A miniaturized rectangular monopole antenna (RMA) integrated with a T-shaped stub, inverted long and short L-shaped stub resonators based on application of the theory of characteristic modes (CMs) is investigated for multiband operation. CMs of embedded multistubs resonators on the RMA are examined and perceived that the entire structure is able to excite magnetic and electric CMs, in which three valuable CMs at 2.69/3.68/5.35 GHz are attained to cover WiMAX and WLAN bands. Based on CM analysis, the design formulation of multistubs resonators loaded antenna is presented. The proposed multiband antenna has been fabricated, tested, and experimentally characterized. The measured fractional bandwidths (FBWs) are 7.03% (180 MHz, 2.47-2.65 GHz), 10.43% (360 MHz, 3.27-3.63 GHz), and 11.42% (630 MHz, 5.20-5.83 GHz). The antenna exhibits isolated multiple frequency bands, stable monopole-like radiation patterns, and flat realized gains over the operating resonance bands while maintaining the small antenna size.

Based on Huygens-Fresnel principle, a general expression for the average image intensity of a heterodyne and a direct-detection imaging system in turbulent media is derived under the assumption of a Gaussian rough-surface model. From the formulation, we find that the object size, turbulence strength, wavelength, and object roughness affect image intensity dramatically in the image plane.

Electromagnetic (EM) vortex wave carries orbital angular momentum (OAM), which has been proposed for improve anti-interference performance, spectral efficiency, and message capacity in radio communications. Multiple sub-channels of propagation are achieved by different twisting degrees of EM wave. In order to develop the theory and technique of the OAM, works must be done to study the generation of vortex wave. There exist several devices to generate vortex wave, such as phase plate, holographic diffraction gratings, spiral reflectors, and antenna arrays. In this paper, based on typical parabolic antenna, a new approach to generate vortex wave carrying OAM in radio frequency through coating specific controllable complex dielectric constant material on parabolic antenna is introduced. From the results of the proposed antenna, we conclude that parabolic antenna with materials arranged by a specific rule on the reflector has capacity of generating an EM wave with clockwise and anti-clockwise phase distributions around beam-axis. The new method generating OAM is simple and suitable to be well applied in wireless electronic technology.

A compact, triple-band (WiMAX, WLAN and X-Band uplink satellite communication) monopole antenna is reported in this paper. The geometry of the proposed antenna consists of a pentagon-shaped patch along with symmetrical hook-shaped resonators and one vertical slot. The reported antenna works at three unique frequencies centered at 3.5 GHz, 5.4 GHz, and 8 GHz, covering absolute bandwidth of 900 MHz (3.2-4.1 GHz), 800 MHz (5.1-5.9 GHz), and 1.6 GHz (7.3-8.9 GHz), respectively. This antenna possesses good gain and high efficiency at all operating bands. The presented antenna has simulated gain (efficiency) of 4 dBi (78%), 4.2 dBi (79.95%), and 4.2 dBi (85.8%) at 3.5, 5.4, and 8 GHz, respectively. The operating bands of the presented antenna can be tuned independently by varying certain correlated parameters. All the simulations are carried out using High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS 13.0). The hardware of the simulated antenna is successfully constructed and tested for validation of simulation results. A reasonable match between the simulated and measured results is observed at the operating bands.

In this paper, a new method of improving cross-polarization (XP) performance on a wideband microstrip antenna is proposed, by adopting a defected ground structure (DGS). This F-slot shaped defected ground structure (F-DGS) exhibits considerable improvement in terms of XP properties, broad boresight angular suppression, and impedance bandwidth (S₁₁ < -10 dB). Lower than -26 dB XP level is achieved over 206˚ angular range, while the impedance bandwidth is broadened to 15.5%. Both wideband rectangular patches with and without F-DGS have been fabricated and experimented.

This paper presents a compact Wilkinson power divider (WPD) operating at 0.7 GHz (LTE band) with higher order harmonics suppression based on step impedance shunt stubs (SISSs) and defected ground structure (DGS). The quarter wavelength lines of conventional WPD are replaced by a host line loaded with a DGS and a pair of SISSs. The DGS and SISS of the proposed line serve as a high series inductance and shunt capacitance, respectively. Therefore, a compact quarter wavelength line is designed compared to conventional one. A prototype of the proposed power divider is designed based on the proposed line, which provides a size reduction of 71% as compared to conventional WPD (CWPD) at 0.7 GHz. In addition, upper edge selectivity is found to be 40 dB/GHz along with higher order harmonics suppression up to the 10th order (7GHz) by a level better than 20 dB. The proposed power divider is experimentally verified with the simulated one and found to be same.

