Vol. 5
Latest Volume
All Volumes
PIERB 105 [2024] PIERB 104 [2024] PIERB 103 [2023] PIERB 102 [2023] PIERB 101 [2023] PIERB 100 [2023] PIERB 99 [2023] PIERB 98 [2023] PIERB 97 [2022] PIERB 96 [2022] PIERB 95 [2022] PIERB 94 [2021] PIERB 93 [2021] PIERB 92 [2021] PIERB 91 [2021] PIERB 90 [2021] PIERB 89 [2020] PIERB 88 [2020] PIERB 87 [2020] PIERB 86 [2020] PIERB 85 [2019] PIERB 84 [2019] PIERB 83 [2019] PIERB 82 [2018] PIERB 81 [2018] PIERB 80 [2018] PIERB 79 [2017] PIERB 78 [2017] PIERB 77 [2017] PIERB 76 [2017] PIERB 75 [2017] PIERB 74 [2017] PIERB 73 [2017] PIERB 72 [2017] PIERB 71 [2016] PIERB 70 [2016] PIERB 69 [2016] PIERB 68 [2016] PIERB 67 [2016] PIERB 66 [2016] PIERB 65 [2016] PIERB 64 [2015] PIERB 63 [2015] PIERB 62 [2015] PIERB 61 [2014] PIERB 60 [2014] PIERB 59 [2014] PIERB 58 [2014] PIERB 57 [2014] PIERB 56 [2013] PIERB 55 [2013] PIERB 54 [2013] PIERB 53 [2013] PIERB 52 [2013] PIERB 51 [2013] PIERB 50 [2013] PIERB 49 [2013] PIERB 48 [2013] PIERB 47 [2013] PIERB 46 [2013] PIERB 45 [2012] PIERB 44 [2012] PIERB 43 [2012] PIERB 42 [2012] PIERB 41 [2012] PIERB 40 [2012] PIERB 39 [2012] PIERB 38 [2012] PIERB 37 [2012] PIERB 36 [2012] PIERB 35 [2011] PIERB 34 [2011] PIERB 33 [2011] PIERB 32 [2011] PIERB 31 [2011] PIERB 30 [2011] PIERB 29 [2011] PIERB 28 [2011] PIERB 27 [2011] PIERB 26 [2010] PIERB 25 [2010] PIERB 24 [2010] PIERB 23 [2010] PIERB 22 [2010] PIERB 21 [2010] PIERB 20 [2010] PIERB 19 [2010] PIERB 18 [2009] PIERB 17 [2009] PIERB 16 [2009] PIERB 15 [2009] PIERB 14 [2009] PIERB 13 [2009] PIERB 12 [2009] PIERB 11 [2009] PIERB 10 [2008] PIERB 9 [2008] PIERB 8 [2008] PIERB 7 [2008] PIERB 6 [2008] PIERB 5 [2008] PIERB 4 [2008] PIERB 3 [2008] PIERB 2 [2008] PIERB 1 [2008]
2008-03-02
Processing of Composites Using Variable and Fixed Frequency Microwave Facilities
By
Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 5, 185-205, 2008
Abstract
This paper starts with the characteristics and advantages of microwaves processing. The shortcomings of fixed frequency, typically at 2.45 GHz were also mentioned. On account of this, the newly developed variable frequency microwave (VFM) fabrication was mentioned and adopted in place of the fixed frequency process. Two cases of fixed frequency microwave processing of materials were described; the characteristics and pros of each case was mentioned and commented. Two cases of processing materials using variable frequency microwave facility (VFMF) were mentioned; the advantages and limitations of each case were discussed. The microwave processing of materials provides improved mechanical, physical and electrical properties with much reduced processing time. Furthermore, variable frequency microwave processing is more superior to its fixed frequency counterpart except that the cost of the facilities of the former is much higher than the latter at this point in time but it appears that the price will drop in the coming ten years.
Citation
Harry Ku, and Talal Yusaf, "Processing of Composites Using Variable and Fixed Frequency Microwave Facilities," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 5, 185-205, 2008.
doi:10.2528/PIERB08011304
References

1. National Research Centre (NRC), , Microwave Processing of Materials, 1-7, 11-12, 100, 105, National Materials Advisory Board, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Academy Press, USA, 1994.

2. Venkatesh, M. S. and G. S. V. Raghavan, "An overview of microwave processing and dielectric properties of agri-food materials," Biosystems Engineering, Vol. 88, No. 1, 1-18, 2004.
doi:10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2004.01.007

3. Thostenson, E. T. and T. W. Chou, "Microwave processing: Fundamentals and applications," Composites A, Vol. 30, 1055-1071, 1999.
doi:10.1016/S1359-835X(99)00020-2

4. Ku, H. S., E. Siores, and J. Ball, "Productivity improvement through the use of industrial microwave technologies," Journal of Computers and Industrial Engineering, Vol. 42/2-4, 281-290, 2002.
doi:10.1016/S0360-8352(02)00026-8

5. Lee, W. I. and G. S. Springer, "Microwave curing of composites," Journal of Composite Materials, Vol. 18, 387-409, 1984.
doi:10.1177/002199838401800405

6. Metaxas, A. C. and R. J. Meredith, Industrial Microwave Heating, 5-6, 28-31, 43, 211, 217, 278, 284-285, Peter Peregrinus Ltd., 1983.

7. Liu, F., I. Turner, E. Siores, and P. Groombridge, "A numerical and experimental investigation of the microwave heating of polymer materials inside a ridge waveguide," Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy, Vol. 31, No. 2, 71-82, 1996.

