PIER | PIER Journals

2024-12-19["PIER_181_24111001.png","PIER_182_25012003.png","PIER_183_25052305.png","other\/special_issue_13.png"]

Confocal Microscopy with Optimized Excitation and Emission Wavelength for Ultradeep and Multi-Channel Bioimaging

By Tianxiang Wu Weihang Geng Yuhuang Zhang Qiming Xia Mingxi Zhang Jin Li Menglu Chen Wang Xi Shiyi Peng Zhe Feng Jun Qian

Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 180, 115-126, 2024

doi:10.2528/PIER24101003

Abstract

The second near-infrared region (NIR-II, 900-1880 nm) spectral window has garnered significant attention in bioimaging due to its moderate light absorption, diminished photon scattering and reduced autofluorescence. Exploiting NIR-II fluorescence, confocal microscopy has achieved deep in vivo imaging. In this study, we have identified that the fluorescence with wavelength beyond 1400 nm offers superior imaging quality for NIR-II confocal microscopy, irrespective of the laser excitation source being continuous-wave or pulsed. Furthermore, leveraging the multiphoton excitation capabilities of femtosecond laser, we have successfully integrated multiphoton excited visible fluorescence channels into the NIR-II fluorescence confocal microscopic system. We have successfully employed this novel system to acquire up to six distinct fluorescence microscopic imaging channels with negligible cross-channel interference, as well as multi-channel and large-depth in vivo observation of mouse brain and kidney.

Metamaterials, Metasurfaces, and Plasmonics

2024-09-23

PIER

Vol. 180, 55-60, 2024

doi:10.2528/PIER24080405

download: 1329

Topology-Optimized Plasmonic Nanoantenna for Efficient Single-Photon Extraction

Min Chen, Lian Shen, Yifei Hua, Zijian Qin and Huaping Wang

Quantum emitters coupled to plasmonic nanostructures can act as extremely bright single-photon sources. Interestingly, the mode volumes supported by the plasmonic nanostructures can be several orders of magnitude smaller than the cubic wavelength, which leads to dramatically enhanced light-matter interactions and drastically increased photon emission. However, the requirements of a small mode volume for emission speed-up are always contradictory with a sufficiently large mode volume for efficient extraction, especially in a single architecture. Here, we report the design of a topology-optimized plasmonic nanoantenna to alleviate the above limitation which could greatly enhance far-field photon extraction. The plasmonic nanoantenna is composed of an optimized gold pattern and a silicon nitride substrate, with a nanohole in the center of the gold pattern. Our design is based on density-based topology optimization and is inherently robust to dimensions and fabrication errors. As a result, the normalized extraction decay rate (γ_e⁄γ₀) can reach 5.48 at a wavelength of 517 nm if an objective lens with a numerical aperture of 0.45 is utilized. Plasmonic nanostructures can be obtained with a small mode volume of about 5 × 10^-21 m³, while emission speed-up could still be achieved. The proposed method to alleviate the contradiction of plasmonic mode volume could brighten the prospects for future integration of single-photon sources into photonic quantum networks and applications in quantum information science.

Topology-optimized Plasmonic Nanoantenna for Efficient Single-photon Extraction

Review Article

2024-09-18

PIER

Vol. 180, 25-53, 2024

doi:10.2528/PIER24080104

download: 2256

Alternative Plasmonic Materials for Biochemical Sensing: A Review (Invited Review)

Leonid Yu. Beliaev, Andrei V. Lavrinenko and Osamu Takayama

Optical materials whose permittivity becomes negative for certain wavelength ranges, so-called plasmonic materials, have been widely used for biochemical sensing applications to detect a wide variety of analytes from chemical agents to protein biomarkers. Since many analytes are or contain nanoscale objects, they interact very weakly with light. Thus, light confinement is a key to improving sensitivity. Using metal or plasmonic nanostructures is a natural solution to confine light and boost light-matter interactions. As there are several different optical sensing schemes, such as refractometric sensing, fluorescence-labeled sensing, and vibrational spectroscopy, whose operating wavelength spans from ultraviolet to mid-infrared wavelength regions, some plasmonic materials are superior to others for certain wavelength regions. In this article, we review current progress on alternative plasmonic materials, other than gold, silver, and aluminum, used in biochemical sensing applications. We cover a wide variety of plasmonic material platforms, such as transparent conductive oxides, nitrides, doped semiconductors, polar materials, two-dimensional, van der Waals materials, transition metal dichalcogenides, and plasmonic materials for ultraviolet wavelengths.

