PIER | PIER Journals

2007-01-18

PIER

Vol. 69, 323-339, 2007

doi:10.2528/PIER06122001

download: 258

Scattering Behaviour of Fractal Based Metallo-Dielectric Structures

Anupam Chandran, Madanan Gopikrishna, Chandroth K. Aanandan, Pezholil Mohanan and Kesavath Vasudevan

The scattering behaviour of fractal based metallodielectric structures loaded over metallic targets of different shapes such as flat plate, cylinder and dihedral corner reflector are investigated for both TE and TM polarizations of the incident wave. Out of the various fractal structures studied,square Sierpinski carpet structure is found to give backscattering reduction for an appreciable range of frequencies. The frequency of minimum backscattering depends on the geometry of the structure as well as on the thickness of the substrate. This structure when loaded over a dihedral corner reflector is showing an enhancement in RCS for corner angles other than 90^â—¦.

2007-01-18

PIER

Vol. 69, 305-322, 2007

doi:10.2528/PIER06123002

download: 242

Efficient Numerical Approach to Electromagnetic Scattering from Three-Dimensional Periodic Array of Dielectric Spheres Using Sequential Accumulation

Akira Matsushima, Yuji Momoka, Michitoshi Ohtsu and Yoichi Okuno

An effective numerical solution is presented for the plane wave scattering by multilayered periodic arrays of dielectric spheres. The treated structure is a fundamental model of photonic crystals having three-dimensional periodicity. The problem is analyzed by the mode matching method, where the electromagnetic fields in the air and dielectric regions are approximated by using the Floquet harmonics and vector spherical wave functions, respectively. They are matched on the junction surfaces in the least squares sense. Introduction of sequential accumulation in the process of QR decomposition reduces the computation time from O(Q³) to O(Q¹) and the memory requirement from O(Q²) to O(Q¹), with Q being a number of sphere layers. Numerical results are given for CPU time, speed of convergence, and some band gap characteristics.

EFFICIENT NUMERICAL APPROACH TO ELECTROMAGNETIC SCATTERING FROM THREE-DIMENSIONAL PERIODIC ARRAY OF DIELECTRIC SPHERES USING SEQUENTIAL ACCUMULATION

2007-01-11

PIER

Vol. 69, 287-304, 2007

doi:10.2528/PIER06123101

download: 1042

A Rigorous and Completed Statement on Helmholtz Theorem

Yong Feng Gui and Wen-Bin Dou

There are some limitations on the statement of classic Helmholtz theorem although it has abroad application. Actually, it only applies to simply connected domain with single boundary surface and does not provide any conclusion about the domain where discontinuities of field function exist. However, discontinuity is often encountered in practice, for example, the location of surface sources or interface of two kinds of medium. Meanwhile, most existing versions of Helmholtz theorem are imprecise and imperfect to some extent. This paper not only tries to present a precise statement and rigorous proof on classic Helmholtz theorem with the accuracy of mathematical language and logical strictness, but also generalizes it to the case of multiply connected domain and obtains a generalized Helmholtz theorem in the sense of Lebesgue measure and Lebesgue integral defined on three-dimensional Euclidean space. Meanwhile, our proof and reasoning are more sufficient and perfect. As an important application of the generalized Helmholtz theorem, the concepts of irrotational and solenoidal vector function are emphasized. The generalized Helmholtz theorem and the present conclusion should have important reference value in disciplines including vector analysis such as electromagnetics.

