This paper presents a new property of maximally-at filter prototype coefficients. The property can be used to relate the summation of all the coefficients to an elegant expression which only includes the first coefficient. This property is then used to calculate the increase in insertion loss of this type of filters in the presence of dissipative losses due to elements/resonators finite quality factors. This presented equation for the excess loss is very convenient and does not require referring to the prototype element value table. The property is also used to show that the group delay of a maximally-at lowpass filter at ω = 0 rad/sec is only a function of the first element value of the prototype filter. Finally, a commercial circuit simulation tool is used to generate examples to verify the accuracy of the presented analytical equations. Additionally, the results are compared to expressions found in classical literature.

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) system has inherent constraints between high azimuth resolution and wide swath width. Achieving more phase center samples is one of the key solutions to resolve this limitation. By multiple N transmitting and N receiving channel concept, an increased resolution or a widened swath width could be obtained. In this paper, comprehensive analysis for shifting multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) SAR system is presented. System resolution enhancement has been demonstrated based on the distributed target simulation by a factor of N compared to conventional displaced phase center antenna (DPCA) system.

In this article, we study the far-field trapping behavior of dielectric nanospheres with diameter of 200 nm by utilizing a plasmon enhanced far-field nanofocusing lens. Based on our high effectnanofocusing circular plasmonic lens, such a far-field plasmonictrap is constituted by illuminating with a laser to form a sharper focus (subwavelength) due to a constructive interference of cylindrical surface plasmon wave. The nanoparticles can be steadily trapped in the far-field focal region (4.4λ) with an optical force to nanonewton (-4.76 nN) order, and the required optical power is less than 0.5 W. Compared with other surface plasmon tweezers, the proposed far-filed plasmonic tweezers can not only avoid physical contact with the trapped particles to prevent contamination and reduce thermal damage effects due to metal absorption, but also enable the easy trapping and manipulation of nanosizedielectric particles owing to nanonewton scale forces.

This work proposes a modified Volterra-based series suitable for the low-pass equivalent behavioral modeling of radio frequency power amplifiers (RFPAs) for wireless communication systems. In a Volterra-based series, the instantaneous sample of the complex-valued output envelope is calculated by the sum of products that depend on the instantaneous and past (up to the memory length M) samples of the complex-valued input envelope. To comply with the constraints imposed by the bandpass behavior of RFPAs, the derivation of the proposed model starts from a general Volterra-based series given by the sum of contributions that include exactly one complex-valued information multiplied by a varying number (ranging from zero up to one less than the polynomial order truncation P) of real-valued amplitude components. A first reduction in the number of parameters is then performed by retaining only the one and two dimensional contributions. A second reduction in the number of parameters is finally achieved by introducing a third truncation factor S. In fact, if this additional truncation factor S is set equal to P-1, the proposed model contains all the two dimensional contributions. Moreover, when S is set equal to 0, the proposed model reduces to the largely adopted generalized memory polynomial (GMP) model. The proposed Volterra-based series retains the important property of being linear in its parameters and, in comparison with previous Volterra-based approaches, can provide a better compromise between number of parameters and modeling error. The proposed model is then compared with the GMP model in a scenario of same number of parameters. When applied to the modeling of input-output data obtained from a circuit-level description of a GaN HEMT Doherty PA excited by a LTE OFDMA signal, the proposed model reduces the normalized mean square error (NMSE) by up to 3.4 dB. Additionally, when applied to the modeling of input-output data measured on a GaN HEMT class AB PA excited by a WCDMA signal, the proposed model reduces the NMSE by up to 1.3 dB.

Guided and leaky modes for a circular dielectric rod are analyzed in detail in this paper. By considering the field distributions, these modes are well defined and classified. The relations for the mode solutions using different types of special functions and Riemann sheets are figured out. Further, completed forms of characteristic equations used to solve different modes are presented explicitly. Asymptotic expansion method and Lambert W function are employed to derive the initial guesses around cutoff frequency, low frequency limit and high frequency limit for both TM and TE cases. The behaviors of complex transverse attenuation constants for proper and two types of improper modes with different cases are presented with some modes not shown in literatures.