Alternative Plasmonic Materials for Biochemical Sensing: A Review (Invited Review)

2024-09-01

PIER

Vol. 180, 1-11, 2024

doi:10.2528/PIER24012201

download: 1523

Highly Accurate and Efficient 3D Implementations Empowered by Deep Neural Network for 2DLMs-Based Metamaterials

Naixing Feng, Huan Wang, Xuan Wang, Yuxian Zhang, Chao Qian, Zhixiang Huang and Hongsheng Chen

Streamlining the on-demand design of metamaterials, both forward and inverse, is highly demanded for unearthing complex light-matter interaction. Deep learning, as a popular data-driven method, has recently found to largely alleviate the time-consuming and experience-orientated features in widely-used numerical simulations. In this work, we propose a convolution-based deep neural network to implement the inverse design and spectral prediction of a broadband absorber, and deep neural network (DNN) not only achieves highly-accurate results based on small data samples, but also converts the one-dimensional (1D) spectral sequence into a 2D picture by employing the Markov transition field method so as to enhance the variability between spectra. From the perspective of a single spectral sample, spectral samples carry not enough information for neural network due to the constraints of the number of sampling points; from the perspective of multiple spectral samples, the gap between different spectral samples is very small, which can hinder the performance of the reverse design framework. Markov transition field method can enhance the performance of the model from those two aspects. The experimental results show that the final value of the soft required accuracy of the one-dimensional fully connected neural network model and the two-dimensional residual neural network model differ by nearly 1%, the final value of the soft accuracy of the one-dimensional residual neural network model is 97.6%. The final value of the two-dimensional residual neural network model model is 98.5%. The model utilises a data enhancement approach to improve model accuracy and also provides a key reference for designing two-dimensional layered materials (2DLMs) based metamaterials with on-demand properties before they are put into manufacturing.

Highly Accurate and Efficient 3D Implementations Empowered by Deep Neural Network for 2DLMs-based Metamaterials

Photonics and Modern Optics

2024-12-19

PIER

Vol. 180, 127-137, 2024

doi:10.2528/PIER24120503

download: 539

Large Dynamic Range Slope-Assisted BOTDA Based on Unbalanced Frequency-Shifted Double Sidebands Detection

Zijian Xiong, Shengnan Wu and Sailing He

To increase the detection dynamic range of slope-assisted Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (SA-BOTDA) system, we propose a configuration using unbalanced frequency-shifted stokes and anti-stokes sidebands as continuous probe light simultaneously to expand the region of effective stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) spectrum existed in frequency domain. The proposed scheme fully utilizes unbalanced double sidebands' gain, loss and corresponding phase spectra, constructing linear regions by specific data processing methods and has pump power-independence characteristic. Besides, scheme of dual-frequency agile change is employed to broaden the linear region at the cost of detection speed. The dynamic detection range of the proposed system can be increased to over 180 MHz, with a spatial resolution of 3.5 m and 500 MHz sampling rate for vibration detection.

Large Dynamic Range Slope-assisted BOTDA Based on Unbalanced Frequency-shifted Double Sidebands Detection

2024-12-17

PIER

Vol. 180, 89-101, 2024

doi:10.2528/PIER24102901

download: 846

Optimization Design of Photonic-Crystal Surface-Emitting Lasers: Toward Large Bandwidth and Single-Lane 200 g Optical Transmission

Xing-Chen Ai, Shao-Chi Pan, Yu-Hao Wang and Si-Cong Tian

By using the time-dependent three-dimensional coupled-wave theory (3D-CWT), the transient analysis of photonic-crystal surface-emitting lasers (PCSELs) with double-lattice photonic crystals is performed. By optimizing the size of the PCSELs and the shape of the double-lattice photonic crystals, the resonance frequency is increased, and the damping (photon lifetime) is decreased, which enables over 40 GHz intrinsic 3 dB modulation bandwidth of the PCSELs. 100 Gb/s open eye under non-return-to-zero (NRZ) modulation is demonstrated by using such PCSELs. The large bandwidth enables single-lane 200 G optical transmission under four-level pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM-4). This study shows the design principles of large-bandwidth PCSELs and promises PCSELs to be an ideal candidate for the application of high-speed, high-power, free-space optical communication.

Optimization Design of Photonic-crystal Surface-emitting Lasers: Toward Large Bandwidth and Single-lane 200 G Optical Transmission

Quantum Electromagnetics and Quantum Photonics

Featured Article

2024-11-18

PIER

Vol. 180, 79-87, 2024

doi:10.2528/PIER24072910

download: 2098

Some Selected Unsolved Problems in Classical and Quantum Electromagnetics

Weng Cho Chew, Boyuan Zhang and Jie Zhu

In this paper, we propose some suggestions for unsolved problems in classical and quantum electromagnetics. We aim to explain these problems in the simplest way possible. Some issues like the quantum computer may need a lot more work. The subject matter is interdisciplinary needing international collaboration in many different areas such as physics, math, engineering, and material science.