2007-01-11

PIER

Vol. 69, 267-285, 2007

doi:10.2528/PIER07010302

download: 310

Efficient Near-Field Computation for Radiation and Scattering from Conducting Surfaces of Arbitrary Shape

Khalid Fawzy Ahmed Hussein

A new algorithm for numerical evaluation of the fields in the near zone of conducting scatterers or antennas of arbitrary shape is developed in the present work. This algorithm is simple, fast, robust andis basedon a preceding calculation of the current flowing on the conducting surface using the electric filed integral equation (EFIE) technique that employs the Rao-Wilton-Glisson (RWG) basis functions. To examine the validity of the near field computational algorithm developed in the present work, it is applied to calculate the near fieldd ue to plane wave incidence on a variety of conducting scatterers. The solution obtainedfor the fields in the near zone is found to satisfy the boundary conditions on both planar and curved scatterer surfaces and the edge condition for structures possessing edges or corners. The solutions obtainedusing the new algorithm are compared with those obtainedusing some commercial packages that employ the finite-difference-time-domain (FDTD). The algorithm defined in the present work gives results which are more accurate in describing the fields near the edges than the results obtained using the FDTD.

EFFICIENT NEAR-FIELD COMPUTATION FOR RADIATION AND SCATTERING FROM CONDUCTING SURFACES OF ARBITRARY SHAPE

2007-01-10

PIER

Vol. 69, 257-266, 2007

doi:10.2528/PIER06123001

download: 283

Transient Analysis of Lossy Nonuniform Transmission Lines Using a Time-Step Integration Method

Min Tang and J. Mao

This paper presents an effective numerical method for the transient analysis of lossy transmission lines. With the discretization of the spatial variation of voltages and currents along the transmission lines while remaining the temporal derivatives unchanged, a semidiscrete model is derived from the telegrapher's equations. The timestep integration method is utilized to derive the recursive scheme of time advancing. A large time step can be used in the computation, meanwhile, its accuracy is guaranteed. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the stability and accuracy of the proposed method.

TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF LOSSY NONUNIFORM TRANSMISSION LINES USING A TIME-STEP INTEGRATION METHOD

2007-01-04

PIER

Vol. 69, 247-255, 2007

doi:10.2528/PIER06122105

download: 272

Fast Methods for Evaluating the Electric Field Level in 2D-Indoor Environments

David Martínez, Fernando Las Heras Andres and Rafael Ayestaran

When estimating the electric field level in an indoor environment, the usual complexity of the geometry and its large electric size make it necessary to deal with asymptotic assumptions, also known as high frequency techniques. But, even with these assumptions, the computational complexity, and the CPU-time cost, can be very high. Considering this drawback, this paper proposes the implementation of a "Neural Networks System" for fast calculations of the Electric field in 2D-indoor environments.

FAST METHODS FOR EVALUATING THE ELECTRIC FIELD LEVEL IN 2D-INDOOR ENVIRONMENTS

2007-01-04

PIER

Vol. 69, 237-246, 2007

doi:10.2528/PIER06120803

download: 241

Transparency of a Pair of Epsilon-Negative Slab and MU-Negative Slab

DDD Li, Mo Yao, Xiao-Jie Dang and Chang-Hong Liang

Pairing an epsilon-negative (ENG) slab with a munegative (MNG) slab can have some unusual features,suc h as zero reflection and complete tunneling without any phase delay,although each of those two slabs has predicable features. In this paper,the conditions of zero reflection are obtained through an exact analysis, not by the equivalent transmission-line (TL) models. The distributions of fields and Poynting vector outside and inside such paired slabs are analyzed,while evanescent waves also are studied. Simulation results validate the salient features of such paired slabs.

TRANSPARENCY OF A PAIR OF EPSILON-NEGATIVE SLAB AND MU-NEGATIVE SLAB

2007-01-01

PIER

Vol. 69, 227-235, 2007

doi:10.2528/PIER06122107

download: 258

Application of Generalized Multipole Technique to the Analysis of Discontinuities in Substrate Integrated Waveguides

N. Talebi and Mahmoud Shahabadi

In this work, complex propagation constant of substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) with lossy dielectric is determined with the help of the generalized multipole technique (GMT). We then apply the GMT to compute scattering parameters of some discontinuities in SIW. The obtained results are compared with the results generated by a commercial finite-element solver.

