The present study was carried out to evaluate the information leakage of a computer display image that can be reconstructed using the conducted emission on its power leads. The reconstructed images can be generated from the relevant signal that was conducted-emitted by the switching of RGB (Red-Green-Blue) signals in the monitor. The relevant signal was then contained in the frequency region higher than 100 MHz in the conducted emission. From these findings, a measurement system was developed to measure the relevant signal in a conducted emission to 1000 MHz. The relevant signals of three PCs were then measured taking account of the signal-to-noise ratio. The measurement results revealed that the relevant signal level depended on the PC and receiving frequency. In addition, the qualities of the reconstructed images were checked using certain receiving frequencies. The reconstructed image quality and the measured relevant signal level were then compared for the same receiving frequency, and a correlation was found.

In this paper, a metal-clad planar optical waveguide biosensor with five layer structure is studied theoretically for the detection of Pseudomonas and Pseudomonas-like bacteria. Using a very simple boundary matching technique, we derive the mode equation and other necessary formulae for the proposed biosensor and analyse its performance under different conditions related to its constituents. The numerical results presented in this paper leads to a significant optimization of the important design parameters to sense micro-scale biological objects. Also, we compare our computed results with the results given for a biosensor with four layer structure. In addition, we discuss the importance and need of the inclusion of the thickness of an affinity layer as fifth layer in the four layer structure of the metal clad planar waveguide.

We study theoretically the propagation of electromagnetic waves in an infinite and homogenous medium with both temporal and spatial dispersion included. We derive a partial differential equation connecting temporal and spatial dispersion to achieve negative group velocity. Exact solutions of the equation are found and shown to lead to the possibility of exciting constant negative group velocity waves. We then investigate the effect of spatial dispersion on the power flow and derive the first-, second-, and third-order corrections of power flow due to the nonlocality in the medium. This derivation suggests a path beyond the group velocity concept.

The design of a novel Fractal planar inverted F antenna (F-PIFA) based on the self affinity property is presented in this paper. The procedure for designing a Fractal Planar Inverted F Antenna is explained and three different iterations are designed for use in cellular phones. The F-PIFA has a total dimension of 27 mm x 27 mm and has been optimized to be operational at GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication), UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) and HiperLAN (High Performance Radio LAN) with the frequencies range from 1900 MHz to 2100 MHz, 1885 to 2200 MHz and 4800 MHz to 5800 MHz respectively. The antenna achieved -6 dB return loss at the required GSM, UMTS and HiperLan frequencies with and has almost omnidirectional radiation pattern. This antenna has been tested using realistic mobile phone model and has met the performance criteria for a mobile phone application. Simple semiempirical formulas of the operational frequency, numerical calculation and computational SAR of the antenna also has been presented and discussed.

The characteristics of guided modes in the planar waveguides which the core or cladding consists of chiral nihility meta-materials are studied theoretically. The dispersion curves, electromagnetic fields, energy flow distribution and the power of several low-order guided modes in the chiral nihility waveguides are presented. Some novel features such as anomalous dispersion curves, the power flows opposite to the wave vector propagation direction in the chiral nihility waveguides have been found.

Microwave methods require some sort of calibration before physical (thickness, flaw, etc.) and electrical (permittivity, permeability, etc.) measurements of materials. It is always attractive to devise a method which not only eliminates this necessity but also saves time before measurements. Microwave calibration-independent measurements can be utilized for this goal. However, in the literature, these measurements are only applied for electrical measurements of materials. In this research paper, we investigate the performance of microwave calibration-independent measurements for thickness evaluation of dielectric materials to increase the potential of available microwave techniques for thickness evaluation of dielectric materials. We derive an explicit expression for thickness estimation of dielectric materials from calibration-independent measurements for the adopted calibration-independent technique. We also propose a criterion for increasing the performance of measurements. We conducted thickness measurements of six dielectric specimens with different lengths to validate the derived expressions and the proposed criterion for thickness measurements.

This paper presents a diagnosis method for articular cartilage damage using polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT). Through signal analysis, the optical characteristics of intact cartilage and different types of mild lesions within cartilages can be quantified from measures such as the scattering coefficient (μ_s), effective anisotropy factor (g_eff), and birefringence coefficient (Δn). Our preliminary investigation using porcine articular cartilage indicated that both subsurface morphological changes and apparent variations in optical properties, which may be the early signs of cartilage degeneration, were found in three types of diseased cartilages.

