In this paper, we report experimental results on detecting and analyzing the Brillouin precursor through vegetation at frequencies from 100MHz to 3GHz. An experimental method to collect data is reported. The outcomes in terms of energy and time-spreading are presented using modulated rectangular and Gaussian pulses, as well as a sequence of rectangular pulses. Using field-collected data, this study shows the estimated dynamical evolution of the Brillouin precursor fields for wideband wireless systems, such as those represented by IEEE 802.16. The advantages of Brillouin precursors in terms of power spectrum density and bit energy are discussed. Complex relative permittivity is extracted from the experimental data and is used in theoretical formulation to analyze dispersive propagation for any kind of input waveform. Finally, a near-optimal pulse is proposed to achieve maximum propagation distance and/or signal-to-noise ratio for the transmission of bit stream sequences through vegetation.

Novel formulas are presented that allow the rapid estimation of the number of terms L that needs to be taken into account in the translation operator of the vectorial Nondirective Stable Plane Wave Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm (NSPWMLFMA). This is especially important for low frequencies, since the L needed for error-controllability can be substantially higher than the L required in the scalar case. Although these formulas were originally derived for use in the NSPWMLFMA, they are equally useful in at least three other fast matrix multiplication methods.

A circular waveguide loaded with dielectric and metal discs was chosen to evaluate its dispersion characteristics and dispersion shaping with change of structure parameters for wideband coalescence of beam- and waveguide-mode dispersion characteristics for wideband gyro-TWT performance. The azimuthally symmetric TE-mode analysis of the structure was carried out in field matching technique by considering the propagating wave in cylindrical free-space region having radius equal to the hole-radius of metal disc, and the stationary waves in free-space and dielectric regions between two consecutive metal discs. The dispersion relation and, in accordance, a computer code were developed. Further, the roots of the dispersion relation for various sets of the structure parameters were obtained using the developed computer code; the dispersion characteristics were plotted; and the dispersion shaping was projected for typically chosen TE₀₁-, TE₀₂- and TE₀₃-modes. The analytical results were validated against those obtained for the conventional and earlier published structures, and also those obtained using commercially available simulation tool. Finally, a study on azimuthal electric field available over the radial coordinate was carried out to show the control of structure parameter on the gyrating electron beam position for the chosen operating mode of a dielectric and metal discs loaded gyro-TWT.

The total scattering cross section (TSCS) of various targets is computed in this letter from a numerical method in a reverberation chamber (RC). Theoretically TSCS measurements need both a free-space environment (for instance anechoic chamber modeled numerically by absorbing boundary conditions) and various plane waves' stimulations. The method developed allows predicting the TSCS from few simulations in a RC. The foundations and numerical results presented demonstrate the ability of the technique to straightforward compute the TSCS with the finite difference in time domain (FDTD) method. The agreement from these TSCS treatments in RC is finally obtained considering the expected results in free-space.

This is paper discusses the inverse Joukowski mapping, w=z+√{z²-c²} (c>0), which can be classified into active and passive inverse transformation. By using the active inverse Joukowski mapping, the generalized image problems that the line charge ρ_l is located outside the elliptical conducting cylinder, or the finite conducting plate can be solved. By using the passive logarithmic inverse Joukowski mapping, the capacitance C of a finite conducting plate placed vertically above the infinite conducting plate can be solved. Thus the conformal mapping method can replace the image method and electrical axis method become the uniform method to solve the electrostatic problems.

In this paper, a novel compact butterfly shaped printed monopole antenna for ultra-wideband (UWB) applications is presented. The proposed antenna is designed with a standard printed circuit board (PCB) process for suitable integration with other microwave components. The antenna prototype is designed then fabricated and tested experimentally. The calculated impedance bandwidth of the proposed antenna ranges from 3 GHz to 13 GHz for a 10 dB reflection coefficient (S11) while the measured impedance bandwidth ranges from 3 GHz to 10.8 GHz covering the whole UWB frequency range. The measured antenna radiation patterns show relatively stable radiation patterns with almost constant gain over the whole frequency band of interest. By introducing a slit ring resonator (SRR) in the feedline, a bandstop of 830 MHz from 5.0 to 5.83 GHz for band rejection of wireless local area network (WLAN) can be achieved. So, the proposed antenna is considered a good candidate for future UWB communication systems.

