A low profile, wideband circularly polarized (CP) antenna using metasurface (MS) is proposed. The proposed antenna is composed of a square loop feeding structure and four driven patches positioned between the ground plane and the MS. Frist, The loop with truncated corners functions as a sequential phase feeder for the four driven patches. These patches are then capacitively coupled by the feeding loop to create a CP mode. Then a defective ground structure (DGS) is adopted to improve the impedance matching. Finally, using MS to generate extra CP minimum AR points to broaden the AR bandwidth. The MS is composed of a 4 × 4 truncated square patch array which enhances the impedance bandwidth and gain of the proposed antenna. The total dimensions of the proposed antenna are 50 mm × 50 mm × 3.124 mm (λ₀ × λ₀ × 0.062λ₀). The MS antenna in circular polarizations achieves a wide -10 dB impedance bandwidth of 37.5% (4.85-7.09 GHz) and a 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW) of 20% (5.66-6.92 GHz). In addition, the maximum gain of 10.28 dB is achieved at 6.1 GHz, and the proposed MS antenna also has a flat gain across a broad frequency range from 4.5 GHz to 6.75 GHz.

The millimeter wave communication technology used for drones could combine the advantages of drones and millimeter waves, providing high-speed data transmission and wide area network coverage capabilities, and has broad application prospects in military and civilian communication systems. Millimeter wave active antennas have the advantages of miniaturization, high frequency band, and flexible shaping, which is of great significance for ensuring the high-speed dynamic communication ability of drone platforms. In this paper, a millimeter wave active antenna suitable for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is designed and verified, operating in 24.75-27.5 GHz and adopting Antenna in Package (AiP) design. Frequency band test and communication performance test is conducted. To open and close the RF channels, the antenna's operating frequency range can be shown in the vector network analyzer which meets the design frequency band 24.75-27.5 GHz requirements. By loading 5G millimeter wave standard signals, the antenna can achieve real-time demodulation of 100 MHz, 256 QAM signals. The test shows that the system can meet the requirements of beam tracking and real-time information transmission during high-speed dynamic flight of UAVs. It has broad application prospects in UAV communication systems.

This study introduces a metasurface-based low-profile circularly polarized (CP) antenna with double-wide beam for global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs), which covers primarily BDS-2 B1 band and BDS-3 B1 band. At first, a T-slot structure achieving a compact design is presented to effectively miniaturize the antenna. Except that, a gear-type parasitic ring and eight parasitic microstrip lines are proposed to broaden both the half power beamwidth (HPBW) and axial ratio beamwidth (ARBW) of the antenna. Furthermore, a metasurface unit featuring double ``WIFI'' logo structure is introduced. This unit is expanded into a 7*7 metasurface loaded under the antenna, significantly improving its radiation characteristics. After experimentation, the proposed antenna achieves notable results: 121˚ HPBW and 214˚ 3 dB-ARBW at 1.561 GHz and 121˚ HPBW and 236˚ 3 dB-ARBW at 1.575 GHz. Additionally, it demonstrates more than 3.52 dBic gain across the whole frequency band, whose simulation and test results are in agreement. These results show that the antenna can be used for various satellite communication systems necessitating CP antennas with wide ARBW and HPBW.

The design of a low profile rectangular patch multi-input multi-output (MIMO) antenna is proposed. The antenna incorporates a novel metamaterial-based structure and utilizes a three single split ring resonators based tank circuit to achieve high isolation. A novel metastructure covers C, X, and Ku bands. The antenna structure is made up three single split ring resonators (SRRs) embedded on the bottom of the antenna, situated between the radiating patches. The dimensions of the fabricated antenna are 10×15×1.6 mm³ on an FR4 epoxy substrate. The antenna operates within the frequency range of 10.97 to 18.85 GHz with minimum spacing between antenna elements as 2 mm, covering the X and Ku bands. It is utilized in radar and satellite applications. The metastructure on the back of the antenna enhances isolation by more than 16 dB in the operating band, with a maximum of -31.28 dB at 17.88 GHz. The antenna's radiation efficiency and gain are increased by 80% and 5.54 dB at a frequency of 16.37 GHz respectively. The antenna exhibits good diversity performance parameters, such as an ECC below 0.1 and a DG of 9.98 dB, in addition to desirable radiation characteristics. The proposed antenna exhibits the features that make it highly suitable for advanced technologies.

