The energy conservation of lossless network reflects a series of novel symmetry in S parameter. This paper presents the generalized modulus symmetry, spurious reciprocity, constant characteristic phase and determinant of the lossless block network. The perfect matching condition of block load network [Γ_l] and the invariable lossless property of S parameter of generalized block network are developed. Application examples are given to illustrate the application and validity of the proposed theory.

The technology of metallized foam offers a new approach to the design of wire-like, flat, and 3D antennas. Only the necessary metal skin depth (some microns in UHF band) is deposited over arbitrary shaped structures. Thanks to this technology new antenna designs have been possible offering low weight, possible shaping, and innovative architectures. To demonstrate these possibilities, a monopole inspired in the Sierpinski fractal carpet is built. The proposed design is suitable for a pico-cell base station antenna since the antenna operates at GSM850, GSM900, GSM1800, GSM1900, UMTS, Bluetooth/WLAN, WIMAX, and WIFI featuring omni-directional radiation pattern and an average total efficiency of 79%.

Multifractal dimensions D_q for real q are a more general parameter than the fractal dimension in describing geometrical properties. It has been shown that the four multifractal dimensions D_-1, D₀, D₁ and D₂ are able to extract different surface information of SAR images. In this paper, we investigate the dimension properties of multifractal dimensions. For land use classification where the textural information on the surface is important, it is necessary to look into the properties of multifractal dimensions with the geometrical properties of terrain. In order to extract the surface information from SAR images, the optimum number of multifractal dimensions to be used in the classification process is considered. To address the suitability of these parameters, these parameters are applied on a multi-band SAR image with regions of different textural information and the results are studied. The abilities of multifractal dimensions in extracting information for different land use classes are considered. In general, although multifractal dimensions provide additional information about the land use classes, there is no clear relation among the land use classes, image polarization and multifractal dimensions.

In this paper, a novel dual-band active filter topology is presented. The non-linear phase response of a composite right/left-handed cell is used to achieve the desired dual-band performance. Additionally, the proposed structure based on coupled ring resonators yields a very compact solution in which high-order implementations can be easily obtained by cascading multiple rings. The theoretical principles of this type of filters are analyzed in detail. Finally, three prototypes based on first-, second- and third-order structures validate the feasibility of this type of filters. Good agreement between simulations and measurements has been achieved.

This paper presents an improved approach for the propagation of electromagnetic (EM) fields in the case of the exible hollow waveguide that consists of two bendings in the same direction. In this case, the objective is to develop a mode model for infrared (IR) wave propagation along the exible hollow waveguide, in order to provide a numerical tool for the calculation of the output fields, output power density and output power transmission. The main steps of the method for the two bendings will introduced in the derivation, in detail, for small values of step angles. The derivation for the first section and the second section of the waveguide with the two bendings is based on Maxwell's equations. The separation of variables is obtained by using the orthogonal-relations. The longitudinal components of the fields are developed into the Fourier-Bessel series. The transverse components of the fields are expressed as functions of the longitudinal components in the Laplace plane and are obtained by using the inverse Laplace transform by the residue method. This model can be a useful tool in all the cases of the hollow toroidal waveguides, e.g., in medical and industrial regimes.

Co-frequency interference problem is severe in shared-spectrum multistatic radar system, leading to detection problems in applications. In order to mitigate the co-frequency interferences, an adaptive pulse compression algorithm based on Maximum Signal Minus Interference Level criterion(MSMIL) is proposed in this paper, the main idea of which is to adaptively design an appropriate filter at each range cell, maximizing the result of signal power minus interference power, so that both range sidelobes and cross-correlation interference can be suppressed. Simulation results show that the algorithm outperforms the traditional multistatic adaptive pulse compression (MAPC) method in interference suppression. Compared with MAPC method, after one iteration step, the output SIR of the proposed algorithm is increased by about 10 dB. And after two iteration steps, it is increased by more than 40 dB. Moreover, it also outperforms the MAPC in convergence speed.

In this paper the high frequency electromagnetic field expressions for two dimensional Cassegrain system embedded in a chiral medium are presented. Due to failure of Geometrical Optics (GO) at the caustic region, Maslov's method is used to find the field expressions. Two different cases have been analyzed. Firstly, the chirality parameter (kβ) is adjusted to support positive phase velocity (PPV) for both left circularly polarized (LCP) and right circularly polarized (RCP) modes traveling in the medium. Secondly, kβ is adjusted such that one mode travels with PPV, and the other mode travels with negative phase velocity (NPV). The results for both cases are presented in the paper.