In this contribution a model based on asymptotic methods is proposed to compute the scattered field from complex objects on a sea surface. The scattering model combines the geometrical optics, the physical optics and the method of equivalent currents. It includes the shadowing effects and multiple-bounce up to order 3. This model is used, in the following, for Radar Cross Section (RCS) estimation and to generate Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) raw data for imaging applications. The theoretical aspects are reviewed in this paper and the proposed model is detailed. Numerical results are provided to validate the approach through the computation of RCS for canonical objects and complex scenes. Both the bistatic and the monostatic configurations are studied in this work. Finally some first results dealing with SAR imaging of objects on a sea surface are provided. These images are constructed from the simulated raw data thanks to a chirp scaling-based algorithm.

We theoretically investigated optical properties of phase shift defects in onedimensional rugate photonic structures at oblique incidence. Transmission spectra and energy density distributions of such continuous gradient-index structures with phase shift defects were numerically calculated for TE and TM waves using the propagation matrix method. The study shows that when the angle of incidence increases, (1) the wavelength of the defect mode shifts to a shorter wavelength, (2) the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the defect mode decreases for TE wave but it increases for TM wave, (3) the stop band of the rugate structure moves toward a shorter wavelength region, (4) the bandwidth is enlarged for TE wave, but it is shortened for TM wave, (5) the peak energy density increases and then drops for TE wave, while it always decreases for TM wave. The effect of number of periods of rugate structures on the energy density distribution was also examined.

In this paper we present the design, fabrication and measurements for a Wband metal Photonic Band Gap (PBG) Channel-Drop Filter (CDF) diplexer, which can also be employed as a combiner to combine signals of different frequencies into a single waveguide. A PBG CDF is a device that allows channeling of a selected frequency from a continuous spectrum into a separate waveguide through resonant defects in a PBG structure. A PBG CDF transmits straight through all the frequencies except for the resonant frequency, and thus it represents a diplexer. Reversing the wave flow directions causes it to combine signals of different frequencies from two different waveguides into a single channel, representing a combiner. The device is compact and configurable and can be employed for mm-wave spectrometry with applications in communications, radio astronomy, and radar receivers for remote sensing and nonproliferation. High ohmic losses in metals constitute the main challenge in realization of a metal CDF at W-band. To mitigate the problem of ohmic losses, the filter was designed to operate at coupled dipole resonant modes instead of coupled fundamental monopole modes. The experimental samples were fabricated in two different ways: by conventional machining and by electroforming. The comparative results of the samples' testing are presented in the paper. Frequency selectivity of 30 dB with a 0.3 GHz linewidth at 108.5 GHz was demonstrated. In addition, we suggest an experimental method to check the frequencies of separate resonant cavities of fabricated samples which do not properly operate and a possible way to adjust the geometry of the cavities for the frequencies to meet the required specifications.

In this paper, a wideband microstrip antenna for X-band (8.2 GHz--12.4 GHz) applications is introduced. First, simple patch antennas are studied. The resultant design demonstrates better performance than the previously published narrowband microstrip reflectarray antennas. The important features of these elements are simple structure, linear operation, and use of RF MEMS switches for programmable pattern control. Next employing our novel method, this narrowband structure is converted to broadband reflectarray antenna that can cover the whole X band. This novel idea is based on introducing several ground plane slots and controlling their electrical lengths by RF MEMS switches. By means of this method, 952 and 587 degree phase swing is achieved for continuous and discrete slot length variation, respectively. Application of this method along with smaller switches results in phase swing improvement of up to 1616 degree. In all structures a RT duroid (5880) substrate is selected to lower the back radiation. The achieved return loss in all cases is less than 0.32 dB. In comparison with the previous publications, our novel method has more generalization capability and results in single layered broadband reconfigurable microstrip reflectarray antennas with linear phase swing, lower cost, and ease of RF MEMS implementation.