APPLICATION OF GENERALIZED MULTIPOLE TECHNIQUE TO THE ANALYSIS OF DISCONTINUITIES IN SUBSTRATE INTEGRATED WAVEGUIDES

2007-01-01

PIER

Vol. 69, 219-226, 2007

doi:10.2528/PIER06122103

download: 345

Sharp-Rejection Low-Pass Filter with Controllable Transmission Zero Using Complementary Split Ring Resonators (CSRRs)

Jian Zhang, Bin Cui, Shuiyang Lin and Xiao-Wei Sun

A novel low-pass filter using complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs) for transmission zero control and sharp-rejection is presented. Three different CSRRs resonators cells are etched at the ground plane below a low impedance microstrip line for transmission zero control. A demonstration lowpass filter is designed, fabricated and measured. It agreed with the simulated results well.

SHARP-REJECTION LOW-PASS FILTER WITH CONTROLLABLE TRANSMISSION ZERO USING COMPLEMENTARY SPLIT RING RESONATORS (CSRRS)

2006-12-26

PIER

Vol. 69, 201-217, 2007

doi:10.2528/PIER06120505

download: 327

An Unconditionally Stable Precise Integration Time Domain Method for the Numerical Solution of Maxwell's Equations in Circular Cylindrical Coordinates

Xin-Tai Zhao, Xi-Kui Ma and Yan-Zhen Zhao

The extension of an unconditionally stable precise integration time domain method for the numerical solutions of Maxwell's equations to circular cylindrical coordinate system is presented in this paper. In contrast with the conventional cylindrical finite-difference time-domain method, not only can it remove the Courant stability condition constraint, but also make the numerical dispersion independent of the time-step size. Moreover, the first-order absorbing boundary condition can be introduced into the proposed method successfully, whereas the alternating-direction-implicit finitedifference time-domain method may become instable for open region radiation problems terminated with absorbing boundary conditions. Theoretical proof of the unconditional stability is mentioned and the numerical results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in solving electromagnetic-field problem.

AN UNCONDITIONALLY STABLE PRECISE INTEGRATION TIME DOMAIN METHOD FOR THE NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS IN CIRCULAR CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES

2006-12-26

PIER

Vol. 69, 177-200, 2007

doi:10.2528/PIER06120501

download: 362

Eigenwave Characteristics of a Periodic Iris-Loaded Circular Waveguide. the Concepts

Sergey Katenev

The eigenwave dispersion (its initial periodicity-dispersion component) and the H0i-wave power flows (via the partial wave concept proven) are examined in a periodic iris-loaded circular waveguide (PICW). The eigen-values and modes are classified; arbitrariness of a Bragg wave-point location, the eigenwave interpretation, the contradirectional power flows, the asymmetric wave hybridity, and etc., are found and/or explained. All of the results are valid to the class of periodic-boundary structures (PBS).

EIGENWAVE CHARACTERISTICS OF A PERIODIC IRIS-LOADED CIRCULAR WAVEGUIDE. THE CONCEPTS

2006-12-23

PIER

Vol. 69, 161-176, 2007

doi:10.2528/PIER06121003

download: 300

The Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm for EMC Analysis of Multiple Antennas on Electrically Large Platforms

Xun-Wang Zhao, Xiao-Jie Dang, Yu Zhang and Chang-Hong Liang

The new definition of arbitrary isolation between antennas is proposed according to the microwave network theory. The multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA) with the near-field preconditioner is implemented to predict the isolation between multiple antennas on electrically large platforms over a wide frequency range. Experimental results show that the isolation defined in this paper is more practical than the traditional one. Finally the radiation pattern and the isolation results for the ultra-shortwave antennas mounted on full-scale models such as an aircraft and a ship are obtained and discussed, which can give significant instructions to the platform-mounted antennas design.

