One-dimensional ternary photonic crystals are suggested as refractometric sensing elements, for sensing very small refractive index changes of a medium. These one-dimensional ternary photonic crystals based refractometric sensing elements are not only remarkably smaller, but are also more sensitive than one-dimensional binary photonic crystal based sensing element recently suggested by researchers.

The optimization and simulated realization of planar 2-D antenna array with a flat-top shaped-beam pattern are proposed in this paper. The shaped-beam planar array can be used as an element of Very Large Array for the Deep Space Detection. A conventional genetic algorithm is chosen for the optimization. However, the synthesis of flat-top shaped-beam using a planar 2-D array is difficult because of the inherently large number of degrees of freedom involved in the algorithm (in generally, the amplitude and phase of each element must be determined). Therefore, a sub-array rotation method, which lies on the flat-top pattern synthesis itself, is proposed in this study to resolve the design problem. Besides, the proposed synthesis has taken the actual element patterns but identical and isotropic ones into account, which can reduce the error between computation and realization. A 8*8 (64)-element rectangular array is exampled, and the results of the optimized flat-top patterns are shown to illustrate the validity and high efficiency of the technique.

At WRC-07, the frequency band 3500 MHz has been allotted for the next generation of mobile International Mobile Telecommunication-Advanced (IMT-Advanced). Meanwhile this band is already in used by fixed services, which means that harmful interference probability may be transpired. In this paper, the coexistence between the two services in various geographical deployment areas (dense urban, urban, suburban, and rural areas) will be analyzed. Spectrum emission mask is an effective interference model will be invested and interference to noise ratio of -6 dB is the used coexistence criteria. Co-channel, zero-guard band, and adjacent channel are three Intersystem interference scenarios will be investigated. The analysis will focus on determine required minimum separation distance and frequency separation under different attenuation due to local clutter and height of antennas at fixed channel bandwidth.

In this research, a fast approach of method of moments (MoM) for analyzing 3-D dielectric body is proposed. The unknown polarization current in dielectric body is expanded into rectangular blocks with overlapping volume sinusoidal basis functions. To accelerate the matrix-solving CPU time in MoM, the multi-region iterative method, where the overlapping blocks are used as the iteration units, is applied to solving the matrix equation in the MoM. Some numerical results are given to show that the CPU time for solving unknown currents can be reduced effectively by multi-region iterative method.

Uncertainties in biological tissue properties are weighed in the case of a hyperthermia problem. Statistic methods, experimental design and kriging technique, and stochastic methods, spectral and collocation approaches, are applied to analyze the impact of these uncertainties on the distribution of the electromagnetic power absorbed inside the body of a patient. The sensitivity and uncertainty analyses made with the different methods show that experimental designs are not suitable in this kind of problem and that the spectral stochastic method is the most efficient method only when using an adaptative algorithm.

In this paper, a new Yagi-Uda substrate is proposed to obtain radar cross section (RCS) reduction. The Yagi-Uda substrate on which three kinds of metal microstrip lines are etched is put directly on the top of a patch antenna and can reduce RCS sharply by steering the direction of reflecting wave at resonant frequencies. Using a reconfiguration technique, the antenna can radiate without the substrate's effects. When the antenna does not need to work, the Yagi-Uda substrate works to reduce the RCS of the antenna. Besides, the resonant frequencies can be shifted by reconfiguring the Yagi-Uda substrate, so the RCS can be reduced in a broad frequency band.

In order to design high current devices, there are many factors to be considered namely the compatibility of these devices with the internal and external propagation as well as ensuring the generation of low-frequency and high-frequency disturbances within electromagnetic environments. This contribution reports the simulation and measurement results of the electromagnetic interference (EMI) due to the fields inside and outside a Current Injection Transformer (CIT) and its control system during short circuit tests. This paper will also push the state of the art by proposing a synthetic algorithm based on a channel coding technique for error free EMI shielding to increase the performance level of the CIT against the unpredictable events or probable transient states accompanying EMI which may result in malfunctioning of the control system and data exchanges through the connectors.

