This paper proposes a square ring patch antenna for GPS L1 band application. The square ring patch located on the center of an FR4 substrate was truncated a square to guide two resonant modes. The dimensions of the truncated square located on the center of the patch controls the antenna's frequency band. Larger truncated square creates longer resonant path that decreases the resonant band. To achieve the CP radiation patterns, the corner-fed method and a truncated L-shaped slot on the ground plane are applied. After the size of the truncated L-shaped slot is optimized, the currents of E_θ and E_φ are around 90° shifts that make the antenna's AR lower than 3 dB. By switching the positions of the feed point and the L-shaped slot, both RHCP and LHCP can be obtained individually. Beside the CP operation, the proposed design also has advantages of planar structure, simple design, low cost, and good performances.

A coplanar waveguide-fed slot antenna with wideband circular polarization characteristic is presented. The proposed antenna consists of an irregular slot with a stair-shaped edge and an L-shaped feed line. The stair-shaped edge can improve the circular polarization of the antenna. The simulated and measured results show that the antenna has an impedance bandwidth (VSWR < 2) about 1040 MHz (42%@2.47 GHz) and an axial ratio (AR) bandwidth (AR < 3 dB) about 640 MHz (25.8%@2.48 GHz) for 2.45 GHz RFID applications. The RHCP gain in the main radiation direction varies between 2.3 dBi and 3.8 dBi.

In this work, Simplified modeling and measurement procedures for capacitive driven electromagnetic launchers using magnetic armatures are presented. The modeling strategy is based on a successive solving of the circuit equation coupled to a 2D finite element (FEM) magnetostatic computation and the mechanical equation of the armature motion. This leads to a considerable time and memory space saving compared to a time domain magnetodynamic problem computation. The armature velocity is determined through the analysis of the time variation of the induced voltage, due to the armature remanent magnetization, in an auxiliary coil placed at the launcher extremity. The modelling and measurement strategies are implemented and tested on a laboratory developed coil-gun prototype. Modelling and measurement results are provided.

Circularly arced Koch fractal curve (CAKC) is originally proposed. Then, a novel wire dipole is formed with Ki-iterated CAKC. The dipole is experimentally studied for fractal electrical characteristics revealing. It manifests many unique properties, such as multiband resonance at odd times of half-wavelength. In particular, it unprecedentedly presents normal mode (0.5.λ) and axial mode (1.5.λ) simultaneously. Thus, K₂ CAKC wire is configured into folded monopole with circular disc ground for omni-directional and directive radiation. Five matched bands (S₁₁≤-10 dB) are obtained within 1 GHz-10 GHz, of which f₁=1.31 GHz, f₂=3.14 GHz, f₃=3.63 GHz, f₄=4.65 GHz, and f₅=7.71 GHz. Compared with conventional wire monopole (0.25.λ), this fractal monopole shows 31% height reduction. It has dipole-like patterns at f₁ and f₂, endfire patterns at f₃ and f₄ with high gain (10 dBi), and off-endfire patterns at f₅. Moreover, the fractal antenna possesses compactness, lightweight, simplicity, and low cost. So, it is an attractive candidate for multiband and multifunction antennas, such as satellite antennas, of which omni-directional normal mode and directive axial mode are needed for beaconing and communication respectively.

This paper introduces a simple but effective scattering mechanism identification scheme for analyzing mixed scattering mechanisms obtained by model-based decomposition. Using the normalized scattering vector, each pixel is represented by a point in a standard 2-simplex in R³. Seven scattering category centers are represented by the three vertices, the three midpoints of sides and the centroid of the 2-simplex. The scattering category partitioning problem is then solved by minimizing the Euclidean distance between the image pixels and these category centers. The proposed scattering mechanism identification scheme is finally used for data analyzing and unsupervised classification. Experiments on AIRSAR and E-SAR L-band PolSAR images demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Improved radio frequency interference suppression method based on short time Fourier transform applied to synthetic aperture radar is proposed in this paper. The radio frequency interference, including narrow-band interference and wide-band interference, are analyzed in time frequency domain. The interference is identified at instantaneous frequency spectrum by a novel threshold criterion in time frequency domain, and then an adaptive gain coefficient is determined for instantaneous frequency spectrum at every certain time. The gain coefficient can keep the useful signal correctly during interference suppression. In the end, the performance of the proposed method is demonstrated by the experiment based on the real synthetic aperture radar data adding the interference.