8. Wei, J. B., K. Ngo, D. A. Tucker, Z. Fathi, F. L. Paulauskas, and W. G. Johanson, "Industrial processing via variable frequency microwaves part I: Bonding applications," Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy, Vol. 33, No. 1, 10-17, 1998.

9. Everleigh, C. A., A. C. Johnson, R. J. Espinosa, and R. S. Garard, "Use of high power travelling wave tubes as a microwave heating source," Material Research Society Symposium Proceeding, Vol. 347, 79-89, 1994.

10. Fathi, Z., R. S. Garard, M. T. DeMeuse, J. Clemens, and C. Saltiel, "Processing and modelling of select PMCs using variable frequency microwave irradiation," Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng., Vol. 72, 74-75, 1995.

11. Lu, Z., H. Ding, W. Sun, and P. Shi, "The study on experiment and mechanism of sterilization with electromagnetic wave," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 21, No. 6, 729-735, 2007.
doi:10.1163/156939307780749084

12. Ku, H. S., E. Siores, and J. A. R. Ball, "Welding of thermoplastic composite using microwave energy," Proceedings of CIRP International Symposium — Advanced Design and Manufacturing in the Global Manufacturing Era, Vol. 2, 612-8, August 21-22 1997.

13. Bolton, W., "Materials and Their Uses," Butterworth and Heinemann, 128, 1996.

14. Ku, H. S., V. Puttgunta, and M. Trada, "Young's modulus of vinyl ester composites cured by microwave irradiation: Preliminary results," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 20, No. 14, 1911-1924, 2006.
doi:10.1163/156939306779322675

15. Ku, H. S., M. Trada, V. Puttgunta, and V. Kota, "Yield and tensile strength of vinyl ester composites cured by microwave," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 21, No. 4, 517-526, 2007.
doi:10.1163/156939307780616847

16. Cardona, F., H. S. Ku, N. Pattarachaiyakoop, D. Rogers, and M. Trada, "Fracture toughness of phenol formaldehyde composites post-cured in microwave," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 21, No. 14, 2137-2146, 2007.
doi:10.1163/156939307783152867

17. Schwartz, M. M., Composite Materials Handbook, 2nd Ed., 6.55-56, McGraw-Hill, USA, 1992.

18. Varadan, V. K. and V. V. Varadan, "Microwave joining and repair of composite materials," Polymer Engineering and Science, Vol. 3, No. 7, 470-486, 1991.
doi:10.1002/pen.760310703

19. Schwartz, M. M., Joining of Composite-matrix Materials, 64, ASM International, USA, 1995.

20. Ku, H. S., E. Siores, and J. A. R. Ball, "Relationship between microwave irradiation and constituents of composites during joining process," Transactions, Vol. 7, No. 3, 41-49, 2000.

21. Ku, H. S., E. Siores, J. A. R. Ball, and M. MacRobert, "Variable frequency microwave processing of thermoplastic composites," Plastics, Rubber and Composites, Vol. 29, No. 8, 278-284, 2000.

22. Liu, Y., Y. Xiao, A. Sun, and D. A. Scola, "Microwave irradiation of nadic-end-capped polyimide resin (RP-46 resin) and glass-graphite-RP-46 composites: Cure and process study," Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 73, 2391-2411, 1999.
doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19990919)73:12<2391::AID-APP9>3.0.CO;2-P

23. Ku, H. S., E. Siores, J. A. R. Ball, and B. Horsfiled, "Permittivity measurement of thermoplastic composites at elevated temperature," Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy, Vol. 36, No. 2, 101-111, 2001.

24. Ku, H. S., E. Siores, J. A. R. Ball, and M. MacRobert, "Characterization of thermoplastic composites using variable microwave facilities configuration," Plastics, Rubber and Composites, Vol. 29, No. 8, 285-287, 2000.

25. Tanikella, R. V., S. A. B. Allen, and P. A. Kohl, "Variable frequency microwave curing of Benzocyclobutene," Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 83, 3055-3067, 2002.
doi:10.1002/app.10286

26. Lauren, K., et al. Multi-Chip Module Conference Proceedings, 229-231, IEEE, 1995.

27. Liu, H.-X., H. Zhai, L. Li, and C.-H. Liang, "A progressive numerical method combined with MON for a fast analysis of large waveguide slot antenna array," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 20, No. 2, 183-192, 2006.
doi:10.1163/156939306775777279

28. Yau, D. and N. V. Shuley, "Numerical analysis of coupling between dielectric image guide and microstrip," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 20, No. 15, 2215-2230, 2006.
doi:10.1163/156939306779322576

29. Habashy, T. M. and A. Abubakar, "A generalized material averaging formulation for modelling of the electromagnetic fields," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 21, No. 9, 1145-1159, 2007.

30. Engstrom, C. and D. Sjoberg, "On two numerical methods for homogenization of Maxwell's equations," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 21, No. 13, 1845-1856, 2007.

31. Hatamzadeh-Varmazyar, S. and M. Naser-Moghadasi, "New numerical method for determining the scattered electromagnetic fields from thin wire," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 3, 207-218, 2008.
doi:10.2528/PIERB07121303

32. Suyama, T., Y. Okuno, A. Matsushima, and M. Ohtsu, "A numerical analysis of stop band characteristics by multilayered dielectric gratings with sinusoidal profile," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 2, 83-102, 2008.
doi:10.2528/PIERB07110301

33. Steinbauer, M., R. Kubasek, and K. Bartusek, "Numerical method of simulation of material influences in MR tomography," Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 1, 205-210, 2008.
doi:10.2528/PIERL07120605