Propagation of electromagnetic fields and power in a circular waveguide containing chiral nihility metamaterial is studied. Space inside the waveguide is divided into two circular regions. One region contains chiral nihility metamaterial while other region is of free space. Two cases of the waveguide, in this regard, are considered for analysis. For the case of perfect electric conductor (PEC) waveguide, there is no net electric field and power propagation in chiral nihility region of the guide whereas both fields and power exist in non-nihility region (which is free space in our cases) of the guide. For perfect electromagnetic conductor (PEMC) waveguide, both electric and magnetic fields exist in the chiral nihility and non-nihility regions.

A multi-scale (MS) approach combined to the generalized equivalent circuit (GEC) modeling is applied to compute the input impedance of pre-fractal structures with incorporated PIN diodes. Instead of treating the whole complex problem at once, the MS method splits the complex structure into a set of scale levels to be studied separately. The computation is done gradually from the lowest level. Each scale level is artificially excited by N modal sources to compute its input impedance matrix. The MS method is based on converting this input impedance matrix into an impedance operator to achieve the transition toward the subsequent level. The PIN diodes were easily integrated in the MS approach thanks to their surface impedance model. The main advantage of the MS-GEC method is the significant reduction of the problem's high aspect ratio since fine details are studied separately of the larger structure. Consequently, the manipulated matrices are well conditioned. Moreover, the reduced size of matrices manipulated at each level leads to less memory requirement and faster processing than the MoM. Values obtained with the MS-GEC approach converge to those given by the MoM method when a su±cient number of modal sources are used at each scale level. For frequencies between 1 GHz and 6.8 GHz, the agreement between the two methods is conspicuous.

This paper presents dual-band equal/unequal Wilkinson power dividers based on a coupled-line section with short-circuited stub (called as the ``coupled-line section" for short), which consists of a pair of parallel coupled lines and a short-circuited stub. With the analyses of the phase shift and equivalent characteristic impedance, the coupled-line section is used to replace the quarter-wavelength branch line in the conventional equal/unequal Wilkinson power divider to obtain excellent dual-band operation. The closed-form equations and design procedures of dual-band Wilkinson power divider are given, where one degree of design freedom is obtained and design flexibility is shown. As two examples, a dual-band equal Wilkinson power divider with the frequency ratio of 1.8:1 and an unequal one with the high power dividing ratio of 7:1 and frequency ratio of 1.8:1 are designed, fabricated and measured. The measurements are in good agreement with the simulations. It is shown that the proposed power dividers have simple topologies, and can be easily fabricated with small frequency ratios and high power dividing ratios.

The effect of shaping the ground plane on the performance of a square loop coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed printed antenna is reported in this paper. Experimental results are presented on the reflection coefficient and radiation pattern of the investigated antennas. Simulation results are presented on the current distribution and gain. It is observed based on the results that shaping the ground plane significantly affects the reflection coefficients and current distributions.

A planar dual-composite right/left-handed (D-CRLH) transmission line (TL) structure is proposed. The characteristics such as dispersion relation and frequency response of this D-CRLH TL are analyzed by equivalent circuit analysis, Bloch-Floquet theory, full wave simulation and experiment. To demonstrate applications of the proposed structure, both bandstop filter and leaky-wave antenna are designed and implemented by the conventional print circuit board technology. The fabricated filter has a broad application because of its planar structure, small size and tunable stopband. The measured results also suggest that the leaky-wave antenna based on the D-CRLH concept can offer a scanning angle covering almost backfire-to-endfire directions.

