This paper outlines basic principle of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). Matched filter approaches for processing the received data and pulse compression technique are presented. Besides the SAR radar equation, the linear frequency modulation (LFM) waveform and matched filter response are also discussed. Finally the system design consideration of various parameters and aspects are also highlighted.

Modifications in the measurement of the complex permittivity are described, based on the transmission and reflection coefficients of a dielectric slab. The measurement uses TRL twoport calibration to bring the reference planes accurately to the sample surface. The complex permittivity as a function of frequency is computed by minimizing the difference between the measured and the ideal scattering parameters. An alternative procedure for determining the complex permittivity uses the fractional linear data fitting to a Qcircle of the virtual short-circuit and/or virtual open circuit data. In that case, the sample must be a multiple of one-quarter wavelength long within the measured range of frequencies. Comparison with results obtained by other traditional procedures is provided.

In this paper, a novel wideband directional coupler using coplanar waveguide multilayer slot-coupled technique is presented and implemented. The coupler uses two coplanar waveguide lines etched on two layers and coupled through an hexagonal slot etched on the common ground plane located between these layers. Firstly, conformal mapping techniques were used to obtain analytic closed-form expressions for the even- and odd-mode characteristic impedances. Secondly, using this approach, a new design of the directional coupler was performed. Both simulation and experimental results show a good performance in terms of bandwidth.

This paper outlines the trend of signal generation in synthetic aperture radar particularly chirp (linear FM signal) generation using digital approach. A study in fundamental of FM signal and typical analog FM signal generation is highlighted. Various signal generation in SAR using digital techniques is discussed and finally the some of the digital chirp generators are presented.

The electromagnetic rays might be shaded when an obstacle occurs in its way. In this paper, the close analytic expressions determining whether a ray is shaded by boards, elliptic cylinders, elliptic spheres and elliptic cones are presented based on general principle of Geometrical Optics. In optical methods like GTD or UTD in computational electromagnetics which are based on various rays, what studied in this paper with the advantages of analytical measures can be useful to keep the rays valid. Several examples are given as further proof.

Some new parameters in Vivaldi Notch antennas are debated over in this paper. They can be availed for the bandwidth application amelioration. The aforementioned limiting factors comprise two parameters for the radial stub dislocation, one parameter for the stub opening angle, and one parameter for the stub's offset angle. The aforementioned parameters are rectified by means of the optimization algorithm to accomplish a better frequency application. The results obtained in this article will eventually be collated with those of the other similar antennas. The best achieved bandwidth in this article is 17.1 GHz.

In this paper, the bit-error-rates performance of impulse radio ultra-wideband (IR-UWB) wireless communication system based on time reversal technique is investigated in both single-input singleoutput and multiple-input single-output situations. Simulations indicate that the good result is obtained as we expect it and IR-UWB based on time reversal technique is very promising for high bit rates wireless communication applications.

In this paper, novel compact broadband dual frequency microstrip antennas are presented and broad-band impedance matching is proposed as a method for improve the matching level of antennas. The first proposed design consists of a rectangular microstrip antenna with a pair of parallel slots loaded close to the radiating edge of the patch and three meandering narrow slots embedded in the antenna surface. The second proposed design consists of a rectangular microstrip antenna with a meandering slits. With the first proposed design a size reduction of 34% and 45% for the two resonant frequencies is obtained respectively. The two frequencies have an operation frequency ratio of 1.30 and 1.25. The theoretical design implementation of compensated compact rectangular microstrip antennas with new configuration Pi-matching networks was presented. A new compensation network consisting of RC Mutator circuit and discrete capacitors are employed at the input of the microstrip antenna operating at 1.5 GHz and 2.5 GHz. The performance parameters of the designed microstrip antenna with and without compensation network were compared. The results show that compensation network can improve the return loss level and the resonant frequency can be controlled in a wide RF band.

