In this paper, we present a distributed particle filter (DPF) for target tracking in a sensor network. The proposed DPF consists of two major steps. First, particle compression based on support vector machine is performed to reduce the cost of transmission among sensors. Second, each sensor fuses the compressed information from its neighboring nodes with use of consensus or gossip algorithm to estimate the target track. Computer simulations are included to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

We propose some fascinating results regarding dark soliton pulse propagation within the nonlinear micro and nano waveguides. The system consists of nonlinear micro and nanoring resonators whereby the dark soliton is input into the system and travels within the waveguide. A continuous dark soliton pulse is sliced into smaller pulses by the nonlinear effect which is known as chaos. The nonlinear behaviors such as chaos, bistability and bifurcation are analyzed and discussed. The broad area of applications such as dark-bright soliton conversion and power amplification, binary code generation by the dark-bright soliton pair, dark soliton trapping and millimeter wave generation are proposed and discussed. The biggest advantage is that, where security is the most important consideration, power amplification can be used to perform the long distance link.

Interaction of an electromagnetic wave and an inhomogenous plasma slab with electron distribution in the form of partially linear and sinusoidal profiles is analysed to determine new reflection, absorbtion and transmission characteristics. Broadband and tunable absorbtion performance of the plasma layer accompanied with narrowband reflection characteristics is presented as the function of electron density profile parameters and external magnetic field excitation. According to the resulting performance characteristics, proposed plasma layer is found to be useful as a new absorbing layer for shielding and stealth applications.

The interplay effects of matrix formulations with microwave on drug release were investigated using an agglomerate system. Chitosan spheroids were formulated with stearic acid and/or sodium chloride by extrusion-spheronization technique, and chlorpheniramine maleate as water-soluble model drug. The spheroids were treated by microwave at 80 W for 5 to 40 min. The profiles of drug dissolution, drug content, drug-polymer interaction, polymer-polymer interaction, sodium leaching, matrix morphology and integrity were determined. Unlike chitosan matrix prepared by ionotropic gelation method, the retardation of drug release from chitosan spheroids by microwave required a more complex formulation containing both stearic acid and sodium chloride unless a high stearic acid fraction was used. These spheroids demonstrated a high resistance to disintegration during dissolution owing to salt-induced bridging by sodium chloride. In response to microwave, sodium chloride aided stearic acid spread and effected domain interaction via C=O moiety over a matrix with reduced specific surface area thereby reducing drug dissolution. The drug release of spheroids can be retarded by microwave through promoting the layering of hydrophobic stearic acid in a matrix structure sustained by sodium chloride.

Specific rain attenuation is discussed from the viewpoint of numerical solution for scattering and absorption of electromagnetic waves related to dielectric spheres. Special attention is paid to the quantitative evaluations considering the change of temperature and the existence of multiple scattering effect. The analysis is based on the set of Stratton's vector spherical wave functions and its addition theorem, which lead to the simultaneous linear equations for the expansion coefficients with adaptively selected truncation numbers. Computed extinction cross sections lead directly to the specific rain attenuation, where the Weibull raindrop distribution model is used. It is discussed how the dependence of the permittivity of water on temperature and frequency affects the attenuation property. Furthermore, the effect of multiple scattering is evaluated in terms of the root mean square of attenuation deviation from the simple superposition of single scattering (Mie's) coefficients. Contrary to general belief, this deviation is the highest at around the boundary between microwave and millimeter wave bands.

A theoretical study and a simulation method are proposed for superparamagnetic current sensors implementing a uniformly wound toroidal core topology. So as to be easy to implement, this sensor topology can be made flexible thanks to the use of a core made up of a superparamagnetic powder embedded in a flexible plastic matrix. The measurement of DC and AC currents is possible provided that a sinusoidal magnetic field excitation is applied to the superparamagnetic transducer. An analytical model is proposed for computing the sensor output signal and we demonstrate that when the detection of the component at the second order harmonic of the excitation frequency is used, the measurement is independent of the conductor position in a given current range. For simulating the dynamic response of the sensor, we propose to combine the analytical model, or a finite elements model, with a time-discretization method. Furthermore, simulations are carried out considering a ring shaped sensor and the real magnetization characteristics of a superparamagnetic material. Simulations are provided over the [-10 kA 10 kA] range and for various amplitudes of the excitation signal. The results obtained with the analytical model, which is computationally efficient, are within 4% to 12.7% from the numerical results.