A miniaturized frequency reconfigurable antenna, designed with a simple geometric layout on an FR-4 substrate measuring 15 × 21 mm², offers versatility for various wireless applications is proposed in this paper. By adjusting biasing conditions of integrated PIN diodes, the antenna can operate in three distinct modes: wideband, dual band, and triband configurations. The antenna demonstrates satisfactory gain and presents an omnidirectional radiation pattern. Verification of the antenna's functionality involved building a prototype and subjecting it to testing. The confirmed compatibility of the antenna with modern wireless requirements, including the need for small antennas capable of operating across multiple bands and modes, is substantiated by the close agreement between simulated and measured results.

The paper addresses how to improve the degree of freedom of array for DOA (direction of arrival) estimation. According to the DOA estimation model for cyclostationary signal, a method of constructing virtual extended array based on two cyclic spectral components using a single uniform linear array and a method of estimating DOA based on the virtual array are proposed. Firstly, two array receiving data matrices of uniform linear arrays are constructed by using cyclic autocorrelation function of two different cyclic frequencies. Then, the array receiving data matrix of the virtual nested array is constructed by the Kronecker product of the two linear array receiving data matrices. Through virtual expansion, an M²-dimensional array receiving data matrix is obtained based on a uniform linear array of M-array elements, so that the direction of arrival of M²-1 sources can be estimated. It breaks the limitation of array degrees of freedom. Finally, the direction finding model for the virtual nested array is formulated, and the compressed sensing algorithm is used to estimate the DOAs of sources. Through computational simulation experiments, the performance of the algorithm is verified.

This paper presents a broadband high-isolated MIMO antenna operating in the C and X bands simultaneously. The antenna is expected to be applied in wireless systems such as satellites and radar. A modified Vivaldi element is firstly designed by etching a rectangular structure out of the top metal, and then arranged symmetrically to form a 2-element broadband MIMO antenna with element spacing of 0.28λ (λ is the wavelength at 9 GHz). The operating frequency the MIMO antenna in terms of S₁₁ ≤ -9.0 dB is from 4.0 GHz to 13.5 GHz. However, the mutual coupling between the two elements is quite strong, which can be as high as 8.0 dB, indicating a severe mutual coupling effect between the elements. To improve the isolation level, a defect-ground structure (DGS) is designed and loaded on the ground plane. The decoupling structure of the DGS achieves decoupling in the C and X bands, with a particular emphasis on decoupling in the C band by blocking the current flow between antenna elements. The simulated result shows that the S₂₁ can be lowered to less than -23.4 dB across the whole operating frequency region, i.e., an isolation improvement of 15 dB is achieved. A prototype is fabricated and measured. The measured results are in good agreement with the simulated ones, indicating that the designed broadband MIMO antenna is a good candidate for reliable communication in the C and X bands.

In this paper, a multi-layered mushroom-type electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structure is proposed. A double layer two via EBG (DLTV EBG) structure is designed at 1.65 GHz. The proposed DLTV-EBG structure consists of a two-layer dielectric substrate, which reduces the lateral sizes due to a multilayer topology. By adjusting the patch dimensions and positions of the vias, the center frequency, and equivalent L and C parameters meet design requirements. In a DLTV-EBG, layer-1 has a square ring patch; layer-2 has a circular ring; outer square ring patch with 2 edged located vias gives the additional capacitance and inductance to achieve compactness. The simulation of the DLTV-EBG structure is carried out using the Ansys high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) and experimentally validated. The band gap of the DLTV-EBG structure is measured using suspended microstrip line (SML) method. The Experimental results agree well with simulation one. The periodic size of the proposed DLTV-EBG structure is 0.05λ_{1.65 GHz}, which is a good candidate where compact size is highly desired.