Recently developed multiresolution frequency domain (MRFD) technique is applied to two-dimensional electromagnetic scattering problems. Scattered field formulation and perfectly matched layer is implemented into the MRFD formulation. Far field distributions of dielectric and perfectly electric conductor (PEC) bodies are calculated and bistatic echo widths of these structures are presented. Good agreement between MRFD and FDFD results is recognized. It is observed that the MRFD technique demonstrates superior computational efficiency characteristics compared to the traditional FDFD technique.

In this paper,a nondestructive technique for determining the complex permittivity and permeability of magnetic sheet materials using two flanged rectangular waveguides is presented. The technique extends existing single probe methods by its ability to simultaneously measure reflection and transmission coefficients imperative for extracting both permittivity and permeability over all frequencies. Using Love's Equivalence Principle,a system of coupled magnetic field integral equations (MFIEs) is formed. Evaluation of one of the two resulting spectral domain integrals via complex plane integration is discussed. The system,solv ed via the Method of Moments (MoM),yields theoretical values for the reflection and transmission coefficients. These values are compared to measured values and the error minimized using nonlinear least squares to find the complex permittivity and permeability of a material. Measurement results for two magnetic materials are presented and compared to traditional methods for the purpose of validating the new technique. The technique's sensitivity to uncertainties in material thickness and waveguide alignment is also examined.

Use of Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization for designing of planar multilayered electromagnetic absorbers and finding optimal Pareto front is described. The achieved Pareto presents optimal possible trade-offs between thickness and reflection coefficient of absorbers. Particle swarm optimization method in comparison with most of optimization algorithms such as genetic algorithms is simple and fast. But the basic form of Multi-objective Particle Swarm Optimization may not obtain the best Pareto. We applied some modifications to make it more efficient in finding optimal Pareto front. Comparison with reported results in previous articles confirms the ability of this algorithm in finding better solutions.

The diffraction efficiency (DE) of guided optical waves (GOWs) and the magneto-optic (MO) -3 dB bandwidth are key parameters in MO Bragg cells. To improve the diffraction performance, the MO Stokes interaction between magnetostatic forward volume waves (MSFVWs) and GOWs are studied by use of the coupledmode theory in metal clad yttrium-iron-garnet (YIG) waveguides. Our analysis shows that, by adjusting the spacing of the metal layer from the ferrite surface, (1) the DE can be further increased by 7.32 dB compared with that of the inclined magnetization, but the MO bandwidth will be dropped down to the low level in the optimizing waveguide configuration; (2) when the DE and the MO bandwidth should be considered synthetically, a DE improvement of 3.9 dB with a bandwidth about 560 MHz is achieved corresponding to the large gainbandwidth product. Thus, the YIG waveguide coated with perfect metal layers can be used to improve the performance of MO Bragg cells.

In this paper we have theoretically studied the omnidirectional total reflection frequency range of a multilayered dielectric heterostructures. Three structures of Na₃AlF₆/Ge multilayer have been studied. The thickness of the two layers of the first and second structure is differing from each other and the third photonic structure is the combination of first and second structures. Using the Transfer Matrix Method (TMM) and the Bloch theorem, the reflectivity of one dimensional periodic structure for TE- and TM-modes at different angles of incidence is calculated. From the analysis it is found that the proposed structure has very wide range of omnidirectional total frequency bands for both polarizations.

A novel broadband design of a printed dipole antenna using PBG (photonic band-gap) structures is proposed and studied in the electromagnetic scattering. The high surface impedance and a frequency gap are used to reduce RCS (radar cross section) across needed frequency range (3.7-4.5 GHz). Because the high surface impedance restrains the surface waves, the obtained results show that RCSis reduced by 15 dB at resonance frequency and radiation characteristics of the antenna at operating frequencies are improved. The method of RCSreduction is suggested, and experimental results are presented.