THE MULTILEVEL FAST MULTIPOLE ALGORITHM FOR EMC ANALYSIS OF MULTIPLE ANTENNAS ON ELECTRICALLY LARGE PLATFORMS

2006-12-23

PIER

Vol. 69, 145-160, 2007

doi:10.2528/PIER06120204

download: 329

Direction of Arrival Estimation Method Using a 2-L Shape Arrays Antenna

Ferid Harabi, Hatem Changuel and Ali Gharsallah

The paper presents a new algorithm for a 2-dimensionnal direction of arrival estimation. Based on the extended Kalman filter (EKF), we analyse a recursive procedure for 2-dimensional directions of arrival (DOA) estimation and we will employ the two-L-shape arrays. A new space-variable model which we call a spatial state equation is presented using array element locations and incident angles. In this paper we briefly recapitulate the most important features of the extended Kalman filter (EKF). The performance of the proposed approach is examined by a simulation study with three signals model. The simulation results show a good estimate performance.

DIRECTION OF ARRIVAL ESTIMATION METHOD USING A 2-L SHAPE ARRAYS ANTENNA

2006-12-21

PIER

Vol. 69, 127-144, 2007

doi:10.2528/PIER06120802

download: 255

Neural Models for Coplanar Strip Line Synthesis

Celal Yildiz, Kerim Guney, Mustafa Turkmen and Sabri Kaya

Simple and accurate models based on artificial neural networks (ANNs) are presented to accurately determine the physical dimensions of coplanar strip lines (CPSs). Five learning algorithms, Levenberg-Marquardt (LM), bayesian regularization (BR), quasi- Newton (QN), conjugate gradient with Fletcher (CGF), and scaled conjugate gradient (SCG), are used to train the neural models. The neural results are compared with the results of the quasi-static analysis and the synthesis formulas available in the literature. The accuracy of the neural model trained by LM algorithm is found to be better than 0.24% for 10614 CPS samples.

NEURAL MODELS FOR COPLANAR STRIP LINE SYNTHESIS

2006-12-21

PIER

Vol. 69, 117-125, 2007

doi:10.2528/PIER06120801

download: 350

Controllable Absorbing Structure of Metamaterial at Microwave

Zhanxian Xu, Weigan Lin and Lidu Kong

Akind of controllable metamaterial absorbing structure is presented in this paper, both transmission coefficient and single radar cross section (RCS) are electrically controlled. This structure is composed from split ring resonators (SRRs) and metallic wire arrays including pin diodes, pin diodes are periodically inserted at these wire arrays discontinuous, and they can be either in an on state or in an off state depending on the voltage to realize the electronic control. We use the metallic wave-guides theory, ANSOFT HFSS, high impedance surface (HIS), radiation boundary conditions, and a master-slave (M/S) relationship between each of the periodic boundary conditions (PBC's) pairs, to simulate the transmission coefficient and single radar cross section (RCS), and simulation proves that this method and technology can absorb vertical incident microwave. This is very useful for getting zero-reflected power and better aircraft stealth performance in the future.

CONTROLLABLE ABSORBING STRUCTURE OF METAMATERIAL AT MICROWAVE

2006-12-19

PIER

Vol. 69, 101-116, 2007

doi:10.2528/PIER06121001

download: 299

Sandwich-Structure Waveguides for Very High-Power Generation and Transmission Using Left-Handed Materials

Zhuo Li and JunJi Cui

The high power generation and transmission for TM modes in a parallel-plate waveguide filled with three-layered medium called sandwich structure are investigated. The transmission power could never exceed the input power of the source in a conventional parallel-plate waveguide filled with homogeneous or inhomogeneous right-handed material (RHM) or homogenous left-handed material (LHM). Based on the stratified medium theory, extremely high power can be generated and transmitted if the waveguide is composed of RHM-LHM-RHM or LHM-RHM-LHM sandwich structure with the medium parameters and layer thickness being properly chosen. Different from the TE case, the dominant mode exists in such a structure is TM₀ mode which can be always supported despite the size of the waveguide. From our numerical results, we find that the high power generation and transmission can be easily realized even in the more realistic case where the LHM is described by the Lorentz medium model.