Flux reversal machine (FRM) belongs to the stator permanent magnet (PM) machine, which has the advantages of high reliability, high efficiency, and simple structure. However, large torque ripple and low torque density limit the development prospect of FRMs. Therefore, a wavy rotor FRM (WR-FRM) with curved stator slots is proposed, which can reduce the torque ripple while improving the average torque. The top surface of the rotor tooth consists of three sinusoidal functions, and the stator slots are constructed with a spline curve. To obtain better electromagnetic performance, the multi-objective genetic algorithm is used to optimize the FRM and the WR-FRM. Finally, the electromagnetic performances of the two machines are analyzed and compared by the finite element method. The results show that compared with the FRM, the torque generated by the unit volume of PM is increased by 36.47%, and the torque ripple is reduced by 62.7%.

This paper presents the design of a low-profile circularly polarized dual-beam holographic antenna. Firstly, by employing a novel outer square inner circular (OSIC) structure as the basic unit of the hologram pattern, better performance is achieved for low-profile dielectric substrate holographic antennas. Secondly, a method of four-zone phase co-modulation is used to derive the impedance modulation formula of the hologram pattern. This formula was employed to model and generate a circularly polarized dual-beam holographic antenna, and the feasibility of theoretical analysis is verified through simulation and measurement. The antenna operates within the frequency range of 10.23 GHz to 16.59 GHz, with maximum gains of 16dBi and 15.8dBi for dual beams, respectively. The results indicate that this design method can realize circularly polarized dual-beam holographic antennas and provide some reference for satellite communication applications.

Several communication systems use multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) antennas to rapidly broadcast and receive data streams. Several current research works on MIMO antennas for vehicle-to-everything (V2X) applications were detailed, along with some limitations such as significant mutual coupling and antenna isolation. To address these difficulties, the manuscript presented a novel metamaterial-based dual-band eight-port MIMO antenna for V2X applications. The proposed eight-port MIMO antenna could be applied to V2X applications in the frequency range of 5.6 GHz to 5.8 GHz. The antenna could resonate at two frequencies, namely 5.64 GHz and 5.73 GHz. The MIMO antenna was constructed with a polyimide substrate and a coplanar waveguide feed (CWF) line. To attain better isolation, a plus shape defected ground structure (Plus shape DGS) was used in this research. By using the binary waterwheel plant optimization algorithm, the antenna parameters are optimized. The proposed antenna was analyzed under different parameters such as gain, return loss, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR), axial ratio, and other diversity performances of MIMO antenna like Envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), Total Active Reflection Coefficient (TARC), Mean Effective Coefficient (MEG), and Diversity Gain (DG). The proposed antenna is used in a binary waterwheel plant optimization algorithm for hyperparameter tuning. The proposed antenna obtained return loss values of -36.01 dB and -39 dB at the resonating frequencies of 5.64 GHz and 5.73 GHz, respectively. It achieved gain values of 12.41 dB, 10.7 dB, and ECC values of less than 0.025. The proposed model obtained better results than other models in this comparison analysis.

This paper introduces a 4-port antenna tailored for 5G, operating in the 4.4 to 7.25 GHz (Fractional Bandwidth is 48.9%) range with a 10 dB impedance bandwidth. The operating bandwidth includes the n79 band (4.4-5 GHz), 5G WLAN band (5.125-5.825 GHz), and Wi-Fi 6E band (5.925 to 7.125 GHz). Constructed on a compact FR4 substrate (0.057λ × 0.057λ × 0.0018 λ (where λ is the wavelength at 4.4 GHz), it exhibits robust performance in fabrication and measurements. The single antenna covers a total area as small as 20 × 17.6 mm², which enables the compactness of the MIMO antenna with a gain of up to 6 dBi and 85% radiation efficiency; it supports MIMO with a low correlation coefficient (< 0.02), high diversity gain (up to 9.98 dB), and minimal channel capacity loss (0.25 bps/Hz). The Total Active Reflective Coefficient (TARC) is computed to validate MIMO performance over the operating bandwidth. Featuring bidirectional radiation patterns in both E-plane and H-plane, the antenna is well suited for 5G applications, demonstrating potential for future wireless systems.

