The design of a differential K-band UWB(Ultra Wideband) Short Range Radar (SRR) transmitter in 90nm bulk CMOS is presented. Implementation of SRRs in deep submicron CMOS technology is attractive, in terms of cost and monolithic integration of RF font-end with signal base-band processor. The transmitted pulse bandwidth limits the range resolution of the radar system. Due to the wide bandwidth and high frequency of CMOS implementation, UWB transmitters in the K-band are challenging to make and critical for the system performance. The design presented is based on frequency up conversion using a double balanced mixer. The differential output is combined and matched with the antenna using an on-chip balun. To mitigate local oscillator (LO) leakage of UWB differential transmitters we propose a new Pulse Generator (PG) design. A switching technique is used to minimize the LO leakage enabling continuous wave operation with very wideband pulses. Measurements of the proposed transmitter achieves a -10 dB bandwidth (BW) of 5 GHz. Using a Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF) of 100 MHz the peak average power is -40 dBm. Compared to measured transmitter performance of a single balanced mixer design, the LO leakage of this dual balanced mixer is decreased with more than 20 dB, and is lower than the peak average power of the pulse. It consumes 11 mW from a 1.2 v supply where 6 mW is from the LO.

A PLDRO (Phase Locked Dielectric Resonator Oscillator) with the output frequency of a fractional multiple of reference is proposed and implemented. The key element in the proposed PLDRO is an image rejection mixer placed between a VCDRO (Voltage Controlled Dielectric Resonator Oscillator) and SPD (Sampling Phase Detector). The image rejection mixer shifts the coupled signal from the VCDRO before the signal feeds the SPD. Therefore, the output frequency of the PLDRO can be realized such that it is not harmonically related with its reference frequency. The frequency divider and multiplier generate the IF frequency for the mixer from the reference frequency. The general PLL (Phase Locked Loop) design parameters such as the damping coefficient and the natural frequency are derived for the proposed topology of the PLDRO. A 7.25 GHz PLDRO with a 100MHz reference, intended for use as a local oscillator for a ka band Block-up Converter (BUC), is designed and measured. A BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor) is used as an active component of the VCDRO and a modified two micro-strip line coupled DR model is presented and used for frequency tuning range estimation. The measured phase noise at 10 kHz/100 kHz offset is 101 dBc/Hz and 115 dBc/Hz, respectively. The fabricated PLDRO size is 100 mm by 105 mm by 23 mm including a 100 MHz reference crystal oscillator.

The single-scattering properties of hexagonal columns and plates were studied using Discrete Dipole Approximation at 94GHz, including scattering efficiency, absorption efficiency, asymmetry factor, backscattering cross section and phase function. Random and horizontal orientations of particles were compared, and 35 sizes of maximum dimension D ranging from 1 um to 10 mm were selected. The results indicate that scattering and absorption efficiencies of horizontally oriented hexagonal columns are larger than those of the randomly oriented ones, whereas this phenomenon does not appear to hexagonal plates. The asymmetry factor of horizontally oriented hexagonal plates has a negative value, which means that the backscattered energy is more than forward energy when the particle is large enough. The backscattering cross sections of horizontally oriented hexagonal columns and plates are larger than those of random orientation, which can be explained by that different cross sections of particles will be exposed to incident plane wave. When the particle size is smaller than incident wavelength, little scattering energy difference between random and horizontal orientation exists, while if the particle is larger than incident wavelength, a turning point will happen at θ=110˚, which can be explained by the theory of energy conservation.

We construct an analytical model for the description of emission of undulator radiation (UR) harmonics with account for several sources of line broadening, including the effect of a constant magnetic constituent. We compare it with that of the beam energy spread, emittance and focusing components. The analytical expressions obtained for the UR intensity and spectrum allow for profound analysis of homogeneous and inhomogeneous losses in their explicit form. We analyse the contributions to the fundamental frequency as well as to higher harmonics in long undulators. We study a possibility to compensate for the off-axis effects in undulators by a properly imposed constant magnetic field and obtain an expression for the intensity of such compensating effect. The results obtained are discussed in the context of their possible applications to free electron lasers (FEL). Recommendations for improvement of an UR harmonic line quality, profitable for FEL, are also proposed.