The advantages and disadvantages of more extended approximated analytical methods of the integral equations solution for the current in thin perfectly conducting and impedance vibrators have been investigated in details in this paper. The solutions of the problem about the electromagnetic waves scattering by the thin vibrators with the distributed surface impedance, obtained with the help of the method of expansion of the searched function for the current in a series on small parameter. The method of consistent iterations and asymptotic averaging method are given. The comparison of the calculated results with the experimental data in the case of excitation of the vi-brator in the centre by the point source of voltage is represented.

Central force optimization (CFO) is a new simple deterministic multi-dimensional search evolutionary algorithm (EA) inspired by gravitational kinematics. This paper evaluates CFO's performance and provides further examples on its effectiveness. A new scheme, the acceleration clipping, is introduced, which enhances CFO's global search ability while maintaining its simplicity. The improved CFO algorithm is applied to the optimal design of two different wideband microstrip patch antennas. Specifically, a microstrip line fed E-shaped patch antenna and a coaxial line fed double-E-shaped patch antenna are designed and optimized using the CFO method. CFO's performance on these antennas is compared to that of the differential evolution (DE) optimization. Both the CFO and DE methods are interfaced with the full-wave IE3D software. It is found that the CFO results are very close to those obtained using the DE technique.

Monopulse antennas form an important methodology of realizing tracking radar. They are based on the simultaneous comparison of sum and difference signals to compute the angle-error and to steer the antenna patterns in the direction of the target (i.e., the boresight direction). In this study, we consider the synthesis problem of difference patterns of monopulse antennas in the framework of Multi-objective Optimization (MO). The synthesis problem is recast as an MO problem (for the first time, to the best of our knowledge), where the Maximum Side-Lobe Level (MSLL) and Beam Width (BW) of principal lobe are taken as the two objectives to be minimized simultaneously. The approximated Pareto Fronts (PFs) are obtained for different number of elements and sub-arrays using a recently developed and very competitive Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm (MOEA) called MOEA/D-DE that uses a decomposition approach for converting the problem of approximation of the PF into a number of single objective optimization problems. This algorithm employs Differential Evolution (DE), one of the most powerful real parameter optimizers in current use, as the search method. The quality of solutions obtained is compared with the help of the trade-off graphs (plots of the approximated PF) generated by MOEA/D-DE on the basis of the two objectives to investigate the dependence of the number of array-elements and the number of sub-arrays on the final solution. Then we find the best compromise solutions for 20 element arrays and compare the results with standard single-objective algorithms such as the Differential Evolution (DE) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and hybrid techniques like Hybrid Contiguous Partition Method (HCPM) that has been reported in literature so far for the synthesis problem. Our experimental results indicate the MOEA/D-DE yields much better final results as compared to the standard single-objective and hybrid approaches over all the test cases covered here.

The effect of optical radiation on a uniformly doped nanoscale FinFET considering quantum mechanical effects has been theoretically examined and analyzed. The device characteristics are obtained from the self-consistent solution of 3D Poisson-Schrödinger equation using interpolating wavelet method. To our best knowledge this is the first approach for the self-consistent solution to surface potential computations of nanoscale FinFET photodetector using interpolating wavelets. This method provides more accurate results by dynamically adjusting the computational mesh and scales the CPU time linearly with the number of mesh points using polynomial interpolation, hence reducing the numerical cost. A fine mesh can be used in domains where the unknown quantities are varying rapidly and a coarse mesh can be used where the unknowns are varying slowly. The results obtained for dark and illuminated conditions are used to examine the performance of the device for its suitable use as a photodetector.

This paper presents a novel bulk acoustic wave stacked crystal filter (SCF) configuration that improves the inherent narrow bandwidth of this kind of devices and increases their selectivity by means of the allocating of transmission zeros. A set of parallel connected SCFs with their resonant frequencies split along the passband achieves the bandwidth improvement. The SCF detuning is carried out by the thickness of its middle metallic electrode. The filter response covers the 60 MHz bandwidth of a W-CDMA RF application working at 2.14 GHz. The use of SCFs considerably simplifies the layer stack configuration in contrast to other acoustically coupled structures as coupled resonator filters.