A Novel dual-port co-planar wave-guide (CPW)-fed rectangular patch antenna with L-shape and rectangular-shaped slots is proposed for wider impedance bandwidth for wireless communications applications. The dimensions of the overall proposed patch antenna are compact, with a size of 20 × 40 × 0.07 mm³. It operates from 14.6 GHz to 17.4 GHz with an impedance bandwidth of 2.8 GHz. The isolation between elements is greater than 15 dB within the band. A peak gain of 6.75 dBi and a reflection coefficient of -30 dB at operating frequency have been observed. The two-port (multiple-input and multiple-output) CPW-fed antenna parameters like envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), diversity gain (DG), total active reflection coefficient (TARC), channel capacity loss (CCL), and mean effective gain (MEG) are investigated. Simulated and measured characteristics are found to be satisfactory of proposed antenna model. The proposed antenna has utilized for wireless communication applications.

A miniaturized ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna with quadruple reconfigurable characteristics is proposed in this paper. The first step involves the development of an elementary rectangular patch antenna of size 40 × 40 mm², which is subsequently modified to demonstrate UWB properties. To incorporate quad-band notch features, the radiating surface of the patch antenna is etched with four U-shaped slots. The antenna has an impedance bandwidth ranging from 2.2 GHz to 12 GHz, with four specific notches located at 3.3 GHz (3.1-3.5 GHz), 3.8 GHz (3.6 GHz-4 GHz), 4.6 GHz (4.5 GHz-4.7 GHz), and 5.2 GHz (5.1 GHz-5.3 GHz). By incorporating four PIN diodes, the antenna is capable of attaining a range of sixteen reconfigurable states across the UWB spectrum. The design of this system successfully addresses the issue of interference caused by WiMAX, downlink C-band, Indian national satellite system, and Wireless LAN. A prototype is fabricated and tested. The simulated and experimental results are in good agreement.

This paper presents the design of a novel ultra-wideband antenna for Internet of Things applications utilizing metamaterials. The antenna is fed by a coplanar waveguide and comprises several key components: two relatively connected co-directional split-ring resonators with an upper feeder, a ground plane featuring a complementary circular resonant slit, and a double C-shaped nested ring situated on the lower surface of the substrate constitutes the electric inductive capacitive (ELC) element. The antenna's overall dimensions are 0.408 × 0.35 × 0.018λ₀³, enabling it to operate within the dual-band frequencies of 2.79-4.22 GHz (40.8%) and 4.70-5.88 GHz (22.3%). The antenna exhibits a favorable directional pattern across its operating frequency range, with a measured peak gain of approximately 3.93 dBi. This performance makes it suitable for applications in Wi-Fi, 5G communication, IoT, and various other fields requiring reliable wireless connectivity.

In wireless power transfer (WPT) systems, the horizontal misalignment between coils and variations in the load result in significant fluctuations in the transmission efficiency of the system. In this paper, a reverse series triple coil (RTC) structure is proposed. The RTC structure offers improved resistance to deflection in the direction of vehicle motion because of the magnetic field interaction of the reverse series coils. This adjustment helps maintain a more stable system transmission efficiency when the coils are deflected. At the same time, when the load resistance varies within a certain range, the system's transmission efficiency remains almost unchanged. This is because the addition of relay coils makes the system more adaptable to load changes and improves the system's load compatibility. The experimental results indicate that the RTC structure corresponds to 300% of the load variation range of the conventional reverse series dual-coil structure, within the range where the system transmission efficiency is not less than 95%, in the load variation range that satisfies the load equivalent resistance from 15 Ω to 68 Ω. During the offset process, the maximum system transmission efficiency fluctuation rate is 1.19% for a distance of 55% of the core width of the offset transmitting coil on the horizontal Y-axis, and the maximum efficiency reaches as high as 97.26%.

