di Carlo, L. Di Donato, T. Isernia, and G. Sorbello, "Extending spectral factorization to array pattern synthesis including sparseness, mutual coupling, and mounting platform effects," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 67, No. 7, 4548-4559, 2019.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2019.2905977 Google Scholar

28. Bucci, O. M. and G. Di Massa, "The truncation error in the application of sampling series to electromagnetic problems," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 36, No. 7, 941-949, July 1988.
doi:10.1109/8.7199 Google Scholar

29. Rodriguez, A., R. Munoz, H. Estevez, F. Ares, and E. Moreno, "Synthesis of planar arrays with arbitrary geometry generating arbitrary footprint patterns," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 52, No. 9, 2484-2488, 2004.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2004.834125 Google Scholar

30. Qi, Y. X. and J. Y. Li, "Superposition synthesis method for 2-D shaped-beam array antenna," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 66, No. 12, 6950-6957, 2018.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2018.2871712 Google Scholar

31. Fuchs, B., L. Le Coq, and M. D. Migliore, "Fast antenna array diagnosis from a small number of far-field measurements," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 64, No. 6, 2227-2235, 2016.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2016.2547023 Google Scholar

32. Palmeri, R., T. Isernia, and A. F. Morabito, "Diagnosis of planar arrays through phaseless measurements and sparsity promotion," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 18, No. 6, 1273-1277, 2019.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2019.2914529 Google Scholar

Dr. Giada Maria Battaglia

Prof. Andrea Francesco Morabito

Dr. Gino Sorbello

Prof. Tommaso Isernia