This paper presents an exact analytical method to compute the air-gap magnetic field of surface-mounted permanent-magnet (SMPM) motors for evaluating slotting effects accurately. Solution field regions are divided into air-gap domain, permanent magnet (PM) domain, and slot domains. The Laplace's equations or Poisson's equations of the sub-domains are contacted by boundary conditions and then solved by exact analytical method. The actual height of slot and distance between slots are taken into account in the computation. Magnetic field distributions and cogging torque computed with the proposed analytical method are compared with those issued from 2-D finite-element method (FEM), and the comparison results are consistent and show the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed analytical method.

This paper presents the enhancement of bandwidth in circular and annular ring sectoral patch antennas. The cavity model approach has been used in identifying the higher order mode resonances that are close to each other in the sectoral patches. Bandwidth enhancement centered around these higher order mode resonances is achieved through the use of either a shorting pin or a parasitic patch. The sectoral patches have been simulated using ANSYS HFSS. The optimum position of the shorting pin and the dimension and position of the parasitic patch were determined through parametric simulations on HFSS. Measurements showed that the annular ring sectoral patch with optimally positioned shorting pin achieved 6.3 percent bandwidth with a return loss performance greater than 10 dB while the circular sector patch with a parasitic patch achieved 5.6 percent.

Electromagnetic scattering from time-varying sea surfaces under right-hand circularly polarized (RHCP) wave incidence is investigated, with emphasis on exploring the influence of nonlinear hydrodynamic interactions on Doppler spectral signatures as well as on examining the polarization difference of Doppler spectra between right-hand and left-hand polarized scattering waves. The choppy wave model (CWM) is adopted for describing nonlinear hydrodynamic interactions between ocean waves, and it is constructed by adding horizontal displacements through performing Hilbert transform for a reference linear surface model. Simulation results show that Doppler spectral signatures are significantly influenced by nonlinear hydrodynamic interactions in particular in low-grazing angle regime. It is also indicated that Doppler spectral signatures show distinct polarization dependence. In addition, numerical simulations show that Doppler shift of left-hand polarized scattering wave increases obviously with wind speed increasing, whereas the Doppler shift of right-hand polarized scattering wave looks less sensitive to wind speed variations. The result is potentially valuable in remote sensing applications with Global Navigation Satellite System-Reflectometry (GNSS-R) signals.

We theoretically propose a novel achromatic optical isolator based on circular dichroism in metamaterials of twisted chains of metallic nanoparticles. The suggested optical isolator consists of an input polarizer, followed by quarter-wave plate, then a circular dichroism material, another quarter-wave plate, and an output polarizer. In contrast to the most commonly used optical isolators, the current scheme does not use magnetic field and does not change the polarization plane.

A compact multiband multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna for WLAN applications is presented in this paper. The proposed MIMO antenna consists of two symmetric monopole radiating elements designed to operate over 2.45, 5.2, and 5.8 GHz bands. The isolation is enhanced by using several techniques such as parasitic elements and defected ground structure. The measured S₁₁ < -10 dB is obtained over 2.36-2.68 GHz and 4.81-5.95 GHz, which can cover IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n frequency bands (2.4-2.4835 GHz, 5.15-5.35 GHz, and 5.725-5.875 GHz). The measured isolation values S₂₁ are less than -24 dB and -27 dB over the lower and higher frequency bands, respectively. The envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) of the proposed antenna is less than 0.027 and 0.005 over the lower and higher operating bands, respectively. The overall size of the proposed antenna is 50×30×1.59 mm³. The proposed antenna is a good candidate for IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n applications.

A printed Yagi-Uda antenna with two closely-spaced driven dipole elements and truncated ground plane is presented for dual-band operation. It is designed on a low-cost FR4 substrate with a dielectric constant 4.6, loss tangent of 0.02, and thickness of 1.6 mm. The dipole, operating in the lower band (centered at 1.8 GHz), is elliptical-bow-tiein shape with rounded edges, whereas a J-shaped dipole enables its operation in the upper band (centered at 2.6 GHz). A trapezoid-shaped director is employed to achieve maximum gain over the required frequency bands. Measurements indicate that the antenna operates from 1.71 to 1.9 GHz and from 2.5 to 2.7 GHz with |S₁₁| < -10 dB. The behavior of the proposed antenna has been investigated by studying different parameters to achieve the maximum gains of 6 and 7.7 dB in LTE band 3 and band 7, respectively, with optimal size. It is found that the experimental results of the final packaged antenna agree with the simulated ones in terms of reflection coefficients, gain, and radiation patterns.