The observed phenomena in actual electromagnetic environment are inevitably contaminated by the background noise of arbitrary distribution type. Therefore, in order to evaluate the electromagnetic environment, it is necessary to establish some signal processing methods to remove the undesirable effects of the background noise. In this paper, we propose a noise cancellation method for estimating a specific signal with the existence of background noise of non-Gaussian distribution. By applying the well-known least mean squared method for the moment statistics with several orders, a practical method for estimating the specific signal is derived. The effectiveness of the proposed theoretical method is experimentally confirmed by applying it to an estimation problem in actual magnetic field environment.

Delay lines come in varying topologies such as the simple meander line or the spiral delay lines. The major characteristic of these delay lines is their introduction of a laddering behavior at the output. Such laddering behavior can render the predictability of the delay very difficult unless time-consuming full-wave simulation is used. In previous works, delay lines were considered with minimal attention to the effect of the loss tangent. In this paper we have studied the effect of loss- tangent on the laddering behavior in delay lines and found that by considering the loss-tangent of the dielectric of the host medium, the laddering behavior is no longer present, thus eliminating the possibility of over- or under shooting logic levels at the output.

The magnetic resonance of various split ring resonators (SRRs) is numerically investigated to analyze the dependence of the resonance frequency on their parameter designs. The behavior of the magnetic resonance frequency in the configuration of the 2-cut single-ring SRR (2C-SRR) shows a larger shift in relation to the changes of the SRR size scaling, split width and substrate permittivity. A new magnetic particle formed by the 2C-SRR structure incorporating nematic liquid crystals (LCs) into the multilayered substrate is proposed for the realization of a tunable magnetic metamaterial. When using such inclusions, the tuning range of the magnetic resonance conditions could be as wide as ~1.1 GHz via changing the orientation of LC molecules by 90°.

Electromagnetic cloak is a device which makes an object "invisible" for electromagnetic irradiation in a certain frequency range. Material parameters for the complementary medium-assisted external cylindrical cloak with arbitrary cross section are derived based on combining the concepts of complementary media and transformation optics. It can make the object with arbitrary shape outside the cloaking domain invisible, as long as an "antiobject" is embedded in the complementary layer. The external cloaking effect has been verified by full-wave simulation. Moreover, the effect of metamaterial losses is studied, and small losses less than or equal to 0.01 do not disturb the cloaking effect.

Full-wave electromagnetic solver based on the Transmission Line Matrix Method has been deployed on Grid test-bed. This Grid-based electromagnetic approach exploits the availability of computing node at disposal through the Grid to face the demand of arbitrary large simulations by allocating a corresponding amount of resources hence minimizing the overall elapse time. In order to highlight the benefits of using computing Grids in electromagnetic simulations, a parametric study of planar reflectarray antennas based on microstrip technology has been carried out. The efficiency of distributed computing when a very large number of computation units (nodes) are involved in the computation of large and non-uniform reflectarray antennas is reported.

In this paper, a method is proposed to compact waveguide devices at a desired frequency. In this method a previously designed hollow waveguide is filled with several dielectric and ferrite layers alternately so that the characteristic impedance of the waveguide is not changed. First, the permittivity and permeability of a fictitiously mixed material is obtained. Then, the required permittivity and permeability of dielectric and ferrite layers are obtained at desired frequency. The usefulness of the proposed method is verified using some theoretical and simulation examples.

In this paper, some studies on one-dimensional plasma photonic crystal (PPC) containing alternate layers of dielectric and micro-plasma have been presented. The band structures, reflectivity, group velocities and effective group index of such photonic crystals have been studied. For the purpose of computation, we have used transfer matrix method. In this study, we take two PPC structures named PPC1 and PPC2. In PPC1, we take S_iO₂ as the material for the dielectric layers whereas in PPC2, we take T_iO₂ as the material for the dielectric layers. It is found that the forbidden band gap(s) can be increased by increasing the thickness of plasma layers. The ranges of 100% reflection is found to be in the higher normalized frequency region in the case of PPC1 whereas in PPC2 the ranges of 100% reflection is found in the lower normalized frequency region. It is also found that for a certain normalized frequency, the group velocity becomes negative in both PPCs. However, the range of normalized frequency for which the group velocity is negative is larger in the case PPC1 than in PPC2. This abnormal behaviour of group velocities of both PPCs results in superluminal propagation (speed of EM wave in PPC greater than speed of light) of electromagnetic waves. Also, because of the abnormal behaviour of group velocity, effective group index becomes negative and possesses ultra high values. uch structures may be considered as a flip flop as there is positive and negative symmetry of effective group velocity. Also, PPC2 exhibits superluminal propagation for wider range of normalized frequency where there is superluminal propagation inside the structure as compared to that of PPC1.