SANDWICH-STRUCTURE WAVEGUIDES FOR VERY HIGH-POWER GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION USING LEFT-HANDED MATERIALS

2006-12-19

PIER

Vol. 69, 93-100, 2007

doi:10.2528/PIER06120702

download: 341

Compact and Harmonic Suppression Open-Loop Resonator Bandpass Filter with Tri-Section SIR

Jian Zhang, Jian-Zhong Gu, Bin Cui and Xiao-Wei Sun

A compact open-loop resonator bandpass filter with suppression of the second and the third harmonics is demonstrated in this paper. This novel filter is based on a Tri-Section SIR to achieve size minimization and suppressed spurious response. The simulations and measurements of a 0.9 GHz prototype bandpass filter are presented. The measured results agree well with simulation and calculation.

COMPACT AND HARMONIC SUPPRESSION OPEN-LOOP RESONATOR BANDPASS FILTER WITH TRI-SECTION SIR

2006-12-19

PIER

Vol. 69, 77-92, 2007

doi:10.2528/PIER06120502

download: 309

A Possible Remedy for the Oscillations Occurring in Thin-Wire MoM Analysis of Cylindrical Antennas

Panagiotis Papakanellos and George Fikioris

Approximate, non-singular kernels are often used in moment-method formulations coping with thin-wire structures. Their use has important consequences, one of which is the appearance of oscillations in the computed currents when the number of sub-domain basis functions is sufficiently large. These oscillations are not due to round-off errors. In this paper, a smoothing procedure is used in conjunction with Galerkin's formulation with piecewise sinusoidal functions, which yields non-oscillating current distributions. Special attention is paid to the solutions over a wide range of discretization levels (number of basis/testing functions), in order to examine and illustrate the similarities and differences between results obtained with and without the proposed remedy. Finally, a comparison with results derived with the exact kernel is provided.

A POSSIBLE REMEDY FOR THE OSCILLATIONS OCCURRING IN THIN-WIRE MoM ANALYSIS OF CYLINDRICAL ANTENNAS

2006-12-16

PIER

Vol. 69, 67-75, 2007

doi:10.2528/PIER06120503

download: 233

LTCC Interconnect Modeling by Support Vector Regression

Lei Xia, Rui-Min Xu and Bo Yan

In this paper, we introduce a new method: support vector regression (SVR) method to modeling low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) multilayer interconnect. SVR bases on structural risk minimization (SRM) principle, which leads to good generalization ability. A LTCC based stripline-to-stripline interconnect used as example to verify the proposed method. Experiment results show that the developed SVR model perform a good predictive ability in analyzing the electrical performance.

LTCC INTERCONNECT MODELING BY SUPPORT VECTOR REGRESSION

2006-12-16

PIER

Vol. 69, 55-66, 2007

doi:10.2528/PIER06112002

download: 252

The Multiresolution Frequency Domain Method for General Guided Wave Structures

Mesut Gokten, Atef Elsherbeni and Ercument Arvas

Am ultiresolution frequency domain (MRFD) analysis similar to the finite difference frequency domain (FDFD) method is presented. This new method is derived by the application of MoM to frequency domain Maxwell's equations while expanding the fields in terms of biorthogonal scaling functions. The dispersion characteristics of waveguiding structures are analyzed in order to demonstrate the advantages of this proposed MRFD method over the traditional FDFD scheme.

THE MULTIRESOLUTION FREQUENCY DOMAIN METHOD FOR GENERAL GUIDED WAVE STRUCTURES

2006-12-16

PIER

Vol. 69, 47-54, 2007

doi:10.2528/PIER06111204

download: 1149

Measurement of Dielectric Constant and Loss Factor of the Dielectric Material at Microwave Frequencies

Ashok Kumar, S. Sharma and Ghanshyam Singh

A new technique to evaluate the dielectric constant and loss factor of a homogeneous dielectric material using rectangular shaped perturb cavity has been developed. The values of S-parameters are measured experimentally by placing the sample in the center of the cavity resonator. Sample under test is fabricated in the form of a cylinder. The real and imaginary part of the permittivity can be then calculated from the shift in the resonance frequency and Q-factor. The results of a Teflon sample are also tabulated.