This study proposes a broadband asymmetric Doherty power amplifier (A-DPA) with a broadband matching network and an improved power combination network (PCN). A broadband matching network in the form of a low-pass filter is analyzed and applied in this work. With the narrowband characteristic of a 1/4 wavelength transmission line, an improved PCN is also analyzed and applied to decrease the impedance transformation ratio of the 1/4 wavelength transmission line and then extend the working bandwidth of the DPA. In the design process, GaN HEMTs from Cree are selected to be the main and auxiliary power amplifier transistors, and the ADS software is used to complete the entire design process. In the working frequency band of 3.3-3.6 GHz, simulated results show that the gain is approximately 13 dB when the output power is lower than 40 dBm and that the power-added efficiency (PAE) is 39%-51% within the 9 dB power back-off (PBO) region. Measured results indicate that the proposed A-DPA exhibits a 36%-45% PAE within the 9 dB PBO region. The saturated PAE is between 58% and 62%, and the saturated output power is approximately 42 dBm.

Solid state plasma antenna based on surface PiN diodes is characterized by its wide radiation range, good stealth characteristics, compatibility with traditional microelectronic technology, and dynamic reconfiguration, which has very broad application prospects in the fields of wireless communication, radar, and remote sensing. To improve carrier concentration and uniformity within theintrinsic region, a novel SPiN diode with a double-layer structure is described in this paper. This structure can compensate the concentration attenuation at the midpoint of the `i' region, which makes carriers have a more uniform distribution with high concentration, and carrier concentration within the `i' region twice of the traditional SPiN diode. A Si/Ge/Si heterojunction diode is also researched in this paper. These results indicate that a fully reconfigurable semiconductor plasma antenna based on this novel surface PiN diode is achieved to meet the currently-growing communication requirements.

A novel broadbeam aperture-coupled coplanar parasitic rectangular dielectric resonator antenna is proposed which yields broadbeam in both working planes simultaneously. The antenna consists of a main radiating rectangular dielectric element centered over a wide feed slot and two parasitic rectangular dielectric elements one on each side of the main radiating element with an optimum gap in between. The dielectric height and wide slot both play an important role in enhancing the beamwidth in two principal planes simultaneously. It is validated that inclusion of parasitic elements enhances the broadbeam bandwidth in addition to frequency bandwidth. First three azimuthal modes are excited out of which first two modes TE^x₁₁₁ and TE^x₁₁₂ are desired. The proposed antenna is compared with single element rectangular dielectric resonator antenna. To validate the proposed design, a prototype is fabricated and measured. The simulated and measured operating frequency bands of the proposed antenna respectively are 4.8 to 6.9 GHz and 5 to 6.8 GHz. The measured E- and H-plane beamwidths range from 115° to 144° and from 115° to 124°, respectively, yielding a wider coverage area.

A mixed phased array and retrodirective array providing auto tracking of the angular position of the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is presented. The phase conjugation technique and complex vector multiplication are used together to find the geometric phase of each channel canceling the need to use direction finding algorithm (DOA). After generating the phase conjugated version of the received signal on each channel, its complex vector representation will be multiplied by the complex vector representation of the received signal on the reference channel. The UAV will stay on the beak of the array factor during its movement within the field of view (FOV), and a permanent high gain data link is obtained without the need of the tracking algorithm. The beamwidth of the resulted array is widened to be equal to the FOV. The computational cost of the tracking system will be reduced due to canceling the need of using the complex processing algorithms (DOA, and tracking) used in smart antenna. Direction finding algorithm, beamforming algorithm, and tracking algorithm are combined in one algorithm. The least square error pattern synthesis with nulls method is used to eliminate the predefined interference signals and add null steering ability to the resulted array. The effect of the phase errors is reduced to the case of single antenna due to including the phase errors of each channel in its complex weights. The beam pointing error is taken as a metric to evaluate the performance of the resulted array compared with the BPE of a phased array using the monopulse tracking method.