This study investigates the effects of various antenna parameters, such as the substrate material, thickness of the superconducting patch, and operating temperature, on the resonance frequency and surface resistance/reactance of an H-shaped patch antenna printed on a uniaxial anisotropic substrate using a hybrid cavity model and fabricated with superconductor material. This model stands out for its simplified mathematical approach and cost effectiveness. Importantly, the numerical results demonstrate a high level of agreement with the experimental findings reported in the literature, reinforcing the reliability of our study. Additionally, other numerical results demonstrate the impact of the superconductivity materials on the resonant characteristics of the H-shaped compact microstrip antenna.

This paper proposes a cross-coupled filter that utilizes a coplanar waveguide (CPW) resonator and triangular substrate-integrated waveguide (TSIW) resonant cavities. The filter consists of a CPW resonator etched on the upper metal surface of a second-order triangular SIW resonant cavity. By adjusting the dimensions of the CPW resonator and optimizing the width of the inductive coupling window, precise control can be achieved over cross-coupling between resonators, enabling fine-tuning of both filter bandwidth and transmission zero placement. Simulation and test results indicate that the filter has a center frequency of 11.85 GHz, a -3 dB bandwidth of 1.82 GHz, a relative bandwidth of 15.4%, an insertion loss of -0.9 dB in the passband, a return loss of over 15 dB, and a transmission zero point located at 15 GHz. The filter has a simple structure, wide bandwidth, low insertion loss, small circuit size, and a flexible and controllable transmission zero point, making it potentially valuable for various applications.

An implicit causal space-time Galerkin scheme applied to the contrast current density volume integral equation gives rise to a marching-on-in-time scheme known as MOT-JVIE, which is accelerated and stabilized via a fully embedded FIR filter to compute the electromagnetic scattering from high permittivity dielectric objects discretized with over a million voxels. A review of two different acceleration approaches, previously developed for two-dimensional time-domain surface integral equations based on fast Fourier transforms (FFTs), leads to an understanding why these schemes obtain the same order of acceleration and the extension of this FFT-acceleration to a three-dimensional MOT-JVIE. The positive definite stability analysis (PDSA) for the MOT-JVIE shows that the number of voxels for a stable MOT-JVIE discretization is restricted by the finite precision of the matrix elements. The application of the PDSA provides the insight that stability can be enforced through regularization, at the cost of accuracy. To minimize the impact in accuracy, FIR-regularization is introduced, which is based on low group-delay linear-phase high-pass FIR-filters. We demonstrate the capabilities of the FFT-accelerated FIR-regularized MOT-JVIE for a number of numerical experiments with high permittivity dielectric scatterers.

A compact triple band antenna for wearable applications is presented in this paper. The antenna exhibits dual mode operation for ON/OFF body communication. The antenna has a patch like radiation pattern for OFF body communication and monopole like radiation pattern for ON body communication. Triple bands are achieved by incorporating an annular ring patch with the triangular patch. Tuning of the antenna and impedance matching has been done using two open ended rectangular slots and two shorting pins. As a result, the antenna has patch like radiation pattern at 2.5 GHz (ISM band), 3.5 GHz (Wi Max band) bands and monopole like radiation pattern at 5.5 GHz (WLAN band) band. The proposed antenna is compact in nature with a size of 70 × 70 × 2.1 mm³. User comfort has been taken into care with the use of all textile materials to fabricate the antenna except the SMA connector. A full ground plane in the proposed antenna ensures minimum coupling with human body and thereby a low SAR (specific absorption rate) value. Investigation of the antenna has been performed in both free space and on body scenarios.