In this study, we propose a transceiver architecture for wireless chip-to-chip communication using on/off keying (OOK) modulation. The proposed transceiver is composed of an oscillator, coils, an envelope detector, and a Schmitt trigger. Given that the oscillator itself acts as an OOK modulator, the transmitter is simplified. Additionally, because the oscillating signal is coupled between the transmitter and receiver coils, the reliability of the chip-to-chip communication is improved compared to a pulse-type transceiver. To verify the feasibility of the proposed transceiver, we design a transceiver using a 180 nm CMOS process. For a design with a 1.5 GHz oscillation frequency and 1 MHz digital input signal, we verify that the proposed transceiver successfully recovers the original digital signal.

In this paper, the Runge-Kutta exponential time differencing (RK-ETD) scheme is used for incorporating Graphene dispersion in the finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulations. The Graphene dispersion is described in the gigahertz and terahertz frequency regimes by Drude model, and the stability of the implementation is studied by means of the von Neumann method combined with the Routh-Hurwitz criterion. It is shown that the presented implementation retains the standard non- dispersive FDTD time step stability constraint. In addition, the RK-ETD scheme is used for the FDTD implementation of the complex-frequency shifted perfectly matched layer (CFS-PML) to truncated open region simulation domains. A numerical example is included to validate both the stability and accuracy of the given implementation.

For inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging of multiple targets, range profiles of different targets are sometimes coupled together, resulting in the ineffectiveness of traditional imaging method, while the couplings in range domain may behave differently in time-frequency domain, and the Doppler histories of different targets are potentially separable. Then the time-frequency analysis method can be utilized for signal separation of multiple targets. Notice that the nonuniform motions of targets may make the time-frequency curves changeful, and accordingly, some preprocessing are needed. In this paper, a novel ISAR imaging method based on modified keystone transform (MKT), short-time Fourier transform (STFT), and Hough transform (HT) is proposed. The radar echoes of multiple targets are approximated to a second-order polynomial. The MKT is firstly utilized to correct the range curvatures. Secondly, the signal in each range cell is transformed into time-frequency domain through the STFT. Meanwhile, HT theory and mask matrix are adopted in time-frequency curves' separation of different targets. Thirdly, after inverse STFT, the separated time-frequency curves are respectively back to the range domain, and the range profiles of different targets are successfully separated. Eventually, with further motion compensation and precise imaging, focused ISAR images of different targets are achieved. Simulation results demonstrate the validity of the proposed method.

Several computational imaging systems have recently been proposed at microwave and millimeter-wave frequencies enabling a fast and low cost reconstruction of the scattering strength of a scene. The quality of the reconstructed images is directly linked to the degrees of freedom of the system which are the number of uncorrelated radiated patterns that sequentially sample the scene. Frequency diverse antennas such as leaky chaotic cavities and metamaterial apertures take advantage of the spectral decorrelation of transmitted speckle patterns that stems from the reverberation within a medium. We present a reconfigurable chaotic cavity for which the boundary conditions can be tuned by exciting plasma elements, here commercial fluorescent lamps. The interaction of electromagnetic waves with a cold plasma is strongly modified as it is ionized. Instead of being transparent to incident waves, it behaves theoretically as a metallic material. The independent states of the cavity obtained using a differential approach further enhance the degrees of freedom. This relaxes the need of a cavity with a large bandwidth and/or high quality factor. Experimental results validate the use of fluorescent lamps, and its limitations are discussed. Images of various metallic objects are provided to illustrate the potentialities of this promising solution.

In this paper, a co-planar waveguide fed circular slot antenna with an operational impedance bandwidth of 20-28 GHz is proposed. In order to reduce the effective occupied volume when the antenna is integrated onto a typical mmWave 5G smartphone, a conformal topology is investigated. Since the radiating aperture is not backed by an electrically large ground plane, it leads to a bidirectional beam resulting in an inherently low forward gain of 4 dBi with a front to back ratio of 1 dB. Hence, a compact exponentially tapered copper film reflector is integrated electrically close (0.046λ at 28 GHz) to the radiating aperture to achieve a forward gain of 8-9 dBi with an effective radiating volume of 0.24λ₀³. The impedance bandwidth is from 25 to 30 GHz (18.2%) with a 1-dB gain bandwidth of 34.7% indicating high pattern integrity across the band. Since the proposed antenna element offers wideband with high gain, it is a potential candidate for mmWave 5G smartphones.