In this paper, the Adaptive Integral Method (AIM) has been extended to characterizing electromagnetic scattering by large scale finite periodic arrays with each cell comprising of either dielectric or metallic objects, by utilizing accurate sub-entire-domain (ASED) basis function. The solution process can be carried out in two steps. In the first step, a small problem is solved in order to construct ASED basis functions to be implemented for the second step. When dielectric materials are involved in the cell which results in a large number of unknowns for the small problem, the AIM can be used to accelerate the solution process and reduce the memory requirement. In the second step, the entire problem is solved using the ASED basis function constructed in the first step. The AIM can be enhanced with the ASED basis function implemented to solve the entire problem more efficiently. When calculating the near interaction impedance matrix, computation time can be significantly reduced by using the near impedance matrix in the first step. The complexity analysis shows that the computational time is O(N₀ logN₀) + O(M logM) and memory requirement is O(N₀) + O(M), where N₀ denotes the number of cells and M stands for the number of elements in one cell. The results calculated respectively by the ASED-AIM and the existing AIM are then compared and an excellent agreement has been observed, which demonstrates the accuracy of the proposed method. In the meantime, memory and computational time requirements have been considerably reduced using the ASED-AIM as compared to the existing AIM. Finally, an example with over 10 million unknowns is given to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method.

An ultra-wideband hexagonal ring antenna with dual tunable band-notches is presented in this paper. The proposed antenna achieves a good impedance match (VSWR≤2) covering the range of 2.5-10.6 GHz, except for the bandwidths of 3.1-3.8 GHz for WiMAX and 5.15-6 GHz for WLAN. The band-notch function is evolved by a stub and two pairs of parasitic elements for WiMAX and WLAN, respectively. The experimental results show that the band-notched characteristics can be tuned by adjusting the lengths of the stub and the two pairs of parasitic elements.

In this work, we analyse the frequency response of microstrip lines coupled by complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs) etched on the ground plane supporting electroinductive waves (EIWs). The single-particle configurations demonstrate the principle of operation whose bandwidths reach 67% of the central frequency. A double configuration is afterwards investigated as a further improvement of the filtering response, such as the level of the spurious lower frequency band. Finally, an ultimate prototype comprising different CSRRs along the access line, together with the aforementioned EIW-coupling is proposed for filtering undesired higher bands. Experimental results confirm numerical analysis.

This paper investigates the properties of probe fed cavity-backed fractal aperture antennas. The problem is formulated using the finite element-boundary integral (FE-BI) method in which the field inside the cavity is formulated using the finite element method, and the mesh is truncated at cavity aperture surface using the boundary integral method. Several dual-band cavity-backed fractal aperture antennas based on Sierpinski gasket, Sierpinski carpet, plus shape fractal and Minkowski fractal are investigated. The numerical results obtained from the FE-BI code have been validated with simulations on HFSS.

A planar dual-band semicircle shaped antenna for multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems is introduced. The antenna was studied experimentally regarding bandwidth and radiation patterns. The measured -10 dB return loss bandwidth is from 2.27 to 2.53 GHz and 5.03 to 5.58 GHz, covering all the 2.4/5.2 GHz WLAN bands. Details of the antenna design, simulated and measured results on the return loss and the E- and H-plane radiation patterns of the proposed antenna are presented. The multi-feed 4-elements planar array is simulated using the commercially available software Ansoft HFSS and fabricated that are verified by good agreement between simulated and measured results. The enhanced performance is obtained by placing antennas uniquely to suppress mutual coupling and utilizing supplemental structure to miniaturize the size of the antennas.

In this paper, the coupled mode theory is used to analyze apodized fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs). Since the profile of gratings varies with the propagation distance, the coupled mode equations (CMEs) of apodized FBGs are solved by the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method (RKM) and piecewise-uniform approach (PUA). We present two discretization techniques of PUA to analyze the apodization profile of gratings. A uniform profile FBG can be expressed as a system of first-order ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients. The eigenvalue and eigenvector technique as well as the transfer matrix method is applied to analyze apodized FBGs by using PUAs. The transmission and reflection efficiencies calculated by two PUAs are compared with those computed by RKM. The results show that the order of the local truncation error of RKM is h^-4, while both PUAs have the same order of the local truncation error of h^-2. We find that RKM, capable of providing fast-convergent and accurate numerical results, is a preferred method in solving apodized FBG problems.

In this paper, based on fuzzy measurement data, a prediction method for probability distribution of electromagnetic wave leaked from electronic information equipment is proposed. More specifically, by applying the well-known probability measure of fuzzy events to the probability distribution in an orthogonal expansion series form reflecting systematically various types of correlation information, a method to estimate precisely the correlation information between the electromagnetic and sound waves from the conditional moment statistics of fuzzy variables is proposed under actual situation in the existence of a background noise. The effectiveness of the proposed theory is experimentally confirmed by applying it to the observation data leaked from VDT in the actual work environment.