In this paper, a new wire inverted-F antenna (IFA) is proposed, which is structured by grids of thin wires. This novel wire grid IFA is ~0.3λ long and ~0.14λ high and renders 41% fractional bandwidth which is nearly 5 times higher than the bandwidth of a classic IFA. In addition to the novel structure and high bandwidth, the distinguishing feature of the design process employed is its computational efficiency. While the constituent wires of the wire grid (WG) model are one-dimensional (1D) thin wires, they can indirectly form very thick arms leading to bandwidth enhancement. The thin-wire structure of the WG-IFA provides the opportunity to carry out the analysis and design accurately and fast in a 1D MoM-based software like NEC.

This paper describes the concept, design, and measurement of a multi-band circularly polarized printed slot antenna with a single microstrip feed line. The antenna design for circular polarization (CP) at 1.5 GHz for GPS, 2.4 GHz for Bluetooth, and 3.75 GHz for WiMAX application is given. The proposed antenna also provides a fourth linear polarized band over 5.2 to 6 GHz covering the WLAN band. The design is such that all three CP bands can be tuned for any other desired frequencies. Three configurations of the proposed antenna with different design parameters for different circularly polarized bands are reported in the paper. A prototype of the proposed antenna is fabricated, and measured results are compared with those of the simulations.

In this paper, we develop and present a complete analytical method to analyze the spectral response of a non-uniform multimode fiber Bragg grating assisted devices supporting a few modes. We present the analytical solution while taking into account the two forward and two backward propagating even or odd normal modes of the grating using the matrix method of multimode coupled grating assisted coupler, for sensing application. Earlier, these types of numerical technique based analysis were presented by other researchers, but no one seems to present a complete analytical solution for the given case. The present analytical analysis can simulate a single mode to multimode coupled sensing waveguide devices based on non-uniform grating assisted operation in a coupled structure. The potential applications of our findings will be mostly in sensing devices.

A metasurface for Radar Cross Section (RCS) reduction is proposed. The surface is composed of the same type of metamaterial units with different geometric dimensions, leading to various reflection phases under the incidence of plane waves. By carefully choosing the phase distributions, diffusion will be produced for the reflected waves which may redistribute the scattering energy from the surface toward all the directions, and hence it can be applied as the coating of metallic targets with ultra-low RCS. Both the simulated and experimental results have validated the proposed method.

In this paper, the properties of photonic band gaps (PBGs) for three-dimensional (3D) photonic crystals (PCs) composed of isotropic positive-index materials and epsilon-negative materials with pyrochlore lattices are theoretically investigated by a modified plane wave expansion method. The eigenvalue equations of calculating the band structure for such 3D PCs in the first irreducible Brillouin zone (spheres with the isotropic positive-index materials inserted in the epsilon-negative materials background) are theoretically deduced. Numerical simulations show that the PBG and a flatbands region can be achieved. It is also found that the larger PBG can be obtained in such PCs structure than the conventional lattices, such as diamond, face-centered-cubic, body-centered-cubic and simple-cubic lattices. The influences of the relative dielectric constant of spheres, filling factor, electronic plasma frequency, dielectric constant of epsilon-negative materials and damping factor on the properties of the PBG for such 3D PCs are studied in detail, respectively, and some corresponding physical explanations are also given. The calculated results also show that the PBG can be manipulated by the parameters mentioned above except for the damping factor. Introducing the epsilon-negative materials into 3D dielectric PCs can obtain the complete and larger PBGs as such 3D PCs with pyrochlore lattices, and also provides a way to design the potential devices.