The paper presents the performances of microstrip patch antennas excited by the aperture-coupling feed that is composed of a T-shaped microstrip feed line and an annular-ring slot. Because the annular-ring slot is designed at a full-wavelength resonant mode, a broad impedance bandwidth can be obtained by combing the resonant modes of the coupling slot and radiating patch; moreover, a low cross polarization is also observed, especially around the direction with maximum gain. For reducing the considerable back radiation induced by the resonant coupling aperture, additional slots are introduced and embedded along the perimeter of the annular-ring slot. Experimental results show that the reformed coupling slot can improve the front-to-back ratio of the aperture-coupled microstrip antenna by more than 5 dB. Simulation analyses are also performed to support the measured results.

This work is dedicated to the study and measurement of the electric and magnetic fields intensities in the vicinity of an antenna array that is used for broadcasting at medium frequencies. The far field distance of a radiating system is usually computed with 2D²/λ which is obtained from the geometry of the problem. Another method to obtain the far field distance using the wave impedance of the electromagnetic wave through the ratio of electric and magnetic field, has been measured and calculated theoretically. The classical and new method to compute the far field distance are compared in this paper in order to show the improves in the calculation. The antenna array used in this work is a monopole plus a parasitic element at medium frequency, which generate a ground wave. Near the antenna, the electric field has vertical and radial components, and the areas are called the reactive near field and the radiated near field. The attenuation of the electric and magnetic fields due to the soil can be neglected for the near field study. The prediction of the levels of field intensity is useful to analyze electromagnetic interference and electromagnetic compatibility. It is also important to verify the regulations of International Standard IEEE C95-1 and the Argentina Regulation 3690 of National Communications Commission (CNC).

Here a photonic crystal plate polarizer (with periodic air gaps), operating over a broad wavelength range extending from 1000nm to 1770nm and with a wide angular field of 16^o measured in air, is suggested. The polarizer has an average degree of polarization equal to 0.9999, and a high extinction ratio (>8.308×10⁴) in transmitted light. Since the plate polarizer does not require optical cements, it is most suitable for use with high power laser systems. It is also smaller in size as compared with multilayered cube polarizers.

In this letter, an easy concept to eliminate the simultaneous switching noise (SSN) in multilayer board is proposed. Use of the low impedance element provides a short path to lead noise to ground, called virtual shield. This method could effectively suppress the first mode of the parallel resonance, and the wider-band suppression could be obtained by array short via. It is also proved that the virtual shield concept has to be placed as the excited source at the same layer.

This paper presents the exact analytical formulation of the three components of the magnetic field created by a radially magnetized tile permanent magnet. These expressions take both the magnetic pole surface densities and the magnetic pole volume density into account. So, this means that the tile magnet curvature is completely taken into account. Moreover, the magnetic field can be calculated exactly in any point of the space, should it be outside the tile magnet or inside it. Consequently, we have obtained an accurate 3D magnetic field as no simplifying assumptions have been used for calculating these three magnetic components. Thus, this result is really interesting. Furthermore, the azimuthal component of the field can be determined without any special functions. In consequence, its computational cost is very low which is useful for optimization purposes. Besides, all the other expressions obtained are based on elliptic functions or special functions whose numerical calculation is fast and robust and this allows us to realize parametric studies easily. Eventually, we show the interest of this formulation by applying it to one example: the calculation and the optimization of alternate magnetization magnet devices. Such devices are commonly used in various application fields: sensors, motors, couplings, etc. The point is that the total field is calculated by using the superposition theorem and summing the contribution to the field of each tile magnet in any point of the space. This approach is a good alternative to a finite element method because the calculation of the magnetic field is done without any simplifying assumption.

This paper presents a printed slot antenna using the printed structure in order to improve its dual-band and compact size performances. The printed slot structure is used as additional resonators to produce dual-band operation for covering the worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) and the 5.2-GHz wireless local area network (WLAN) bands. In order to achieve wideband and multi-band operation, the slot antennas with a slotted structure and an inverted-L slot structure for covering the wireless communication operations are developed. Finally, we propose a novel and compact printed slot antenna with mixing slot structures to obtain and cover for the 2.4-GHz WLAN (2.4--2.484 GHz), the WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e in the Taiwan: 2.5--2.69/3.5--3.65 GHz), and the 5-GHz WLAN (5.15--5.35/5.725--5.825 GHz). Several properties of the proposed antennas for dual- and multi-band characterize radiation performances such as impedance bandwidth and radiation pattern. Measured gain has been confirmed experimentally for the multi-band wireless communication systems.