In classical electromagnetics textbooks, the microwave circuits such as circulators, couplers, and filters are solved by non-systematic approaches such as even-odd mode analysis. Hence an electrical engineering student coming from the conventional circuit theory background encounters difficulties in understanding and solving microwave circuits. In this paper, we propose a modified node voltage analysis method in which the circuit branches are represented by their forward transmission matrices so that the electromagnetic wave propagation is taken care of. The Kirchhoff's current rule, tailored for high frequencies, is applied to formulate the simultaneous node voltage equations which are subsequently solved by matrix inversion. The proposed forward transmission matrix (FTM) method is applied to evaluate the S-parameters of some well-known microwave devices including the recently-developed metamaterialbased circuits. The FTM node analysis is a natural extension of the classical node analysis which is taught in the early stages of an Electrical Engineering program. Hence we anticipate that the proposed method will ease up the conceptual transition of electrical engineering students and academicians from the low-frequency alternating current circuits to high frequency RF and microwave circuits.

In this letter, a four-layer transmitarray operating at 9.5 GHz is designed using a double-petal loop element as the unit cell. A configuration of the double-petal loop elements is used to increase transmission phase variation while maintaining a wide transmission magnitude bandwidth of the unit cell, and a full transmission phase range of 360° is achieved for a transmission magnitude equals to or better than -2.4 dB. Furthermore, the oblique performance of the unit cell is also good. Then, a prime-focus 676-element microstrip transmitarray with the proposed element is fabricated and measured. The highest measured gain is about 22.15 dBi at 9.8 GHz, resulting in a 31% aperture efficiency. The antenna bandwidth of 10.2% (from 9.3 to 10.3 GHz) for 1 dB-gain is achieved in this design.

The radial suspension force with a new structure of a bearingless induction motor based on single winding is researched. Compared to the conventional double-winding structure of bearingless induction motor, torque and suspension forces are produced with a single-winding system. Bearingless induction motor is a nonlinear, multi-variable and strong coupling system. It is difficult to obtain an accurate mathematical model on the radial suspension force. So the research method about radial suspension force of a single-winding bearingless induction motor is proposed, based on two fundamentals. Firstly, a new structure and operation principle of a single-winding bearingless induction motor is introduced. Then the air-gap flux density distribution of the single-winding bearingless induction motor is analyzed in detail. The accurate mathematical model of radial suspension force is deduced by using two-fundamental wave method and Maxwell's stress tensor method. Secondly, according to the transient analysis of the single-winding bearingless induction motor which its speed is 6000 r/min, by finite element method (FEM), the component of radial suspension force in x-axis and y-axis is obtained by FEM simulation analysis. The calculation results used by FEM and the theoretical calculation results of mathematical model used by two fundamental wave method have been compared. Thirdly, an experimental prototype is produced, and suspension experiment of prototype is carried out. Then measured result of radial suspension force is analyzed. The analysis results show that the prototype has excellent suspension characteristics, and the mathematical model of radial suspension force based on two-fundamental wave method has low error and high precision.

This paper presents the design and development of Koch fractal dipole antenna for wearable applications at 450 MHz. Common jeans cotton is used as a flexible substrate material having a dielectric constant of 1.6 for the design and fabrication of the proposed antenna. Increasing the number of iterations increases the number of sections, which eventually results in 32% reduction in size. Size miniaturization is obtained using second iteration Koch geometry with the antenna bandwidth of 10%, and the return loss of -25 dB is achieved under the flat condition. The investigations are to characterize the antenna not only in flat condition, but also under different bendings and crumpling conditions. The proposed Koch fractal antenna is close to the proximity of the body, and the absorption of electromagnetic power on human body is also examined. It is found that the Specific Absorption rate (SAR) is much below a safety level of 0.119 W/kg and hence suitable for wearable applications.

