This paper presents the design and development of 3D printed multi-band frequency selective surface (FSS) for RF shielding applications. The developed FSS significantly rejects the frequency at Wi-Fi, Wi-Max and ISM/WiMax bands. The FSS has been fabricated using a 3D printed ABS substrate and metalized with a copper paint as per design. Its unit cell consists of three independent sub-geometries in which two are mostly like a concentric square loop that encircles the third one, i.e., modified Jerusalem structure. All of these sub-geometries are individually designed for the different rejection bands where their combination is optimized as a unit cell of FSS. The designed unit cell rejects the Wi-Fi, Wi-Max and ISM/WiMax centered at 2.45 GHz, 3.5 GHz and 5.8 GHz with attenuation level more than 35dB. The developed FSS is a prototype of RF shielding structure to be utilized for the fabrication of an interference-free test chamber which isolates the Wi-Fi, Wi-Max and ISM/WiMax interference. The design of FSS is very simple and can be printed in large scale for the development of shielding applications.

Aiming at two problems of the low radiation efficiency of the transmitted antennas and facing strong interference in extremely-low-frequency (ELF) communication, a new structure of a receiving array is proposed, and the signal preprocessing scheme in the receiver front-end is designed, which can suppress 50Hz interference and its harmonic components effectively, thereby enhancing the detective ability on the weak desired signal. In order to suppress the interference within signal bandwidth, a novel improved generalized sidelobe cancellation algorithm (IGSCA) is proposed. By combining with the proposed receiving array structure, the problem on the desired signal radiated into the reference antennas has been addressed effectively. In order to test the proposed algorithm's performance, an experimental platform is set up under the laboratory environment, mainly adopting a data acquisition unit named NI 9184. The results show that the proposed algorithm can improve the better signal-to-noise-plus-interference ratio (SINR) to a great extent, and the more the number of reference antennas is, the higher the improved performance is.

A Dual-band Half Mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide (HMSIW) filter at 4.88 and 6.42 GHz are shown. Defective Microstrip Structure converts the HMSIW's high-pass response to bandpass. Circular Complementary Split Ring Resonator splits the wide passband to give the filter dual characteristics. The out-of-band properties are improved by using a DS-OCSRR-shaped Defected Ground Structure (DGS). PCB technology is used to build and test the filter using an RT Duroid 5880 substrate with 1.6 mm thickness. The measured and simulated values match. Good skirt selectivity, insertion loss of 1.5/1.42 dB, fractional bandwidths of 9.42% and 6.7%, and return loss profile of 21 dB in both passbands characterise the thin dual-band filter. The filter is small, measuring 0.86λ_g × 0.37λ_g at 4.88 GHz.

A highly-isolated dual-polarized magnetoelectric (ME) dipole antenna is proposed in this letter, where a modified cross-shaped differentially-feeding structure is designed to realize dual-linear polarizations (LPs). To broaden the bandwidth of the differentially-driven ME dipole antenna, a pair of L-shaped branches are loaded on the positions where a triangle is cut out of each patch to introduce a new resonant frequency at the upper frequency region. Meanwhile, a two-stepped structure is added to each of the four ports of the cross-shaped differentially-feeding structure to improve the impedance matching characteristic of the antenna. In this way, the 10 dB bandwidth is improved from 64.9% (1.54-3.02 GHz) to 83.5% (1.52-3.70 GHz), i.e., 28.7% bandwidth enhancement is achieved. A prototype is fabricated and measured. The results show that the proposed antenna can achieve a high differential port-to-port isolation of better than 38 dB, cross-polarization level (CRPL) lower than -25 dB, and peak gain up to 10.5 dBi.

A new type of compact line-fed MIMO antenna for 5G wireless communication is presented in this paper. A rectangular microstrip patch antenna with an inset feed is designed for the 28 GHz and 38 GHz bands. The T-shaped patch contains inverted I-shaped slots, providing a dual-band response at 28 GHz and 38 GHz. By integrating two T-shaped patches, the MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) antenna significantly improves signal diversity and data throughput, making it highly suitable for modern wireless applications such as 5G networks. Slot-formed defected ground structures (DGSs) are inserted into a partial rectangular ground plane. To fit into handset devices for the upcoming 5G mobile revolution, the antennas are modestly configured on a substrate measuring 14×28 mm², occupying minimal area and reducing mutual coupling. The ECC, MEG, TARC, and radiation efficiency values obtained from the antenna systems are suitable for 5G mobile applications, with excellent reflection coefficient characteristics.