This paper presents a method to distinguish multiple passive nonlinear targets, which can be applied to detection and selective wave focusing based on the decomposition of the time-reversal operator (DORT). A recent demonstration of DORT applied to harmonic scattering has shown that passive nonlinear targets (scatterers) can be detected in the presence of linear scatterers and separated into discrete eigenvalues. While DORT is effective in detecting multiple nonlinear targets, it could be difficult to discriminate these nonlinear scatters as their harmonic responses would look similar to each other. Our proposed approach to overcoming this difficulty is based on simply embedding a unique resonant notch in the second harmonic band for each nonlinear scatter, so as to make the notch appear in the associated eigenvalue, permitting identification and discrimination of the scatterer. We numerically demonstrate the basic feasibility of the proposed idea by considering various configurations in a two-dimensional model. The results show that a uniquely embedded resonant notch in a nonlinear target consistently appears in the corresponding eigenvalue of the time reversal operator, allowing it to be a reliable identifying feature. Further investigation into this technique holds promise towards smart wireless power transfer, biomedical, and IoT applications.

This paper presents a wideband gate mixer using 0.15 μm GaAs enhancement-mode pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor (E-mode PHEMT) process. The proposed mixer is based on a single-ended gate mixer topology. Proper input matching networks are used to ensure good conversion gain as well as a wide frequency band. A λ/4 open stub at local oscillator (LO) frequency and a low-pass filter at the drain terminal do great help to enhance LO-IF and RF-IF isolation performance. A Lange coupler is used to maintain LO-RF isolation in a wide frequency band. The measured results show that the mixer operates in wide RF frequency of 17-26 GHz and IF frequency of 0.8-1.7 GHz with a conversion gain of 5-8 dB. The 1 dB compression point (P_{1 dB}) is -1~1 dBm, and the needed LO power is only 1 dBm. The LO-IF, RF-IF, and LO-RF isolations are about 45, 45, and 20 dB, respectively. This represents excellent performance for GaAs PHEMT mixer in terms of frequency bandwidth, conversion gain, isolation, and P_{1 dB} performance.

We present a highly accurate frequency-domain finite-difference algorithm for computing mode field solutions of microwave waveguides with regular and reentrant corners. Based on FBS (Fourier-Bessel series)-derived 3-by-3 compact coefficients, our method allows for a flexible layout of the 2-D uniform grids so that distance from the waveguide boundaries to the adjacent unknowns can be arbitrary. Fourth to sixth-order convergent rates of the proposed coefficients are verified by resonance-frequency error analysis for rectangular microwave waveguides for both TE/TM polarizations. We also study the first four Neumann/Dirichlet eigenvalues of the L-shaped MW-WGs calculated by the flexible scheme, and the Neumann results are reported for the first time. Although our results achieve sixth-order accuracy for analytic modes, the order of accuracy is about one and a third for both fundamental TE and TM modes due to singularity around the reentrant corner.

In this paper, we propose a convenient fixed-frequency beam steering method, using a single patch antenna controlled by only one electronically tunable component. The antenna is based on coupled-mode patch antenna (CMPA) [1] that is capable to scan the beam as the function of frequency. A ground-etched slot loaded with one varactor diode is tuned to be capacitive, resonant, or inductive. In order to test broader tuning range, two kinds of varactors with the ranges of 9.24 pF-1.77 pF and 2.67 pF-0.63 pF are implemented respectively. By analyzing how the loaded slot affects the cavity modes and fields, we demonstrate how the voltage bias tunes the frequency responses and steers beam of the antenna. Perturbed by the loaded slot, the frequency response of the antenna shifts from center frequency of 2.35 GHz with the bandwidth of 4.26% down to the band centered at 2.3 GHz with the bandwidth of 4.35%. The maximum scanning range is realized at around 2.29 GHz where the measured main beam continuously scans from -34° to +32° when the varactor with lower tuning range is used and biased. Meanwhile, the main beam of 2.35 GHz scans from +32° to +54° when the higher-range varactor is biased. The proposed single-element antenna is able to maintain high gain and efficiency that are comparable to a regular patch antenna with same size and substrate.