In this paper, we propose a method to reduce the length of the narrowband microstrip Uniform Coupled Transmission Lines (UCTLs), which has a general application to compact microstrip circuits. In this method, we use Nonuniform Coupled Transmission Lines (NCTLs) instead of UCTLs. To synthesize the desired NCTLs, their normalized width and gap are expanded as two truncated Fourier series. Then, the optimal values of the coefficients of the series are obtained through an optimization approach. The usefulness of the proposed method is verified using some examples. Also, an edged-coupled bandpass filter is compacted using the proposed method and then is fabricated and measured.

In this paper, a fast and efficient method has been proposed to analyze the electromagnetic shielding rooms with electrical large sizes and arbitrary shapes. The ray-tracing method is used to predict the Shielding Effectiveness (SE) of the electromagnetic shielding rooms. The proposed method is based on speeding up the ray tracing algorithm. The performance of the proposed method is verified by a comprehensive example. The effect of additional metal cabinet in the shielding effectiveness of shielding room has been investigated. Also the position of it has been found optimally to produce a ``best" performance for the shielding room.

Novel and computationally e±cient method for optimization of microwave structures is presented. The technique is based on the adjustments of the design specifications and exploits the coarse model --- computationally cheap representation of the structure being optimized, e.g., equivalent circuit. It is demonstrated that the proposed approach allows rapid design improvement while being simple to implement. Limitations and modifications of the technique are also discussed.

In this work we consider the problem of obtaining a capacitive image by scanning a "one-dimensional" surface of a closed conductor of arbitrary geometry. To solve our problem we propose a novel integral numerical method. The method is applied to different geometries by considering deterministic surfaces as complex as those with a fractal structure and random rough surfaces with Gaussian statistics. We find that the images obtained by simulating a prototype of a capacitive microscope, strongly depend on the interaction between the object and the probe. Despite this interaction, important information can be obtained regarding the statistical properties of the random roughness of the object surface.

A novel compact planar antenna with a frequency band-filter characteristic for UWB applications is proposed and investigated. Having a dual-Y-shaped slot on the patch, a frequency-notched characteristic at 5.2 GHz is obtained. The band-notched mechanism of the designed antenna is implemented and experimentally studied.The designed antenna satisfies the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) requirement of less than 2.0 in the frequency band between 2.8 and 18.6 GHz while showing the band rejection performance in the frequency band from 5.0 to 5.6 GHz. This technique is suitable for creating ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna with narrow frequency-notched characteristics.

Aiming at the bandwidth enhancement for patch antennas, a new impedance matching scheme is presented. In this design, open-ended microstrip-lines are used as the matching resonators; the gaps between the lines are used as the J inverters. Numerical and experimental studies are executed to demonstrate this new structure. The measured and predicted results are in good agreement. The measured data show that the bandwidth of a sample antenna is increased by a factor of 3.3 after adding two matching resonators. The proposed matching structure is good in performance, and smaller in size than traditional matching structures.

Partial dischagre is the precursor of insulators breakdown. In this work the propagation of electromagnetic radiation emitted from partial discharge in high voltage insulating materials is investigated. Three common dielectric materials used in power industry: polymer, epoxy resin and ceramics are studied. The results obtained are envisaged to support the development of appropriate sensors for partial discharge detection. The radiation pattern is dependent on a multitude of parameters. Among these, the intensity distribution of the source as well as the dielectric material and its geometry are the main parameters. Significant differences in the radiation spectra are obtained for insulators made of ceramic material compare to non-ceramic insulators.

A microstrip dual-mode dual-band bandpass filter using stepped impedance resonators (SIRs) is designed for dual-band wireless local area network (WLAN) applications at 2.4 and 5.2 GHz. By appropriately selecting the impedance ratio (R_z) and length ratio (α) of the SIRs, the harmonic frequencies can be tuned for generating the dual-bandpass response. Based on SIRs, a dual-mode dual-band bandpass filter is designed with one transmission zero. To improve the selectivity, another three transmission zeros in stopbands be created by introducing two stubs in input/output (I/O) lines. Two experimental filters are fabricated. Both simulated resulted and measured resulted are presented.