This communication presents the design analysis and development of a compact, dual-band, circularly polarized, multilayer antenna for global positioning system (GPS), wireless local area network (WLAN), and Industrial Scientific, and Medical (ISM) applications. The antenna comprises two etched strip radiator and reflector layers on two Kapton substrates situated at a vertical distance of 18.47 mm. The inverted U-strip results in WLAN/ISM band from 2.30-2.62 GHz whereas the semi-circular arc-strip is responsible for generating the lower band from 1.46 to 1.73 GHz. The bottom surface reflector plane is applied below the main antenna radiator which results in a unidirectional radiation pattern with improved front-to-back ratio (FBR), antenna gain, radiation efficiency, and specific absorption rate (SAR). The reflector contains an inner square ring with a circular center ring. The reflection coefficient below -10 dB fractional bandwidth (FBW) is suitable for GPS/ISM/WLAN/Wi-Fi/Bluetooth etc. operations. The maximum gain of 5.82 dBi is obtained at a frequency of 2.80 GHz. The antenna is designed on a flexible Kapton substrate of a size 28 × 31 mm². The SAR values below 0.01 W/kg and 0.02 W/kg are obtained at two resonance frequencies 1.60 GHz and 2.41 GHz, respectively. Therefore, the designed antenna is most suitable for indoor/outdoor wearable tracking purposes and also for medical applications.

The design of a compact low-loss diplexer based on complementary microstrip spiral resonators is described. The resonant elements are two: one is low-pass (channel A) and the other is passband (channel B). The low-pass element is composed of spirals departing from a circle, whereas the passband element is composed of spirals etched on a circle. The former element is novel and has been extensively analyzed here. These elements are connected using a star nonresonant Y-junction to form a single-layer vialess diplexer. As an example, a diplexer working at 0.87 and 2.0 GHz for satellite communications is manufactured and tested. The measured data show an insertion loss equal to 0.58 dB (0.66 dB) for channel A (B). The return loss exceeds 15 dB for both channels, and the dimensions are 0.129λ × 0.265λ ≈ 0.0343λ².

To address the problem of traditional speed loop controllers being unable to achieve rapid system convergence in the face of complex external operating conditions, this paper designs a new nonsingular fast terminal sliding mode control algorithm (NNFTSMC) for PMSM with a super twisting sliding mode perturbation observer (STSMO). Firstly, the mathematical models of PMSM for ideal case and parametric composite uptake are established. Secondly, a new non-singular fast terminal sliding mode control surface (NNFTSM) is proposed to design the PMSM speed-loop controller, which is also paired with the STSMO to observe the total system perturbation in real time and compensate the perturbation to the speed-loop NNFTSMC controller to form a new composite controller of NNFTSMC+STSMO. Finally, the proposed composite control algorithm of NNFTSMC+STSMO is verified to be effective in improving the control of the PMSM drive system during the parameters and load mutation by comparing simulation and RT-Lab semi-physical experiments.

To improve torque characteristics, this study proposes an upgrade over the standard salient pole stator in a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) using a segmented stator. The rotor is externally oriented and has a permanent magnet (PM) incorporated in it. The structure is studied theoretically through flux linkage analysis, torque production, and magnetic circuit model (MCM) analysis. Next, the finite element technique (FEM) is used to model the suggested motor and the salient pole stator, both of which have the same size. Next, a comparison is made between the simulation findings and the static torque, PM demagnetization, flux linkage, magnetic flux density distribution, and average and maximum torque. The proposed design results in a 79.97% increase in average torque, a 90.89% increase in maximum torque, and a 3.02% decrease in cogging torque.

This research proposal includes the design of a unique coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna prototype with dual notch band characteristics. The microstrip line fed antenna features a configuration of geometric slots, including a rectangle, a semi-circle slots, and a pentagonal stub, along with a microstrip feedline. The antenna measures 35.4 mm × 28.82 mm. Two notches are introduced at 5 to 5.8 GHz (14.8% bandwidth) and 7.2 to 7.8 GHz (8% bandwidth) by incorporating split ring resonators (SRRs) on the bottom surface. Aside from the dual stop bands for the WLAN band (5 to 5.8 GHz) and the SHF satellite communication band (7.2 to 7.8 GHz), the designed antenna operates over an impedance bandwidth from 3 to 11.2 GHz with a voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) below 2. The proposed antennas have been developed, prototyped, and successfully verified. Simulation data and measurement results are thoroughly examined and analyzed. To confirm the suitability of the designed antenna for pulsed communication systems, the correlation between the input signal of the transmission antenna and the output signal of the reception antenna in the time domain is estimated. This confirms that the antenna prototype is well suited for wireless communication applications in military radar systems, medical imaging, consumer electronics, and more.