A multiband Fractal Koch dipole textile antenna is proposed for wearable applications. The antenna is designed to operate at 0.9 GHz, 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz. Denim materials as the substrate are selected aiming to obtain robustness, flexible and lightweight textile antenna. The antenna model is designed, simulated, optimized and analyzed using Microwave Studio CST software. Two types of multiband antenna prototypes are fabricated and evaluated with different conducting elements (Shield It fabric and copper foil tape). Antenna performance is observed in term of return loss, bandwidth, radiation pattern and realized gain. Three different comprehensive analyses are taking into considerations which are measurement antenna with different bending sizes, on-body measurement and under wet condition. The antenna performances are evaluated based on resonant frequency (f_o) and bandwidth (BW). The antennas performance with bending on the human body (arm & forearm) is compared and investigated. A suitable placement on the body has been discovered between chest and backside of human body. The antennas have also been tested under wet conditions to ensure the stable characteristic under the influence of water.

To solve the low-frequency breakdown inherent from the electric field integral equation (EFIE), an alternative new form of the EFIE is proposed by using the Coulomb-gauge Green's function of quasi-static approximation. Different from the commonly adopted Lorentz-gauge EFIE, the Coulomb-gauge EFIE separates the solenoidal and irrotational surface currents explicitly, which captures inductive and capacitive responses through electrodynamic and electrostatic Green's functions, respectively. By applying existing techniques such as the loop-tree decomposition, frequency normalization, and basis rearrangement, the Coulomb-gauge EFIE also can remedy the low-frequency breakdown problem. Through comparative studies between the Lorentz-gauge and Coulomb-gauge EFIE approaches from mathematical, physical and numerical aspects, the Coulomb-gauge EFIE approach shows the capability of solving low-frequency problems and achieves almost the same accuracy and computational costs compared to the Lorentz-gauge counterpart.

It is shown how the linear Gouy phase of an ideal nondiffracting beam of ±(k-k_z)z form, with k_z being the projection of the wavevector of modulus k of the plane wave spectrum onto the propagation axis z, is built from a rigorous treatment based on the successive approximations to the Helmholtz equation. The so much different families of nondiffracting beams with a continuum spectrum, as Bessel beams, Mathieu beams and Parabolic ones, as well as nondiffracting beams with a discrete spectrum, as kaleidoscopic beams, have an identical Gouy phase, which fully governs the beam propagation dynamics. Hence, a real beam whose Gouy phase is close to that linear Gouy phase in a given range, will have nondiffracting-like properties on such a range. These results are applied to determine the effective regime in which a physically realizable beam can be treated as a nondiffracting one. As an fruitful example, the Gouy phase analysis is applied to fully establish the regime in which a Helmholtz-Gauss beam propagates with nondiffracting-like properties.

In order to obtain a super-resolution non-diffraction beam, we propose a fast searching method to design a ternary optical element combined with the circularly polarized light. The optimized results show that a beam with a spot size of 0.356λ and depth of focus of 8.28λ can be achieved by focusing with an oil lens of numerical aperture NA = 1.4 and refractive index of oil n = 1.5. The analysis reveals that the spot size of transverse component is 0.273λ, indicating that the super-resolution effect mainly comes from the transverse component. The spot size inside the media can theoretically reach down to 0.273λ because the spot size inside the media is mainly determined by the transverse component.