This paper studies the effect of incident wave angular power spectrum (APS) distribution and user hand effect on the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) of two port MIMO antenna operating in frequency band of LTE-U sub 6 GHz. APS of uniform and Gaussian distributions are used with different Gaussian angular spread (AS) values i.e. 10˚, 30˚, 50˚ and 70˚. A prototype was fabricated, and three-dimensional radiation patterns of antenna elements were measured in anechoic chamber from 4 to 6 GHz in both cases of free space and when the user hand phantom grips the prototype in data mode. An algorithm to calculate ECC from the complex data of far field radiation pattern with different APS distributions is explained in details. Results show that user hand presence increases ECC between ports compare with free space, whose increase is more obvious under Gaussian APS. ECC values under uniform APS is practically zero over the entire frequency range expect at frequency values close to 6 GHz where the highest ECC values are 0.13 and 0.16 in free space and with user hand respectively. However, Gaussian APS with different AS's shows a significant impact of the ECC. With narrow AS of 10˚, ECC at some incident directions can be as high as 0.84 and 0.92 in free space and with user hand respectively and the mean ECC values under this AS are 0.25 and 0.37 respectively. ECC values keep decreasing as AS gets wider, at AS = 70˚, maximum ECC values are 0.23 and 0.34 in free space and with user hand respectively with mean values close to uniform APS. Statistical distribution of ECC show good agreement with exponential distribution, more agreement between measured ECC and exponential distribution is observed in free space with wider AS.

The so-called ``fast imaging and scattering centers approach'' originally proposed by Bhalla & Ling has revolutionized the generation of inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) images and scattering center models using computational electromagnetics. Until now this approach has been used exclusively with ray-based methods. The main contribution of this paper is an extension of the Bhalla & Ling formulation for the generation of ISAR images and scattering center models with full-wave methods. Moreover, we discuss an approach to reduce the sampling requirements of the original Bhalla & Ling formulation, rendering the formulation applicable to 3-D imaging of real targets.

This article introduces a new class of electromagnetic materials: unimodular media. Unimodular media are magnetoelectric bi-isotropic media for which the determinant of the normalized four-parameter constitutive material matrix is unity. As special cases of such media are perfect electric conductor, perfect magnetic conductor, perfect electromagnetic conductor, simple skewon media, and simple isotropic media with unit refractive index. The essential parameters in the description of unimodular media (strength of impedance, degree of magnetoelectricity, angle of reciprocity) allow for illuminating visualizations of this class of materials.

The research on implantable ultrasonic coupling wireless power transmission systems has not been systematically analyzed from the sound field theory, and the influencing factors of implanted ultrasonic coupling wireless power transmission systems based on the far-field model are proposed in this paper. Firstly, the far-field model is constructed. On this basis, the main factors affecting the ultrasonic energy transmission in the system are discussed. The COMSOL finite element simulation software was used to simulate the ultrasonic coupling wireless energy transmission system in human tissue environment, and the directivity of the energy transmission system was verified. The system experiment platform is built to analyze the energy transmission under different distances, different sound source frequencies and different sound source excitations, and compare with the numerical simulation data. Finally, the influence of different factors on the energy transmission system is verified. It provides an effective reference for further research on implantable ultrasonic coupling wireless power transmission systems.

Differential signaling is used in digital circuitry and high speed communication links due to its lower level of radiation and lower susceptibility to interference. Signal skew, amplitude differences and unequal parasitic electric or magnetic coupling to nearby structures can lead to common-mode signals being present on differential communication links which can result in unwanted electromagnetic interference and crosstalk. Common-mode filtering is often employed to suppress common-mode signal propagation in order to mitigate against these negative effects. In this paper broadside coupled differential coplanar waveguides are used which provide effective differential transmission from dc through 40 GHz. Simulation and measurement show that dipole-like common-mode filtering elements placed between the broadside coupled traces offer common-mode suppression of more than 10 dB over bandwidths greater than 5 GHz. A design equation is developed which can be used to estimate filtering frequencies from filter dimensions through 30 GHz. Filters can be cascaded to broaden filtering around a single frequency to filter at multiple frequencies. Simulation based registration studies were conducted which show stable filtering performance in the presence of layer-to-layer misregistration up to 0.254 mm.