The design and calibration of high-precision analog phase shifters are crucial issues for phased arrays interferometric passive millimeter-wave imaging systems. In this paper, a high-precision analog phase shifter is presented for phased arrays interferometric passive millimeter-wave security sensing applications, which realizes analog phase shifting function by controlling high-precision DAC (digital to analog conversion) with FPGA. It is known that pre-measured phase delay of a phased array channel is a prerequisite for beam pointing control. However, since many active devices are included in phased array channel link, the phase delay would be affected by various factors such as device moving and ambient temperature. So, high-precision phase shifting of phased arrays could be achieved only by measuring and calibrating phases when all components of the system are under normal working conditions. The algorithm proposed in this paper makes it possible to measure and calibrate phases when all sub-modules are integrated into the system, and each component is under normal working state, thus effectively avoiding the errors caused by environmental changes when the laboratory-measured results are put into practical use. Meanwhile, the algorithm is tested on Ka-band phased arrays interferometric passive millimeter-wave imaging system. It turns out that the phase accuracy of phased array channel can reach 5°±1.5°, and it only takes 2 minutes to complete the phase calibrationof 256 arrays.

In this paper, we use magnetic vector potential formulation, along with equivalence principle and image theory, to solve the electromagnetic scattering of a polarized incident plane wave by a subwavelength circular aperture in a conducting screen. The underlined analytical formulation yields a closed-form solution that is accurate for any angle of incidence or polarization and valid for the near-, intermediate- and far-field regions of observation. The formulation is based on Bouwkamp's diffraction model that uses dominant quasi-static magnetic current modes to represent the governing magnetic current distribution in the circular aperture for any incident wave. Taylor series expansion was implemented on the free-space Green's function, and the individual Taylor terms were integrated analytically to produce closed-form expressions for the scattered fields in all regions. In doing so, the Gegenbauer polynomial expansion was applied in order to allow evaluation of the resulting integrals for any observation point in the lower half space. The results obtained from the proposed analytical approach were compared with data generated through a direct application of a numerical integration technique. The comparison illustrates the validity and accuracy of the proposed analytical formulation.

A miniaturized planar ultra-wideband (UWB) polygon-slot antenna with wideband-notched property is presented in this paper. With coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed structure and miniaturized dimensions of 18.5×20.5 mm², the antenna is easy to be integrated with microwave circuitry. By using one rectangular CSRR on rectangular patch, the WLAN band from 4.8 to 5.9 GHz is rejected. By cutting off two small rectangles in the lower corners of the rectangular patch, Antenna 2 is finally proposed, and UWB impedance matching from 3.1 to 12.6 GHz is achieved. The final proposed antenna is fabricated on a low-cost FR4 substrate and measured, and the measured and simulated results show an acceptable agreement. The antenna is validated to perform good radiation properties such as nearly stable radiation patterns, high gain, and high radiation efficiency.

A miniaturized rectangular monopole antenna (RMA) integrated with a T-shaped stub, inverted long and short L-shaped stub resonators based on application of the theory of characteristic modes (CMs) is investigated for multiband operation. CMs of embedded multistubs resonators on the RMA are examined and perceived that the entire structure is able to excite magnetic and electric CMs, in which three valuable CMs at 2.69/3.68/5.35 GHz are attained to cover WiMAX and WLAN bands. Based on CM analysis, the design formulation of multistubs resonators loaded antenna is presented. The proposed multiband antenna has been fabricated, tested, and experimentally characterized. The measured fractional bandwidths (FBWs) are 7.03% (180 MHz, 2.47-2.65 GHz), 10.43% (360 MHz, 3.27-3.63 GHz), and 11.42% (630 MHz, 5.20-5.83 GHz). The antenna exhibits isolated multiple frequency bands, stable monopole-like radiation patterns, and flat realized gains over the operating resonance bands while maintaining the small antenna size.

Based on Huygens-Fresnel principle, a general expression for the average image intensity of a heterodyne and a direct-detection imaging system in turbulent media is derived under the assumption of a Gaussian rough-surface model. From the formulation, we find that the object size, turbulence strength, wavelength, and object roughness affect image intensity dramatically in the image plane.