MEASUREMENT OF DIELECTRIC CONSTANT AND LOSS FACTOR OF THE DIELECTRIC MATERIAL AT MICROWAVE FREQUENCIES

2006-11-19

PIER

Vol. 69, 35-46, 2007

doi:10.2528/PIER06111301

download: 291

Optimum Normalized-Gaussian Tapering Window for Side Lobe Reduction in Uniform Concentric Circular Arrays

Moawad Ibrahim Dessouky, Hamdy Sharshar and Yasser Albagory

In this paper, a new tapered beamforming function for side lobe reduction in the uniform concentric circular arrays (UCCA)is proposed. This technique is based on tapering the current amplitudes of the rings in the array, where all elements in an individual ring are weighted in amplitude by the same value and the weight values of different rings are determined by a function that has a normalizedgaussian probability density function variation. This novel tapering window is optimized in its parameters to have the lowest possible side lobe level that may reach 43 dB below the main lobe and these optimum weights are found to be function of the number of elements of the innermost ring and the number of rings in the array. The proposed tapering window can be modified to compensate the gain reduction due to tapering when compared with the uniform feeding case.

OPTIMUM NORMALIZED-GAUSSIAN TAPERING WINDOW FOR SIDE LOBE REDUCTION IN UNIFORM CONCENTRIC CIRCULAR ARRAYS

2006-11-19

PIER

Vol. 69, 21-34, 2007

doi:10.2528/PIER06100501

download: 280

Equivalent Circuit Model for Analysis of Inhomogeneous Gratings

Mohammad Khalaj-Amirhosseini

A general circuit model is proposed for frequency domain analysis of inhomogeneous two-dimensional periodic gratings. Each component of electromagnetic fields is expressed by several spatial harmonic plane waves. Then, two differential equations and two boundary conditions are obtained for the electric and magnetic vectors. Finally a circuit model is introduced for the obtained equations. The circuit model consists of loaded and excited nonuniform coupled transmission lines (CTL).

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT MODEL FOR ANALYSIS OF INHOMOGENEOUS GRATINGS

2006-11-19

PIER

Vol. 69, 1-20, 2007

doi:10.2528/PIER06110803

download: 445

Generalized Equivalent Circuit Model for Transverse Waveguide Slots and Applications

Islam Eshrah, Ahmed Kishk, Alexander Yakovlev and Allen Wilburn Glisson

A generalized equivalent circuit model for waveguide transverse slots is proposed for the efficient analysis of waveguide transitions and waveguide slot antennas and slot-excited antennas. The transverse slots on the broad and end waveguide walls analyzed in this paper are decomposed into three structures: two apertures and an auxiliary waveguide section. The slot aperture in the host waveguide is modeled as an inductance-capacitance-transformer (LCT) combination, for which the equivalent inductance and capacitance are determined by first considering the case of zero-thickness slot, then the transformer turns ratio is calculated for the slot on a finite thickness wall. The effect of the wall thickness is accounted for by a waveguide section having cross-sectional dimensions equal to those of the slot, and length equal to the wall thickness. The loaded slot aperture is modeled along with the external load as a lumped load impedance. Expressions for the inductance, capacitance and transformer turns ratio are obtained in terms of the slot length and width. The obtained expressions facilitate the design of a variety of structures, including waveguide couplers, feeding networks and radiators. The equivalent circuit model proved to be accurate compared to the method of moments solution over a wide frequency band. Comparison of the scattering parameters obtained from the circuit analysis, the method of moments, and the finite-difference time-domain solutions exhibit very good agreement.