In this paper two novel coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed printed ultra wide band (UWB) monopole antennas with dual band-notching characteristics are proposed. The modified ground technique with symmetric ground plane in antenna-1 and asymmetric ground planes in antenna-2 is exploited to cover UWB application. Both antennas are compact with dimensions of 30 x 30 x 1.6 mm³ and have dual band-notched characteristics with first notched band for integrated band of WiMax 3.5/5.5 GHz and C-band satellite communications 3.7-4.2 GHz, and second notched band for WLAN 5.2/5.8 GHz bands. Antenna with symmetric ground plane achieves the impedance bandwidth of 2.9-11.5 GHz, and antenna with asymmetric ground plane achieves the impedance bandwidth of 2.9-11.89 GHz, respectively with VSWR < 2 except in the notched bands. The antennas are designed and optimised in CST Microwave Studio. The simulated VSWR of the proposed antenna designs is compared with the measured VSWR of fabricated antennas, and it is found that they are in a good agreement. Both antennas exhibit monopole-like radiation patterns with significant gain in entire operating band. Maximum gain of the proposed antenna with symmetric ground plane is 5.3 dBi at 8 GHz, and that with asymmetric ground plane is 4.5 dBi at 7 GHz.

Electromagnetic (EM) wave absorption characteristics for a Bonsai tree are investigated at GSM-900 band. Finite Difference in Time Domain (FDTD) method is hybridized with Friis transmission equation to carry out all the required EM simulations. The tree has been modelled using CT scan based 3D dataset considering different electrical parameters. Maximum local electric (E) field, magnetic (H) field, Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) and Shielding Effectiveness (SE) have been calculated for the tree placing at distance of 5 m away from a radiating Base Station Antenna (BSA) with 20 W input power. The maximum local E field, H field, 1-g SAR and SE obtained by the simulation are found to be 70.1 V/m, 0.09 A/m, 0.135 W/kg and 13.18 dB, respectively. Plants are found to be good natural electromagnetic radiation shield.

This paper presents a novel technique for the synthesis of unequally spaced linear antenna array. The modified Invasive Weed Optimization (IWO) algorithm is applied to optimize the antenna element positions for suppressing peak side lobe level (PSLL) and for achieving nulls in specified directions. The novelty of the proposed approach is in the application of a constraint-based static penalty function during optimization of the array. The static penalty function is able to put selective pressure on the PSLL, the first null beam width (FNBW) or the accurate null positioning as desired by the application at hand lending a high degree of flexibility to the synthesis process. Various design examples are considered and the obtained results are validated by comparing with the results obtained using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) and Cat Swarm Optimization (CSO). Results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms the previously published methods in terms of a significant reduction in peak side lobe level while maintaining strong nulls in desired directions. The flexibility and ease of implementation of the modified IWO algorithm in handling the constraints using static penalty function is evident from this analysis, showing the usefulness of the constraint based method in electromagnetic optimization problems.

We numerically investigate the optical spectra of a photonic band gap material realized by one-dimensional Triadic-Cantor quasi-periodic structure. The studied system is composed of two elementary layers H and L with refractive indices n_L=1,45 (SiO₂) and n_H=2,3 (TiO₂), respectively. Analytical calculations using a trace and antitrace maps approach have been used to find the reflection and transmission theoretical expressions in visible range under quarter wavelength condition. In our results we present the effect of iteration order of Triadic-Cantor sequence on the optical properties of these multilayer systems, namely the photonic band gap behavior and the optical windows presence, which makes this type of structures good candidates for interesting applications in the field of the nano-optical engineering.

In this paper, an ultrathin asymmetric chiral metamaterial multi-band circular polarizer using combined twisted double-gap split-ring resonators (DGSRRs) is proposed and investigated. Experiment and numerical simulations are in good agreement, indicating that when a y-polarized wave is incident on this chiral metamaterial propagating along -z direction, the right circularly polarized (RCP) wave is emitted at 5.58 GHz and 9.34 GHz, while left circularly polarized (LCP) wave is excited at 6.41 GHz and 7.65 GHz, in addition to large polarization extinction ratio of more than 18 dB at the four resonant frequencies. The surface current distributions are studied to illustrate the transformation behavior for both circular polarizations.