We prove a theorem on the magnetic energy minimum in a system of perfect, or ideal, conductors. It is analogous to Thomson's theorem on the equilibrium electric field and charge distribution in a system of conductors. We first prove Thomson's theorem using a variational principle. Our new theorem is then derived by similar methods. We find that magnetic energy is minimized when the current distribution is a surface current density with zero interior magnetic field; perfect conductors are perfectly diamagnetic. The results agree with currents in superconductors being confined near the surface. The theorem implies a generalized force that expels current and magnetic field from the interior of a conductor that loses its resistivity. Examples of solutions that obey the theorem are presented.

Agricultural wastes are considered not useful and are commonly dumped or burned after crop harvesting. Rice husks from paddy (Oryza sativa) are example of agricultural wastes. Rice husks have been investigated as the material for the pyramidal microwave absorbers. The setup for the fabrication and measurement of the rice husks pyramidal microwave absorbers are discussed. An 8×8 array of pyramidal microwave absorber using the rice husks-polyester-MEKP mixture has been designed and fabricated. There are four main stages in this work: the collection of the raw rice husks materials, the mould fabrication, the pyramidal microwave absorber fabrication and the experiments performed to determine the reflection loss performance of the rice husks pyramidal microwave absorbers. Experimental results show close agreement with the simulation results (using CST Microwave Studio). Results so far have indicated that rice husks have great potential to be used as the material for the pyramidal microwave absorbers.

Investigations are conducted into low-loss, low-dispersion fully shielded membrane-supported striplines designed for use in a millimeter-wave multi-chip-module. Two types of transmission line are studied: a membrane-supported shielded stripline and a novel variation of this where the membrane material is removed in areas of little mechanical importance to reduce attenuation and dispersion. The latter is possible through the exploitation of a versatile micromachining technique using SU-8 for both the membrane and the shielding. The micromachining techniques used for the fabrication of the micro-shielding allows for the conformal packaging of lines and devices, with the ultimate aim of the realization of novel components for 3D system-in-a-package type modules. Extensive simulated results obtained from rigorous electromagnetic modeling are presented that fully characterize both types of line and, where possible, are compared to measured results. Loss mechanisms are investigated for both line types and simulations suggest that losses as low as 0.39 dB/cm and effective relative permittivities of less than 1.05 are possible at a frequency of 100 GHz, comparing well with other demonstrated membrane supported transmission lines. The methods used for investigation of line characteristics and analysis of single-mode, non-leaky frequency range are applicable to any variety of membrane supported transmission line. The basics of line fabrication are given along with measurement results and de-embedding techniques used at V-band.

Our previous work has proved that the Monostatic Radar Cross Section (MRCS) of array antennas can be decomposed into the multiplication of array MRCS factor and element MRCS factor. The principle was derived in a special case that the array only had dipole antenna elements. However, many array antennas have more general antenna elements whose current is aperture distributed along the antenna structure. Obviously it encounters limited application problem when the principle is used to analyze more general array antennas other than dipole arrays. Therefore, the principle is extended into the more general array with arbitrary aperture antenna elements in this paper. In deriving the principle, the devices in the feed are assumed to have identical transmission and reflection coefficients. In order to validate the principle the scattering pattern of a waveguide slot array and an array with helix antenna elements are synthesized utilizing the array RCS factor. The simulation and calculation results prove that the principle is correct for the RCS pattern synthesis of general arrays with aperture antenna elements.

The forward problem of calculating the electromagnetic (EM) field of a circular current loop in presence of a layered earth structure, given the geometrical and EM parameters of the layers, is solved fast. Efficient computation is obtained through a quasi-analytical procedure that allows to transform the field integrals into expressions involving only a known Sommerfeld Integral. The final explicit forms of the fields are in terms of modified Bessel functions. To validate the method, the magnitudes of the EM field components versus induction number and versus frequency are calculated assuming two- and three-layer earth models. The achieved results are in good agreement with the ones provided by the commonly used digital filter algorithms. The computational time taken by the application of this technique is shown to be much less than that required by both digital filters and other recently developed integration techniques for similar problems. This paper is an extension of an earlier conference paper.