As key components of the train control system, balise and Balise Transmission Module (BTM) cooperate with each other and fulfill the ground-train information transmission to ensure the safety and reliability of train operation. Aiming at the requirements for future developments of high-speed railway, this paper builds the model for the dynamic transmission process of the balise tele-powering signal using finite element method and electromagnetic field theory, respectively. The paper analyzes the change law of the magnetic flux density distribution within the balise receiving antenna, and derives expressions for the balise induced voltage amplitude envelope based on train speed. Then, the paper carries out the performance optimization to the existing balise system from two perspectives of the balise mounting style and the BTM mounting height. Experiments show that the proposed optimization measures can substantially enhance the system's adaptability to the ever-increasing train operation speed from the existing 448 km/h to 523 km/h. Furthermore, a potential optimization scheme with respect to the BTM mounting angle which enables huge promotion of the system performance is also discussed and proposed.

The investigation of finite ground coplanar fed ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna and the influence of its curvature and the proximity of planar and circular metalic screen on the reflection coefficients and radiation characteristics is presented. The antenna is composed of two circular coplanar strips which enclose slot aperture of similar shape and is designed on a thin and flexible substrate which allows its bending. The antenna configuration has been modeled and experimentally tested, showing good performance in 2-15 GHz frequency with return losses less than -10 dB. It is shown that the bending of antenna does not significantly affect its performance. The existence of metalic screen deteriorates its radiation pattern and reflection coefficient, however with the correct choice of the distance between screen and antenna the required level of return losses can be provided.

The electro-magnetic torque production in the reluctance machine is highly influenced by the magnetic linkages in the air-gap area. The conventional machines derive the drawback of reduction in the air-gap area to a minimal due to influence of mechanical unbalancing thereby restricting the effective energy conversion area. In order to increase the magnetic linkage area the dual-air-gap structure is introduced. The dual-air-gap structure is realised through the division of the magnetic circuit area into two-air-gap while still maintaining the net air-gap length value. A double-rotor with single-stator structure is used to attribute the above concept. The electro-magnetic analysis of such a structure is developed and investigated through numerical analysis. In order to validate the proposed structure the electro-magnetic characteristics are compared with that of the conventional structure at similar operating conditions. The maximum torque generated by the selected dual-air-gap structure is 1.7549 Nm and for conventional structure is 1.2723 Nm. The evaluation of the proposed machine is done at the same operating conditions and it is found that the dual-air-gap structure exhibit 65% increase in average torque value in comparison with that of the conventional single-air-gap structure.

A novel approach for the design of a compact multiband monopole antenna for improving radiation characteristics at higher resonant frequencies is presented. The proposed structure consists of a conventional printed monopole loaded with spiral ring resonators and fed by microstrip. When at higher resonant frequency, the electrical length of the conventional monopole antennas is relatively large and the surface currents distribute on the patch periodically which will degrade the omnidirectional property. To achieve good radiation characteristics at the upper bands, two spiral ring strips are inserted into the microstrip line on the different layer and connected through via hole. Thus, the direction of surface currents on the spiral ring strips changes with the alteration of spiral structure and their effects on the radiation pattern are reduced. The radiation pattern is mainly contributed by the surface current on the microstrip line and very good stable radiation pattern can be obtained within all the operating bands. In comparison to the previous printed strip monopole structures, the miniaturized antenna dimension is only about 28 mm×20 mm×1 mm. The experimental results show that the proposed antenna can provide operating bands which meet the required bandwidths specification of 2.4/5.2 GHz WLAN and 3.5 GHz WiMAX standard. Detailed design considerations of the proposed antenna are described, and both the simulated and measured results of the proposed antenna are also presented and discussed.

In this paper, a novel compact quadruplexer is implemented by using slotline stepped impedance stub loaded resonators (SISLRs) in ground plane. Four folded dual-mode slotline SISLRs with one input and four output coupled line structures are designed at different frequencies for the quadruplexer operation. By properly adjusting the geometrical parameters of a single dual-mode slotline SISLR, its first two resonant frequencies can be controlled, and thus it can be utilized to implement a second-order bandpass filter when these resonant frequencies are suitably assigned. Furthermore, because the proposed quadruplexer utilizes the distributed coupling technique, a small circuit size can be obtained. As a result, the proposed quadruplexer occupies an extremely small area, i.e., 0.22λ₀ × 0.25 λ₀(0.36λ_g × 0.41λ_g). Finally, good agreement between measurement and EM simulation verifies the design method successfully.