In this work, we present a marching-on in degree finite difference method (MOD-FDM) to solve the time domain Helmholtz wave equation. This formulation includes electric and magnetic current densities that are expressed in terms of the incident field for scattering problems for an open region to implement a plane wave excitation. The unknown time domain functional variations for the electric field are approximated by an orthogonal basis function set that is derived using the Laguerre polynomials. These temporal basis functions are also used to expand current densities. With the representation of the derivatives of the time domain variable in an analytic form, all the time derivatives of the field and current density can be handled analytically. By applying a temporal testing procedure, we get a matrix equation that is solved in a marching-on in degree technique as the degree of the temporal basis functions is increased. Numerical results computed using the proposed formulation are presented and compared with the solutions of the conventional time domain finite difference method (TD-FDM) and analytic solutions.

In this paper, the optimization of both sum and difference patterns of linear monopulse antennas with low side lobe levels, high directivity and also narrow main beam width are efficiently solved by Continuous Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) Method. The synthesis problem is optimized by defining a suitable cost function which is based on limitation of the side lobe level. In this work, three different parameters are considered to be optimized separately which are the excitation amplitude of each element, the excitation phase of each element and finally the element-to-element spacing. Numerical results of each step, sum and difference patterns, are illustrated in each related part. Finally, we investigate placing some nulls in specific directions to suppress the jamming signals in both sum and difference patterns.

The high-frequency method for solving the scattering from homogeneous dielectric objects with electrically large size in half space is presented in this paper. In order to consider the scattering fields of the targets in half space, the half-space physical optics method is deduced by introducing the half-space Green's function into the conventional physical optics method (PO). Combined with the graphical-electromagnetic computing method to read the geometry information of all visible facets, the equivalent currents and the reflection coefficients are utilized to account of the homogenous dielectric objects with half-space physical optics method in half space. The numerical results show that this method is efficient and accurate.

In synthetic aperture radar (SAR) processing, autofocus techniques are commonly used to improve SAR image quality by removing its residual phase errors after conventional motion compensation. This paper highlights a SAR autofocus algorithm based on particle swarm optimization (PSO). PSO is a population-based stochastic optimization technique based on the movement of swarms and inspired by social behavior of bird flocking or fish schooling. PSO has been successfully applied in many different application areas due to its robustness and simplicity [1-3]. This paper presents a novel approach to solve the low-frequency high-order polynomial and highfrequency sinusoidal phase errors. The power-to-spreading noise ratio (PSR) and image entropy (IE) are used as the focal quality indicator to search for optimum solution. The algorithm is tested on both simulated two-dimensional point target and real SAR raw data from RADARSAT-1. The results show significant improvement in SAR image focus quality after the distorted SAR signal was compensated by the proposed algorithm.

This work proposes a site attenuation method to calculate the intensity of the field received by a mobile phone on a two-lane highway. To validate the model, radio propagation measurement was carried out through the intercity connection highway of the City of Isparta. The measurement system consisted of live radio base stations transmitting at 900 MHz and 1800 MHz. Downlink signal strength level data were collected by using TEMS test mobile phones, and were analyzed by TEMS Investigation, MapInfo and Google earth. Transmitted power-into-antenna was 14 W for both 900 MHz and 1800 MHz. Both base station sectors are facing towards the same direction having a 14 dBi gain. A proposed approximation was compared with real data. The results indicate that wet white pine trees cause 3 dB to 6 dB extra loss at 1800 MHz and about 1 dB to 3 dB extra loss at 900 MHz. Although 1800 MHz transmitter is 10 m higher, it loses its advantage in signal strength at longer distances.

Wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) is an interference-limited system. When the system operates at nearly full capacity, admitting another user may affect the stability of the system. Therefore, proper Call Admission Control (CAC) is crucial and should balance between Quality of Service (QoS) requirements for the new user and also for the existing users and at the same time keep the accepted traffic as high as possible. In this paper, we investigate this tradeoff in the uplink direction using power-based Multi-Cell Admission Control (MC-AC) algorithm. Multimedia services are considered with different QoS requirements. Different traffic scenarios are considered. Simulation results reveal that MC-AC algorithms have many advantages over single cell admission control in terms of overall stability of the system and total system throughput.