In today's era of wireless communication, interaction of electromagnetic energy and living biological systems is unavoidable - both in far field and in near field of the radiating antenna. Consequent basic safety limits on radiation levels are enforced through Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) limits. Practical measurement and validation of these SAR values require the deployment of phantom models containing tissue equivalent dielectric liquids - these liquids are conventionally single layer and homogeneous in nature. However, structured basis to formulate these custom made homogeneous phantom liquids representing arbitrary combinations of stacked tissue layers has not been properly reported in literature. To address the issue, this paper develops and illustrates a novel structured technique to define equivalent permittivity and loss tangent of homogeneous phantom liquid representing arbitrary combinations of stacked tissue layers - both in far field and in near field exposure scenarios. Electric field distribution and later on point SAR distribution inside different tissue layers have been attempted to replicate as closely as possible using equivalent homogeneous phantom liquid with properly tuned permittivity and loss tangent values. The fitting procedure involves minimization of the absolute/normalized maximum difference (of electric field and point SAR) between the original multilayer tissue and the modelled single layer homogeneous equivalent. This generalized technique is applied to two distinct multilayer (four layers are considered) biological models at 2.45 GHz where one is composed of four layers of equal thicknesses while the other one has four layers with unequal thicknesses. Moreover, the proposed technique has been tested and validated in the two abovementioned multilayer biological models for both far field (plane wave irradiation) and near field (in close proximity to antenna) exposure scenarios. This technique is quite successful in achieving equivalent dielectric liquids in which original point SAR data and its overall distribution across different layers can be realistically replicated while attempting point wise matching at several spatial points. In some cases, the original electric field/point SAR values are achieved with reduced precision near layer interfaces with significant dielectric contrast. Thus, the proposed technique can significantly contribute to accurately measure, validate and reflect the true spatial SAR distributions in original multilayer biological models using the derived homogeneous tissue equivalent phantom liquids.

In this paper, a proposed design features a single-fed broadband circularly polarized antenna based on a rotating metasurface. The antenna is positioned between a rotating 4 × 4 periodic patch and the ground plane. The antenna comprises a driving patch and a parasitic patch. It utilizes the two modes of the driving patch, which exhibit different polarizations along the two directions. When the metasurface is placed on it, the truncation angle of the metasurface cells causes the excitation of the two modes with left-rotating circular polarization (CP) and right-rotating CP, respectively. To weaken the right-handed CP relative to the left-handed CP, effectively enhancing the latter, another angle is truncated on the metasurface cell, and the metasurface is rotated by an angle. The final antenna was fabricated and tested with an overall size of 32 × 32 × 3 mm³. Measurements indicate that the |S₁₁| < -10 dB bandwidth ranges from 4.72 to 7.67 GHz (47.9%), and the 3 dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth ranges from 4.97 to 6.48 GHz (26.3%). Additionally, it achieves a peak gain of 7.75 dBi.

The performance and response characteristics of simulated optical biosensor have been greatly enhanced in this work. The results were obtained by evaluating three different structures, each varying in the number of holes surrounding the cavity. The guide-cavity coupling's structural and dimensional characteristics were varied for an effective comparative study. The high sensitivity quality of this optical biosensor was achieved using large transmission rate. The results showed sensitivity around 800 nm/RIU in the first version, 800 nm/RIU in the second version and 700 nm/RIU in the last version. Furthermore, the design parameters were optimized by finite difference time domain (FDTD) method.

This paper addresses the issue of sidelobe imbalance due to spurious coupling in quasi-elliptic filters designed in groove gap waveguide (GGW) technology using TE₁₀₂ overmoded cavity based resonator to realize the cross coupling in the cascaded quadruplet topology. The filter is designed at 38 GHz with 750 MHz bandwidth (1.97% fractional bandwidth) to demonstrate its potential as a narrow-band, high-power output filter at mm-wave frequencies in next-generation high throughput satellites. The filter is designed for production yield avoiding any complex structures to realize the negative cross coupling and using an all-capacitive iris structure. Systematic studies have been performed to identify and mitigate the sidelobe imbalance issue, and a final design has been proposed with a very low (<1 dB) sidelobe imbalance. The measured results of the realized hardware closely match simulated ones. The proposed design configuration is an ideal filter option for next generation SATCOM applications as it provides benefits of narrowband symmetrical frequency response with low insertion loss, sharp near band rejection, and high-power handling capability along with the benefits of gap waveguide technology in terms of ease of fabrication, low passive intermodulation (PIM) level, and low sensitivity towards surface imperfections and misalignment issues.

Wireless power transfer (WPT) for electric vehicles (EV) is a promising technology that can help with e-mobility because of its convenience and ability to reduce range anxiety issues. The safety concerns of such systems have received a lot of attention recently. Magnetic coupler is the most important component of WPT systems in terms of thermal safety as its temperature rises because of power outages during the charging process, which could cause damage to the surroundings and other components associated with the system. This article proposes a new thermal and magnetic coupler design by utilizing a Silicon-Cobalt wafer using the Spin Seebeck effect (SSE) phenomenon fabricated through the sputtering technique which can enhance the efficiency of the transmission coil as well as act as a heat exchanger to remove the heat from the coil as well as reduce temperature with the design model.