In this work a non-linear efficiency optimization method for its application to an Injection-Locked High Efficiency Voltage Controlled Oscillator is presented. The proposed approach is based on the control of the harmonic content of the oscillator autonomous signal, which is accomplished through the use of an Auxiliary Generator and several multi-harmonic loads based on Arbitrarily Width-Modulated Microstrip Lines. The presented technique has been applied to the design of a 2.5 GHz high efficiency Voltage Controlled Oscillator, which has been manufactured and experimentally characterized, obtaining a good agreement between the simulated and measured results.

This paper presents a simple mathematical model to determine the force, stiffness and moment parameters in Permanent Magnet (PM) bearings made of radial magnetized ring magnets using Coulombian model and vector approach for five degrees of freedom. MATLAB codes are written to evaluate the bearing characteristics for three translational (x, y and z) and two angular (ξ and γ) degrees of freedom of the rotor magnet. The results of the mathematical model are compared with the results of Finite Element Analysis (FEA) using ANSYS and experiments for a PM bearing with one ring pair, thereby the presented mathematical model is validated. Furthermore, the PM bearing with three ring pairs with alternate radial polarizations are analysed by extending the presented mathematical model and also using ANSYS. Finally, the 5×5 stiffness matrix consisting of principal and cross coupled values is presented for the elementary structure as well as for the stacked structure with three ring pairs.

A compact dual-band band-pass filter is proposed in this paper. The central frequencies of the passbands are around 2.46 GHz and 5.86 GHz. There are two resonators located at the top side layer and the bottom side(the CPW) layer, respectively. Dual-resonance operation usually needs two resonators on the same layer to generate two passbands simultaneously. However,in this paper the size can be reduced efficiently by connecting resonators at two layers through via-holes to implement dual-band performance. Furthermore, the stop-band for this novel filter with T slot-line, L-line and rectangular micro-strips can be extended to 30 GHz. To verify the feasibility of the design above, a dual-band band-pass filter has been implemented on a Rogers RT5880 substrate (thickness is 0.508 mm). This filter with passbands operated at 2.46 GHz and 5.86 GHz can finely meet the IEEE 802.11 n wireless local area network (WLAN) bands requirements.

Mechanical distortions of phased array antennas make transmit pattern distort. The transmit pattern cannot be simply calibrated by compensating the position error of each element since the effect of the mechanical distortions is angle-dependent. To solve this problem, we treat the element position errors measurement as prior knowledge and propose a knowledge-aided (potentially cognitive) transmit pattern design method. When the mechanical distortions occur, the cognitive transmit pattern can still place pattern nulls in the directions of interferences while preserving the main beam response of the target of interest. The proposed method is validated by simulation results.

Based on quantum Stokes operators and non-Kolmogorov spectrum model of index-of-refraction fluctuation, the analytical formulas for the quantum degree of depolarization of quantization Hermite-Gaussian (QHG) beams propagating in a turbulent atmosphere slant channel are derived. The nonclassical polarization properties of QHG beams propagating in turbulent atmosphere are studied numerically. It is found that the polarization fluctuations of QHG beams are dependent of the turbulence factors such as spectrum powerlaw exponent, refractive index structure parameter at the ground and zenith angle. The degree of depolarization of QHG beams has a saltation and reaches the minimum value at spectrum power-law exponent α = 11/3, the refractive index structure parameter at the ground of the turbulent atmosphere slightly affects the polarization degree of QHG beams which have travelled a long distance, and the change of polarization degree decreases with the increasing zenith angle. Furthermore, the numerical simulations show that QHG beams with higher photonnumber level, lower beam order, shorter wavelength are less affected by the turbulence. These results indicate that One can choose low-order QHG beams with wavelength λ = 690 nm as optical carrier, increase photon number, set the size of transmitting aperture ω₀ as about 0.1 m, and detect communication signals at the central region of beams to improve the performance of a polarization-encoded free-space quantum communication system.