In this work, frequency behavior of the multilayer structure comprised of double-negative (DNG) and dielectric slabs is presented in detail. The multilayer structure consists of N pieces DNG and dielectric slabs with different material properties and thicknesses. The incident electric field is assumed to be a monochromatic plane wave with any arbitrary polarization. The DNG layers are realized using the parameters of Lorentz/Drude type metamaterials. Transfer matrix method is used in the analysis to find the characteristics of the reflected and transmitted powers. Finally, the computations of the powers for two structures are demonstrated in numerical results for the application to design efficient filters at the microwave, millimeter wave, and optical frequency regions.

This paper mainly deals with the optical properties of biological tissues that are measured using laser reflectometry method. The result is compared with the phantom and simulation values to get accurate result. The surface Backscattering was determined by laser reflectometry. The tissue equivalent phantom would be prepared with the help of white paraffin wax mixed with various colour pigments in multiple proportions. A familiar Monte Carlo Simulation is used for the analysis of the optical properties of the tissue. The normalized backscattered intensity (NBI) signals from the tissue surface, measured by the output probes after digitization are used to reconstruct the reflectance images of tissues in various layers below the skin surface. This method was useful to trace the abnormal in the tissue.

Dispersion characteristics of two types of two-dimension dielectric plasma photonic crystal are studied based on modified plane wave method. Firstly, the eigenvalue equations of TM mode of type-1 and type-2 structures are derived respectively; their dispersion curves are confirmed by the software simulation. Secondly, the influences of normalized plasma frequency, filling factor and relative dielectric constant on photonic band gap, and relative photonic band gap width are analyzed respectively, and some corresponding physical explanations are also given. These results would provide theoretical instructions for designing new photonic crystal devices using plasmadielectric structure.

A diversity monopulse antenna is presented in this paper. This monopulse antenna is based on a dual frequency dual mode rat-race coupler that has been designed by using Composite Right/Left Handed (CRLH) Transmission Lines (TL). The device has two input ports while the (Σ) and (Δ) outputs are interchangable at either of the two operating frequencies. In this way the monopulse antenna can work at two different frequencies with two sets of radiation patterns, Σ and Δ. In addition, there is no need of diplexing to separate the (Σ) and (Δ) radiation patterns since these patterns at either frequency are directly obtained at different ports. The dual frequency dual mode rat-race requires that the phase delay of the CRLH lines must be different at either working frequency. As an example of an application, a 950 MHz/1.8 GHz dual-band dual-mode rat-race coupler is shown.

The dynamic evolutions of full Gaussian and particularly the truncated Gaussian pulses in dispersive Lorentz media are studied numerically in detail. The observed qualitative phenomena lead to revised interpretation regarding both Sommerfeld and Brillouin precursors. Neither strict Sommerfeld nor Brillouin precursor is present for the case of an incident full Gaussian pulse for any finite propagation distance. In addition, the Brillouin effect can be separated into a tail and a forerunner depending on the turn-on point of the initial pulse. Moreover, the essence of an artificial precursor is discussed, which deserves caution when handling the high dynamic range problems by numerical algorithm.

Pulsed-current sensors require transducers constituted of magnetic materials with high magnetic permeability in a frequency range compatible with the period and the frequency of the current pulse. The use of ferrites in this application has the advantage of low cost and low losses in high frequencies. The aim of this work is to present a procedure for selection of the ceramic processing route of Ni-Zn ferrite for application in a pulsed-current sensor. The ferrite samples were prepared under different processing parameters and characterized in terms of microstructure, chemical analysis, complex magnetic permeability, and magnetic hysteresis. The chosen processing route included high energy milling of the pre-sintered powder, its disaggregation before sample forming, and sintering of the samples in air for 2h at 1300^οC. Tests were performed and it was verified that using this processing route for the fabrication of the sensor's core it was possible to monitor pulses of 0.1-1.0 μs.

This paper aims to complete a published systematic methodology for the design of ladder BAW filters in order to include the effect of the electrodes, since infinitely thin electrodes are assumed in this design methodology. The new procedure is validated against the work of other authors, finding very good agreement between results.