The current paper describes a compact, long-reading-range tag antenna for radio frequency identification (RFID) applications in the UHF (ultra-high frequency) band, operating at 915 MHz. The antenna's miniaturized design is achieved through the utilization of the meandering line technique. A T-matching structure matches the chip impedance to that of the antenna. Polytetrafluoroethylene, or PTFE, is used as the substrate for fabrication. The UHF tag's physical dimensions are 44.4 × 14.4 × 0.8 mm³. This antenna was first designed, simulated and then optimized by software CST-MWS (Computer Simulation Technology-Microwave Studio) before being fabri-cated. The Measured reflection coefficient at 915.5 MHz is approximately -24 dB, exhibiting a bandwidth of 7,9 MHz (911.5 MHz-919.4 MHz). The proposed tag is shown to have gain of 1.56 dB and radiation efficiency of 90% at the resonant frequency of 915 MHz. Its long-reading-range at 915 MHz is roughly 18.41 m, for an EIRP of 4 W. The measured results closely align with the simulated ones.

Aiming at the current distributed array subarray optimization design and DOA estimation problem, a robust and effective distributed array subarray optimization method is proposed, and a discrete quantum electromagnetic field optimization algorithm is designed to quickly solve the resulting objective function to obtain the optimal subarray structure. Then, based on this array structure, the infinite-norm exponential kernel maximum likelihood method is utilized for direction of arrival (DOA) estimation. The simulation results show that the proposed method can still be effective in the case of impulsive noise, small snapshots and low signal-to-noise ratio, which further verifies that the proposed method can obtain a better subarray layout and superior DOA estimates.

This article presents an 8 × 8 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna system that operates in two frequency bands: 3.4-3.8 GHz and 10.5-14.0 GHz. The core element of this antenna system is a rectangular patch with a line slot. To assess the diversity performance of this MIMO antenna, various parameters like S-Parameters, Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC), Mean Effective Gain (MEG), Channel Capacity Loss (CCL), Total Active Reflection Coefficient (TARC), and Channel Capacity (CC) were used. The study demonstrates a strong alignment between measurement and simulation results. The article thoroughly analyzes the simulated and measured performances of the lower band (LB) (3.4-3.8 GHz) and upper band (UB) (10.5-14.0 GHz). In the LB, the measured values for parameters such as reflection coefficient, mutual coupling coefficient, TARC, total efficiency, ECC, MEGi-MEGj, CCL, and CC all surpass or equal specific benchmarks. Specifically, these values are better than -6 dB, 10 dB, -11 dB, 56%, 0.15, 0.83 dB, 0.275 bps/Hz, and 38 bps/Hz, respectively. For the UB, the values are also quite favorable, exceeding or closely matching key criteria: -6 dB, 10 dB, -5 dB, 40%, 0.2, 1.6 dB, 0.55 bps/Hz, and 33.6 bps/Hz. These findings suggest that the intended MIMO antenna meets the necessary conditions for both the LB and UB regions. As a result, it appears to be a promising choice for applications in 5G mobile networks and satellite communications, including Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) and Fixed Satellite Services (FSS).

In order to achieve the optimization objectives of low torque ripple, high torque and high efficiency, this paper proposes a multi-objective optimization strategy based on genetic algorithms optimization BP neural network (GA-BP) combined with non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) and applies it to the multi-objective optimization design of an external rotor ferrite-assisted synchronous reluctance motor (ERFa-SynRM). Firstly, the preliminary design and selection of ERFa-SynRM structure are carried out. Secondly, a comprehensive sensitivity analysis is presented on the extent to which the design variables affect the optimization objectives. Following this, a high-precision prediction model is constructed by GA-BP neural network, and NSGA-II is applied to global optimization of the prediction model. Finally, the electromagnetic performances of the motor before and after the optimization are compared by the finite element analysis (FEA) software. Compared with the initial motor, the average torque and efficiency of the optimized motor are improved, and the torque ripple is reduced by 54.9%, which verifies the effectiveness of the multi-objective optimization design method.

This paper focuses on optimizing the radiation pattern of sparse array antennas using reinforcement learning, with many algorithms. The paper aims to leverage Proximal Policy Optimization's (PPO's) advantages in optimization and its effectiveness in handling stochastic transitions and rewards to achieve a reduced number of elements while maintaining desired signal performance and minimizing unnecessary side lobe signals. By removing a few of the antennas using reinforcement learning and PPO optimization, the same results as a complete array have been obtained. The anticipated outcomes of this research hold the promise of significantly enhancing the effectiveness and utility of sparse array antennas in communication systems.