The design and realization of a ten-element shaped-beam antenna array are presented. A flat-top pattern in the main beam which allows a well-proportioned power distribution in desired zone is achieved by optimizing the amplitudes and phases of array elements using genetic algorithm. Being different from the most optimization in reported literatures, the proposed synthesis has taken the actual element patterns but identical and isotropic ones into account, which can reduce the error between computation and realization. Besides, both the optimized amplitudes and phases are set to be realizable. The array operating at 1.71-1.74 GHz is manufactured and measured. The measured radiation patterns of the proposed array show a flat-top main beam of about 40^o and a peak side-lobe level of -20 dB, exhibiting a good agreement with the simulated results.

A 35 GHz alternating current (AC) direct detection receiver for passive imaging has been studied and presented. The Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits (MMIC) Low Noise Amplifiers (LNAs) with high gain and wide band are cascaded to provide enough gain for high sensitivity in the receiver. On basic of discussing the structure and mechanical chopping modulation, the signal model and compensation mechanism is emphatically analyzed. Finally, the imaging result is given.

A new set of higher order hierarchical basis functions based on curvilinear triangular patch is proposed for expansion of the current in electrical field integral equations (EFIE) solved by method of moments (MoM). The multilevel fast multipole method (MLFMM) is used to accelerate matrix-vector product. An improved sparse approximate inverse (SAI) preconditioner in the higher order hierarchical MLFMM context is constructed based on the near-field matrix of the EFIE. The quality of the SAI preconditioner can be greatly improved by use of information from higher order hierarchical MLFMM implementation. Numerical experiments with a few electromagnetic scattering problems for open structures are given to show the validity and efficiency of the proposed SAI preconditioner.

A novel feed network for microstrip antenna array is presented. By using the novel feeding structure, a high-performance Ku-band antenna is designed and fabricated. The 32 elements of the array are arranged in a 2-by-16 configuration. The measured peak gain at centre frequency is 22.93 dBi with an aperture efficiency of 70.5%. The antenna has less than -15 dB return loss and less than -12.3 dB SLL from 11.75 GHz-12.75 GHz.

This paper presents a novel compact power divider with third harmonic suppression and also can provide a direct current(dc) path which could simplify the other active circuits in the complicated phased array antenna system. The proposed power divider achieves 20% size reduction compared to the conventional Wilkinson power divider. From the measured results, it can be seen that the simulated results can instruct the practical circuit very well.

The analytical expression of scattering field from a conductor elliptic cylinder is presented, as the electromagnetic wave propagating vertical to the axis of an elliptic cylinder with arbitrary incident angle and polarization. The obtained result is in agreement with that in the reference when we use this analytical expression to calculate the scattering field from a cylinder. Simulations show that the vertical size of the elliptic cylinder effects greatly the scattering field when we observing it in the direction perpendicular to the direction of the incident wave. The scattering field is strong as the polarization direction of incident wave parallel to the axis of the elliptic cylinder. The algorithm used in the article is valid to investigate the scattering characteristic of other elliptic cylinders. The obtained result offers a theoretical foundation for the practical applications such as electromagnetic remote sensing of target's size and shape.

In this paper a numerical analysis of a periodic planar structure using a uniaxial substrate is shown. The paper means to explore the possibility to use non-conventional substrate to reduce the size of planar radiating structure. The encouraging numerical results set the ground for a further experimental analysis. The presented results can be applied easily to the design of planar antennas, arrays and Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSS). Currently the demand for multiband performance devices that can stay in the palm of the hand has become more compelling. In this light, the advance in planar radiating structure design using non-conventional material with the objective of size reduction is carried out. A FSS resonating at 20.75 GHz has been analyzed. Pyrolytic boron nitrite (PBN), which has an anisotropic dielectric with a relative electric permittivity represented by a diagonal tensor, is adopted as the substrate of the designed FSS to achieve the size reduction while maintaining the FSS performance. The design is then compared with the one that uses isotropic substrate (i.e., RO4003). Comparison shows that the introduction of such a non-conventional medium allows the patch size to be reduced approximately by 20% while maintaining almost the same electromagnetic performance. Issues about size reduction and frequency shifting are further presented and discussed in the paper.