We present a practical and simple method for calculating the mutual inductance between two non-coaxial circular coils with parallel axes. All possible circular coils such as coils of rectangular cross section, thin wall solenoids, thin disk coils (pancakes) and circular filamentary coils are taken into consideration. We use Grover's formula for the mutual inductance between two filamentary circular coils with parallel axes. The filament method is applied for all coil combinations, for coils of the rectangular cross section and for thin coils. We consider that the proposed method is very simple, accurate and practical for engineering applications. Computed mutual inductance values obtained by the proposed method have been verified by previously published data and the software Fast-Henry. All results are in a very good agreement. This method can be used in various electromagnetic applications such as coil guns, tubular linear motors, transducers, actuators and biomedical implanted sensors.

The microwave signal attenuation caused by dust is one of the major problems in utilizing microwave bands for terrestrial and space communication especially at desert and semi desert area. This paper presents a mathematical model developed to characterize the microwave signal attenuation due to dust. This model enables a convenient calculation of the microwave signal path attenuation which relates attenuation to visibility, frequency, particle size and complex permittivity. The predicted values from the mathematical model, which are compared with the measured values observed by the author in Sudan show relatively optimistic agreement.

Based on the deterministic Maxwellian framework, we investigate the ability of each of the dual fields (electric and magnetic) in carrying independent information in a multi-polarization MIMO system. We quantify the performance by using a well-defined power independent dimensionality (PID) metric. We present numerical results for 3 deterministic scenarios: a canonical free-space (near and far field exact solution), a canonical PEC corridor (using rigorous modal analysis) and a lossy-wall corridor (using image ray tracing). The deterministic results show that in a multi-path rich environment, the hexapole system (collocated polarized electric and magnetic point radiators) is almost guaranteed to provide more than 3 DOF. However, in the simulated scenarios, the maximum 6 DOF are never attained due to the inevitable coupling between the electric and magnetic fields. On the other hand, for a tripole system, the upper-limit of 3 DOF is achievable.

In this paper, the design, simulation, and fabrication of a double-ridged antenna is presented. The designed double-ridged antenna is most suitable as a feed element in reflectors of the radar systems and EMC applications. The designed antenna has a voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) less than 2 for the frequency range of 8-18 GHz. Moreover, the proposed antenna exhibits satisfactory far-field radiation characteristics in the entire operating bandwidth. A coaxial line to rectangular double-ridged waveguide transition is introduced for coaxial feeding of the designed antenna. The proposed antenna is simulated with commercially available packages such as CST microwave studio and Ansoft HFSS in the operating frequency range. Simulation results for the VSWR, radiation patterns, and gain of the designed antenna over the frequency band 8-18 GHz are presented and discussed.

The X-band wide band aperture-coupled stacked microstrip antenna is studied and manufactured. Based on the finite-difference time-domain method, a parametric study of the input impedance of the antenna is presented, and the effects of some parameters which are not easy to control in manufacture of the antenna impedance are illustrated. The structure of screw-plane-support is used for the manufacture of this kind of antenna. And several notes for manufacture are considered based on the parameter analysis. The measured bandwidth in which VSWR≤2 is greater than 50%. The measured results are basically accordant to numerical simulated results. It testifies the capability of the model in expanding bandwidth and validity of this structure. The radiation patterns within operation bandwidth are presented and discussed.

A comparative study using numerical models on the mutual coupling (MC) between two different heterogeneous beam steering dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs) and an omni-directional dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) is presented in this paper. The mutual coupling was investigated by varying the separation between the antennas and manipulating the far field radiation pattern of each antenna. Several arrangements with element separation ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 free space wave length were investigated at the design frequency of 10 GHz. Different configurations contributed to different isolation levels. It was found that a significant isolation (< -15 dB) between an array of heterogeneous DRAs can be obtained even with antennas placed in close proximity (0.1 free space wavelength separation). It was also shown that the resonant frequency and return loss are most affected at settings where the direction of the main lobe of antenna A overlaps with the direction of the main lobe of antenna B. The expected inverse proportionality between 'd' (the separation between two antennas) and the level of MC was also demonstrated.