Electromagnetic (EM) vortex wave carries orbital angular momentum (OAM), which has been proposed for improve anti-interference performance, spectral efficiency, and message capacity in radio communications. Multiple sub-channels of propagation are achieved by different twisting degrees of EM wave. In order to develop the theory and technique of the OAM, works must be done to study the generation of vortex wave. There exist several devices to generate vortex wave, such as phase plate, holographic diffraction gratings, spiral reflectors, and antenna arrays. In this paper, based on typical parabolic antenna, a new approach to generate vortex wave carrying OAM in radio frequency through coating specific controllable complex dielectric constant material on parabolic antenna is introduced. From the results of the proposed antenna, we conclude that parabolic antenna with materials arranged by a specific rule on the reflector has capacity of generating an EM wave with clockwise and anti-clockwise phase distributions around beam-axis. The new method generating OAM is simple and suitable to be well applied in wireless electronic technology.

A compact, triple-band (WiMAX, WLAN and X-Band uplink satellite communication) monopole antenna is reported in this paper. The geometry of the proposed antenna consists of a pentagon-shaped patch along with symmetrical hook-shaped resonators and one vertical slot. The reported antenna works at three unique frequencies centered at 3.5 GHz, 5.4 GHz, and 8 GHz, covering absolute bandwidth of 900 MHz (3.2-4.1 GHz), 800 MHz (5.1-5.9 GHz), and 1.6 GHz (7.3-8.9 GHz), respectively. This antenna possesses good gain and high efficiency at all operating bands. The presented antenna has simulated gain (efficiency) of 4 dBi (78%), 4.2 dBi (79.95%), and 4.2 dBi (85.8%) at 3.5, 5.4, and 8 GHz, respectively. The operating bands of the presented antenna can be tuned independently by varying certain correlated parameters. All the simulations are carried out using High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS 13.0). The hardware of the simulated antenna is successfully constructed and tested for validation of simulation results. A reasonable match between the simulated and measured results is observed at the operating bands.

In this paper, a new method of improving cross-polarization (XP) performance on a wideband microstrip antenna is proposed, by adopting a defected ground structure (DGS). This F-slot shaped defected ground structure (F-DGS) exhibits considerable improvement in terms of XP properties, broad boresight angular suppression, and impedance bandwidth (S₁₁ < -10 dB). Lower than -26 dB XP level is achieved over 206˚ angular range, while the impedance bandwidth is broadened to 15.5%. Both wideband rectangular patches with and without F-DGS have been fabricated and experimented.

This paper presents a compact Wilkinson power divider (WPD) operating at 0.7 GHz (LTE band) with higher order harmonics suppression based on step impedance shunt stubs (SISSs) and defected ground structure (DGS). The quarter wavelength lines of conventional WPD are replaced by a host line loaded with a DGS and a pair of SISSs. The DGS and SISS of the proposed line serve as a high series inductance and shunt capacitance, respectively. Therefore, a compact quarter wavelength line is designed compared to conventional one. A prototype of the proposed power divider is designed based on the proposed line, which provides a size reduction of 71% as compared to conventional WPD (CWPD) at 0.7 GHz. In addition, upper edge selectivity is found to be 40 dB/GHz along with higher order harmonics suppression up to the 10th order (7GHz) by a level better than 20 dB. The proposed power divider is experimentally verified with the simulated one and found to be same.

In this study, we propose a transceiver architecture for wireless chip-to-chip communication using on/off keying (OOK) modulation. The proposed transceiver is composed of an oscillator, coils, an envelope detector, and a Schmitt trigger. Given that the oscillator itself acts as an OOK modulator, the transmitter is simplified. Additionally, because the oscillating signal is coupled between the transmitter and receiver coils, the reliability of the chip-to-chip communication is improved compared to a pulse-type transceiver. To verify the feasibility of the proposed transceiver, we design a transceiver using a 180 nm CMOS process. For a design with a 1.5 GHz oscillation frequency and 1 MHz digital input signal, we verify that the proposed transceiver successfully recovers the original digital signal.