2011-07-05
Dynamic Thinning of Antenna Array Using Genetic Algorithm
By
Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 32, 1-20, 2011
Abstract
Thinning is a technique by which the total number of active elements in an antenna array is reduced without causing major degradation in system performance. Dynamic thinning is the process of achieving this under real time conditions. Stochastic techniques have been useful in the design of thinned arrays. However while applying the technique to large 2-D arrays, under changing conditions problems arise due to the very large and rugged solution space. Also, evaluation of the objective function in such cases requires large computational resources, thus reducing the rate of convergence. This paper suggests a technique using Genetic Algorithm which is useful for overcoming these problems. After discussing the basic concept involving dynamic thinning and application methodology, simulation results of applying the technique to linear and planar arrays are presented.
Citation
Rajashree Jain, and G. S. Mani, "Dynamic Thinning of Antenna Array Using Genetic Algorithm," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 32, 1-20, 2011.
doi:10.2528/PIERB11042203
References

1. King, D. D., R. F. Packard, and R. K. Thomas, "Unequally-spaced broad-band antenna arrays," IRE Trans. on Antenna and Propagation, Vol. 8, 380-384, Jul. 1960.
doi:10.1109/TAP.1960.1144876        Google Scholar

2. Unz, H., "Linear arrays with arbitrarily distributed elements," IRE Trans. on Antenna and Propagation, Vol. 8, 222-223, Mar. 1960.
doi:10.1109/TAP.1960.1144829        Google Scholar

3. Sandler, S. S., "Some equivalences between equally and unequally spaced arrays," IRE Trans. on Antenna and Propagation, Vol. 8, 496-500, Sep. 1960.
doi:10.1109/TAP.1960.1144882        Google Scholar

4. Mafett, A. L., "Array factors with nonuniform spacing parameter," IRE Trans. on Antenna and Propagation, Vol. 10, 131-136, Mar. 1962.
doi:10.1109/TAP.1962.1137831        Google Scholar

5. Andreasen, M. G., "Linear arrays with variable inter-element spacings," IRE Trans. on Antenna and Propagation, Vol. 10, 137-143, Mar. 1962.
doi:10.1109/TAP.1962.1137832        Google Scholar

6. Ma, M. T., Theory and Application of Antenna Arrays, J. Wiley & Sons., Inc., 1974.

7. Skolnik, M. I., G. Nemhauser, and J. W. Sherman, "Dynamic programming applied to unequally spaced arrays," IRE Trans. on Antenna and Propagation, Vol. 10, 35-43, Jan. 1964.
doi:10.1109/TAP.1964.1138163        Google Scholar

8. Madsen, K., H. Schjer-Jacobsen, and J. Voldby, "Minimax solution of non-linear equations without calculating derivatives," Mathematical Programming Study 3, M. Balinski and P. Wolfe (eds.), North Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam, 1975.        Google Scholar

9. Madsen, K., H. Schjer-Jacobsen, and J. Voldby, "Automated minimax design of networks," IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems, Vol. 22, 791-796, Oct. 1975.
doi:10.1109/TCS.1975.1083973        Google Scholar

10. Mahanti, G. K., N. N. Pathak, and P. K. Mahanti, "Synthesis of thinned linear antenna arrays with fixed sidelobe level using Real-coded GA," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 75, 319-328, 2007.
doi:10.2528/PIER07061304        Google Scholar

11. Yan, K.-K. and Y. Lu, "Sidelobe reduction in array-pattern synthesis using genetic algorithm," IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 45, No. 7, 1117-1122, Jul. 1997.        Google Scholar

12. Weile, D. S. and E. Michielssen, "Integer coded Pareto genetic algorithm design of constrained antenna arrays," Electron. Lett., Vol. 32, 1744-1745, Sep. 1996.
doi:10.1049/el:19961174        Google Scholar

13. Murino, V., A. Trucco, and C. S. Regazzoni, "Synthesis of unequally spaced arrays by simulated annealing," IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, Vol. 44, 119-123, Jan. 1996.
doi:10.1109/78.482017        Google Scholar

14. Trucco, A. and F. Repetto, "A stochastic approach to optimizing the aperture and the number of elements of an aperiodic array," Proc. OCEANS'96, Vol. 3, 1510-1515, Sep. 1996.        Google Scholar

15. Trucco, A., "Thinning and weighting of large planar arrays by simulated annealing," IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Contr., Vol. 46, No. 2, 374-355, Mar. 1999.
doi:10.1109/58.753023        Google Scholar

16. Khodier, M. M. and G. Chrisotos, "Linear array geometry synthesis with minimum sidelobe and null control using particle swarm optimization," IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 53, No. 8, 2674-21679, Aug. 2005.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2005.851762        Google Scholar

17. Quevedo-Teruel, Ó. and E. Rajo-Iglesias, "Ant colony optimization in thinned array synthesis with minimum sidelobe level," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 5, No. 1, 349-352, Dec. 2006.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2006.880693        Google Scholar

18. Mosca, S. and M. Ciattaglia, "Ant colony optimization to design thinned arrays," 2006 IEEE International Symposium Antennas and Propagation Society, 4675-4678, 2006.
doi:10.1109/APS.2006.1711682        Google Scholar

19. Rajo-Lglesias, E. and O. Quevedo-Teruel, "Linear array synthesis using an ant-colony-optimization-based algorithm," IEEE Antenna and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 49, No. 2, 70-79, Apr. 2007.
doi:10.1109/MAP.2007.376644        Google Scholar

20. Quevedo-Teruel, O. and E. Rajo-lglesias, "Ant-colony optimization for array synthesis," IEEE International Symposium Antenna and Propagation Society, 3301-3304, Jul. 9--14, 2006.        Google Scholar

21. Haupt, R. L., "Thinned arrays using genetic algorithms," IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 42, No. 7, 993-999, Jul. 1994.
doi:10.1109/8.299602        Google Scholar

22. O'Neil, D. J., "Element placement in thinned arrays using genetic algorithms," Proc. OCEANS '94, Vol. II, 301-306, Brest, France, Sep. 1994.

23. Bray, M. G., D. H. Werner, D. W. Boeringer, and D. W. Machuga, "Optimization of thinned aperiodic linear phased arrays using genetic algorithms to reduce grating lobes during scanning," IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 50, No. 12, 1732-1742, Dec. 2002.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2002.807947        Google Scholar

24. Haupt, R. L. and H. Douglas, Genetic Algorithms in Electromagnetics, Werner, John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
doi:10.1002/047010628X

25. Fern'andez-Delgado, M., J. A. Rodríguez-González, R. Iglesias, S. Barro, and F. J. Ares-Pena, "Fast array thinning using global optimization methods," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 24, No. 16, 2259-2271, 2010.
doi:10.1163/156939310793699136        Google Scholar

26. Jain, R. and G. S. Mani, "Applying micro GA concept for problems with large and rugged solution space," Proc. Tencon 2009, 2009.        Google Scholar