In this paper, a new coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed ultra-wideband (UWB) planar monopole antenna with dual band-reject characteristics is proposed. Two resonators of different lengths are employed at the bottom layer to create two notches at the frequency of interest. The proposed fabricated antenna works from 2.8 to 11.34 GHz with two notched bands which cover the WLAN (5.725-5.825 GHz) and ITU (8.025-8.4 GHz) bands. The proposed antenna is fabricated and measured for verification purposes. Good agreement between the measurement and simulation is found.

To visualize eddy current distribution (ECD) of an arbitrarily shaped coil arranged parallel to a moving conductor slab, an exact theoretical solution is derived using an analytical method based on the double Fourier transform method. The arbitrarily shaped coil is regarded as a plane coil of a single turn, and both DC and AC excitation currents can be applied. Furthermore, ECD charts are obtained when the conductor slab is moving. We calculate some examples with respect to a circular coil, rectangular coil, and triangular coil and show the effect of coil excitation frequency and speed of the conductor on ECDs. Results show that the eddy current generated in the moving conductor slab is composed of current induced by the excitation frequency and conductor speed.

An ultra-compact chiral metamaterial (CMM) using triple-layer twisted split-ring resonators (TSRRs) structure was proposed, which can function as a multi-band circular polarizer. This ultra-compact structure can convert an incident linearly y-polarized (x-polarized) wave propagating along the -z (+z) direction to the transmitted left circularly polarized (LCP) waves at 7.28 GHz, 13.22 GHz and 15.49 GHz while the right circularly polarized (RCP) waves are at 9.48 GHz. In addition, the large polarization extinction ratio (PER) of more than 20 dB across four resonance frequencies can be achieved. The experiment results are in good agreement with the numerical simulation results. The surface current distributions of the structure are analyzed to illustrate this linear to circular polarization conversion. The unit cell structure is extremely small both in longitudinal and transverse directions. Good performances and compact design of this CMM suggest promising applications in circular polarizers that need to be integrated with other compact devices.

A new direction-of-arrival (DOA) and power estimation method of unknown number of source signals is proposed. The direction and power of coherent and/or non-coherent signals are estimated by controlling the roots of the array polynomial on the unit circle. The genetic algorithm is used to find the phases of the array polynomial roots that minimize the array output power. The pseudo-spectrum is obtained by phase rotation of the estimated roots, and the real power spectrum is derived from the pseudo-spectrum and the array factor. The results indicate that the direction of arrivals, power of the signals, and number of source signals are estimated from the real power spectrum.

A wideband dual-polarized dipole antenna is presented using the differential feed technique. The proposed antenna consists of two horizontal bow-tie dipoles and four vertically oriented meandering strips. Two pairs of differential-fed L-shaped microstrip feed lines are used to excite the antenna. Due to the differential-fed technique, the cross polarization level can be reduced to -35 dB. With the introduction of the meandering strips connecting the radiating patch to the ground plane, the height of the antenna is about 0.102λ₀. A parametric study is performed to provide information for designing and optimizing such an antenna. The proposed dipole antenna has been fabricated and measured. The impedance bandwidth of 48.3% (S₁₁ < -10 dB) from 2.57 GHz to 4.21 GHz is achieved. The measured isolation between the feeding ports is better than 30 dB over the operating band. Moreover, the antenna has a compact structure and good unidirectional radiation pattern, making it conveniently integrated with microwave differential circuits and applied in the base station systems.

To reduce the radar cross section (RCS) of a target, plasma coating on perfectly electric conducting plate is studied in this paper. Nonuniform helium plasma produced by a minitype solid rocket engine is with collisional and unmagnetized. Energy excited for generating helium plasma is investigated. Based on the collisional, unmagnetized, and cold plasma model, backscattering RCS is computed by using finite-difference time-domain method. Principle of RCS reduction is explained. To find minimum input energy while RCS reduced, relationship between input power and RCS reduction is discussed, and numerical optimization is also implemented. We can identify optimal parameters and choose the best electron density profile under condition of given input power level.