A scattered radar signal by a jet engine inlet involves engine information of the target. The jet engine RCS due to the engine inlet is therefore significant in radar target recognition. Accordingly, several accurate analyses of the jet engine RCS have been reported. Reduction of the jet engine RCS is also required for stealth technology. We suggest a new approach for jet engine RCS reduction that involves the insertion of many small corrugations into the jet engine inlet. The proposed jet engine structure is assumed to be a circular waveguide cavity with many corrugations. The structure is analyzed by combining a mode matching technique with a scattering matrix analysis. The proposed closed-form RCS solutions of the corrugated engine structure are validated with a MoM simulation using FEKO. The proposed closed-form solution has numerical efficiency and rapid convergence. Using the characteristics of the solution, we simply apply a genetic algorithm (GA) to optimize the structure of the corrugations in terms of minimizing the RCS.

A novel compact UWB antenna with 3.5/5.5 GHz dual notch-band characteristics is presented. The proposed antenna has a simple structure and compact size of 30×35mm². Firstly, a compact modified rotated monopole antenna that covers UWB band is achieved. Then by inserting a λ/4 stub and etching two symmetrical λ/4 L-shape slots on the UWB antenna achieved before, a dual band-notched ultra-wideband antenna is obtained. The prototypes of UWB antenna with and without notched bands were fabricated and measured. Good performance of dual notched bands, stable gain and omnidirectional radiation patterns make the proposed antenna promising for UWB application.

The paper is devoted to the study of microwave analogue of Tamm states appearing at the boundary of two different periodical chain-like structures in contact. A comparison of numerical and experimental data is provided for periodical chains of quadripoles modelling our system. As it turns out, at the point of contact of two different periodic structures, significant concentration of electromagnetic wave energy takes place. The corresponding concentration of energy is quite similar to those characteristics for Tamm states concentration which takes place at the boundary between two adjacent photonic crystals. We use the term microwave analogue of Tamm states for the considered periodic chain-like structures.

This paper presents the design and fabrication of a feed horn antenna integrated fix-tuned 380 GHz sub-harmonically pumped mixer, based on planar GaAs air-bridged Schottky anti-parallel diode from Rutherford Appleton Laboratory. The diode was designed and fabricated by millimeter technology group, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK. The mixer's circuit configuration and cavity block are realized by joint simulation of ANSOFT's three-dimensional full-wave electromagnetic simulation software HFSS and AGILENT's circuit simulation software ADS. The mixer circuit is fully integrated with the microstrip circuit and the flip-chipped diode on suspended 50 μm thick quartz substrate, and whole fixed-tuned mixer cavity block is integrated with RF feed horn antenna, using least parts to minimize the cost, as well as maximizing its potential convenience for circuit and block manufacture. The simulation and test investigation have good agreement and show state-of-the-art results. The experimental results show that over an IF band of 2.5-3.5 GHz, the mixer's conversion loss is lower than 10 dB with mean value 9 dB, and the mixer's equivalent noise temperature is less than 3000K with mean value 2000 K. Besides, mixer equivalent noise temperature curve's variation trends show good consistency with conversion loss curve.

The paper presents a compact planar Ultra Wide Band filter employing folded stepped impedance resonators with series capacitors and Dumb bell shaped Defected Ground Structures. An interdigital quarter wavelength coupled line is used for achieving the band pass characteristics. The transmission zeros are produced by Stepped Impedance Resonators. The filter has steep roll off rate and good attenuation in its lower and upper stop bands, contributed by the series capacitor and DGS respectively.

A single-layer wideband printed antenna for dual-polarized applications is proposed in this paper. Two orthogonal linear polarizations are achieved by adopting a hybrid feeding technique. The horizontal polarization is excited by an aperture-coupled microstrip feed line while the coplanar waveguide (CPW) feed line is responsible for the vertical polarization. Measurements demonstrate a fairly wide common impedance bandwidth of 56.3% (1.61-2.87 GHz) with SWR ≤ 2 could be achieved. By loading a rectangular patch in the narrow rectangular slot, the isolation between two ports can be improved to better than 40dB over the entire bandwidth. Moreover, the average gains of the proposed antenna are about 5.8 dBi and 5 dBi for port 1 and port 2, respectively.