Some Selected Unsolved Problems in Classical and Quantum Electromagnetics

Regular Papers

2024-12-17

PIER

Vol. 180, 103-113, 2024

doi:10.2528/PIER24110606

download: 373

Separation of a Toroidal Mode in Clusters of Dielectric Particles

Tong Wu, Andrey B. EvIyukhin and Vladimir Tuz

Constructing and utilizing toroidal modes in clusters of dielectric particles opens pathways to creating more efficient, compact, and functional devices across various fields, from sensing and telecommunications to energy and defense applications. Toroidal modes contribute to unusual material properties related to artificial magnetism, which is essential for designing innovative metamaterials. In this paper, we establish a relationship between eigenoscillations (modes) and scattering characteristics of a toroidal dielectric particle (torus) and clusters of particles composed of different numbers of dielectric disks arranged in a circular configuration (rings) in terms of the manifestation of their toroidal response. In particular, we examine the multipole contributions to the scattering cross-sections obtained in the exact form and long-wavelength approximation. A toroidal mode is introduced as a mode of the system for which the second-order term related to the exact electric dipole in the multipole decomposition is much greater than the first-order term. We show that the individual modes of the torus and hybrid modes of the ring consisting of an electromagnetically coupled ensemble of particles can be uniquely related, including the lowest-frequency toroidal dipole mode. Unlike the torus, the toroidal dipole mode in the ring can be separated in frequency from other multipole contributions, allowing excitation of the pure toroidal dipole resonance when providing corresponding irradiation conditions for external electromagnetic waves. This study provides an opportunity to better understand the physics of toroidal resonances in structures containing ensembles of dielectric particles and the peculiarities of their application in advanced microwave and photonic systems.

Separation of a Toroidal Mode in Clusters of Dielectric Particles

2024-11-15

PIER

Vol. 180, 61-78, 2024

doi:10.2528/PIER24082205

download: 796

New Bounds on Spherical Antenna Bandwidth and Directivity: Updates to the Chu-Harrington Limits

Carl Pfeiffer and Bae-Ian Wu

The Chu circuit model provides the basis for analyzing the minimum radiation quality factor, Q, of a given spherical mode. However, examples of electrically large spherical radiators readily demonstrate that this Q limit has limitations in predicting bandwidth. Spherical mode radiation is reexamined, and an equivalent 1D transmission line model is derived that exactly models the fields. This model leads to a precise cutoff frequency of the spherical waveguide, which provides a clear boundary between propagating and evanescent fields. A new delineation of `stored' and `radiated' electromagnetic energy is postulated, which leads to a new definition of spherical mode Q. Next, attention is turned to the Harrington bound on the directivity-bandwidth tradeoff of an antenna with an arbitrary size. Harrington derived the maximum directivity for a specified number of spherical harmonics such that the Q is not `large'. Here, the method of Lagrange multipliers is used to quantify the maximum directivity for a given bandwidth. It is shown that optimally exciting all spherical harmonics (including n>ka) enables both larger directivity and bandwidth than Harrington's previous limit. While Chu and Harrington's analyses are generally good approximations for most situations, the new self-consistent theory that defines fundamental antenna limits leads to updated results.

New Bounds on Spherical Antenna Bandwidth and Directivity: Updates to the Chu-Harrington Limits

2024-09-04

PIER

Vol. 180, 13-24, 2024

doi:10.2528/PIER24050403

download: 1464

Measurement of Time-Range-Angle-Dependent Beam Patterns of Frequency Diverse Arrays (Invited)

Haochi Zhang, Lepeng Zhang, Shengheng Liu, Zihuan Mao, Yahui Ma, Pei Hang He, Wen Yi Cui, Yi Fei Huang, Qi Yang and Tie-Jun Cui

Frequency diverse arrays (FDAs) have drawn great attention because they can provide a time-range-angle-dependent beam pattern that has many promising potential applications in navigation and radar systems. However, due to the limitations of measurement systems, this attractive beam pattern has not been experimentally observed. Here, a far-field measurement system for the time-range-angle beam pattern of FDA is proposed by improving the existing near-field mapping system. Without loss of generality, two types of time-range-angle-dependent beam patterns for FDA systems with different frequency sets are observed using the proposed far-field measurement system. The high efficiency and accuracy of the proposed system is verified by good agreement between the measured and simulated results. This work marks significant progress toward the practical implementation and application of FDAs.