To improve absorbing properties of phase-modulated surface (PMS), the multi-active-layer PMS composed of multiple active frequency-selective surface (AFSS) layers and one background plane is theoretically studied using time-modulation theory in this paper. The optimization of PMS's switching scheme using differential evolution (DE) algorithm is also proposed for minimizing scattering echo energy at the incident frequency. We provide analytical formulation for the scattering problem and obtain the angular scattering pattern of PMS after optimization. Simulation results indicate that the optimized switching scheme is beneficial for reducing the spatial coverage of scattering echo at incident frequency. This coverage can be further confined by the increasing number of active layers in PMS. Furthermore, it is shown that floor effect appears when the number of active layers reaches a certain value, which limits the PMS structure conversely.

Two new 5-port power divider designs capable of controlling the power division ratios between the output ports are proposed. In the rst design, the input power is switchable between two pairs of the output ports. This is implemented by terminating the dividers' two open-ended stubs with varactor diodes. In the second design, the power division is controlled by a single varactor diode that terminates one of the dividers two open-ended stubs. With judicious choice of dc bias voltage, it is possible to realize equal as well as unequal power division ratios between the four output ports. High power division ratios was achieved without the necessity of involving transmission lines with high impedances. It is demonstrated that this design is capable of generating amplitude modulated signals. Simulation and measurement results are presented for the designs to show their power division and matching performance.

A novel wide-flare-angle corrugated horn covering the full Ku/Ka satellite communication frequency bands is designed and optimized. In order to satisfy the rigorous bandwidth requirements, a spline-profiled smooth section and a corrugated section with ring-loaded slots are introduced into the wide-flare-angle horn design. Instead of the ``trial-and-error'' method, the Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm is employed to obtain the optimum dimensions of the proposed horn. A prototype of the optimized horn is constructed and measured. Both simulated and measured results show that the proposed horn has good radiation and impedance performance. The performance of the horn is also demonstrated as a feed in a typical dual-reflector antenna. Simulation results show that the overall antenna system meets the usual performance requirements.

A large aperture quasi-optical dielectric lens antenna for passive imaging at W-band frequency is proposed. The lens is designed to obtain best resolution at a designate distance of 3.5 m from it. The lens has biconvex aspheric surface to achieve low aberration. The initial parameters of the optical path are obtained with Gaussian beam method, and then the optical simulator ZEMAX is applied to optimize the shape of the lens which improves design efficiency greatly. A hybrid numerical method is used to analyze near field distribution of the lens, and the final design of the lens is evaluated and determined by the results. The method is the combining of ANSOFT HFSS software, ray tracing method and integration algorithm based on Huygens' Principle. It is feasible and efficient for the analysis of various lens antennas, such as large aperture lens antennas which are difficult to be simulated by commercial electromagnetic simulation software. The lens is fabricated with HDPE. Experimental results show that its 3 dB beam size is 29 mm at distance of 3.5 m, which is in good agreement with theoretical calculation. The measured patterns on the image plane show that the lens has 0.3 dB decrease of field intensity in field view of 690 mm. Imaging result shows that the lens is a good candidate for focal plane imaging.

In this paper, a switch array antenna (SAA) with performance improvement for 77 GHz automotive FMCW radar to detect moving targets and near-field region (NFR) targets is proposed. The SAA generally mitigates hardware complexity, weight and cost, while it has technical difficulties to overcome depending on radar requirements. Firstly, a time-divided transmit by switch array to detect the moving targets causes a phase distortion of echo signals and generates considerably high and periodic side lobes of the SAA beam. In order to suppress side lobes more than 10 dB, a sub-array, a part of the SAA with non-distorted phases, is used to synthesize a compensation beam. Secondly, the SAA to detect the NFR targets, one of the radar requirements, deteriorates a beam performance by a spherical wave. To overcome a partial compensation method is proposed considering beam coverage of the radar operation at each target range. Some of the NFR targets to verify minimum range detection are simulated and the SAA beam gets back main lobe and has side lobes 15~25 dB suppressed with compensation. With the SAA designed, a detection performance of the radar is simulated. Two targets and radar system parameter are used, and signal processing tasks are included in simulation. Also outdoor test is carried out to verify that the proposed compensation methods enhance the detection performance of the radar with real targets. It is confirmed that the moving targets and NFR targets are well detected because multiple false targets are eliminated with the proposed compensation methods.