volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

The advantage of the canonical filter theory approach to design inductive power transfer (IPT) systems is that values for the coupled resonator elements are readily calculated from scaled canonical filter prototypes with specific frequency response characteristics. For example, Butterworth bandpass filter prototypes can be used to synthesize resonant-coupled IPT systems with critically-coupled frequency response characteristics. In this work, we analyze two canonical filter prototype structures: one prototype has series matching elements at the ports, and the other prototype has shunt matching elements at the ports. Equations are provided to transform the networks into coupled resonator structures that implement IPT links with a transmitter, receiver, and multiple repeater coils. The filter methodology for IPT link synthesis also provides an easy framework to evaluate design trade-offs. An example of comparing resonator inductor sizes for both the series and shunt matching topologies is shown for IPT links operating in ISM frequency bands of 6.78 MHz, 13.56 MHz, 27.12 MHz, and 40.68 MHz. Experimental results are shown for four different IPT examples that were designed using filter synthesis methods.

1. Peek, G. A., M. R. Francis, and T. W. Frank, "Wireless charging device for wearable electronic device,", US Patent 9,843,214, Dec. 12, 2017.
doi:10.1109/TBCAS.2010.2072782

2. RamRakhyani, A. K., S. Mirabbasi, and M. Chiao, "Design and optimization of resonancebased efficient wireless power delivery systems for biomedical implants," IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, Vol. 5, No. 1, 48-63, 2010.
doi:10.4015/S1016237221500484

3. Ebrahimzadeh, E., M. Asgarinejad, S. Saliminia, S. Ashoori, and M. Seraji, "Predicting clinical response to transcranial magnetic stimulation in major depression using time-frequency EEG signal processing," Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications, Vol. 33, No. 6, 2150048, 2021.
doi:10.1109/TNET.2012.2185831

4. Xie, L., Y. Shi, Y. T. Hou, and H. D. Sherali, "Making sensor networks immortal: An energy-renewal approach with wireless power transfer," IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, Vol. 20, No. 6, 1748-1761, 2012.

5. Hasan, N., I. Cocar, T. Amely, H. Wang, R. Zane, Z. Pantic, and C. Bodine, "A practical implementation of wireless power transfer systems for socially interactive robots," 2015 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 4935-4942, IEEE, 20.

6. Miller, J. M., P. H. Chambon, P. T. Jones, and C. P. White, "Wireless power transfer electric vehicle supply equipment installation and validation tool,", US Patent A13/544,058, Jan. 24, 2013.
doi:10.1109/TTE.2017.2771619

7. Ahmad, A., M. S. Alam, and R. Chabaan, "A comprehensive review of wireless charging technologies for electric vehicles," IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrication, Vol. 4, No. 1, 38-63, 2018.
doi:10.1109/TTE.2019.2931869

8. Sinha, S., A. Kumar, B. Regensburger, and K. K. Afridi, "A new design approach to mitigating the effect of parasitics in capacitive wireless power transfer systems for electric vehicle charging," IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrication, Vol. 5, No. 4, 1040-1059, 2019.
doi:10.1109/TCSI.2011.2180446

9. Kiani, M. and M. Ghovanloo, "The circuit theory behind coupled-mode magnetic resonance-based wireless power transmission," IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, Vol. 59, No. 9, 2065-2074, Sep. 2012.
doi:10.1109/TVT.2015.2454292

10. Zhang, W. and C. C. Mi, "Compensation topologies of high-power wireless power transfer systems," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 65, No. 6, 4768-4778, 2015.
doi:10.1109/TMTT.2017.2741963

11. Thackston, K. A., H. Mei, and P. P. Irazoqui, "Coupling matrix synthesis and impedance-matching optimization method for magnetic resonance coupling systems," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 66, No. 3, 1536-1542, 2017.

12. Yi, L. and J. Moon, "Design of efficient double-sided LC matching networks for capacitive wireless power transfer system," 2021 IEEE PELS Workshop on Emerging Technologies: Wireless Power Transfer (WoW), 1-5, IEEE, 2021.
doi:10.1109/TPEL.2019.2920948

13. Chen, Y., M. Li, B. Yang, S. Chen, Q. Li, Z. He, and R. Mai, "Variable-parameter T-circuit-based IPT system charging battery with constant current or constant voltage output," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 35, No. 2, 1672-1684, 2019.
doi:10.1109/TPEL.2016.2557461

14. Huang, L., A. P. Hu, A. K. Swain, and Y. Su, "Z-impedance compensation for wireless power transfer based on electric field," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 31, No. 11, 7556-7563, 2016.

15. Sinha, S., A. Kumar, S. Pervaiz, B. Regensburger, and K. K. Afridi, "Design of efficient matching networks for capacitive wireless power transfer systems," 2016 IEEE 17th Workshop on Control and Modeling for Power Electronics (COMPEL), 1-7, IEEE, 2016.
doi:10.1109/ECCE.2009.5316169

16. Keeling, N., G. A. Covic, F. Hao, L. George, and J. T. Boys, "Variable tuning in LCL compensated contactless power transfer pickups," 2009 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, 1826-1832, IEEE, 2009.
doi:10.1109/ITEC.2017.7993344

17. Regensburger, B., A. Kumar, S. Sinha, K. Doubleday, S. Pervaiz, Z. Popovic, and K. K. Afridi, "High-performance large air-gap capacitive wireless power transfer system for electric vehicle charging," 2017 IEEE Transportation Electrication Conference and Expo (ITEC), 638-643, IEEE, 2017.
doi:10.1109/ECCE.2018.8557881

18. Regensburger, B., J. Estrada, A. Kumar, S. Sinha, Z. Popovic, and K. K. Afridi, "High-performance capacitive wireless power transfer system for electric vehicle charging with enhanced coupling plate design," 2018 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 2472-2477, IEEE, 2018.
doi:10.1017/wpt.2016.7

19. Monti, G., A. Costanzo, F. Mastri, and M. Mongiardo, "Optimal design of a wireless power transfer link using parallel and series resonators," Wireless Power Transfer, Vol. 3, No. 2, 105-116, 2016.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2013.2290795

20. Lee, J., Y.-S. Lim, W.-J. Yang, and S.-O. Lim, "Wireless power transfer system adaptive to change in coil separation," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 62, No. 2, 889-897, 2013.

21. Lee, J., Y. Lim, H. Ahn, J.-D. Yu, and S.-O. Lim, "Impedance-matched wireless power transfer systems using an arbitrary number of coils with flexible coil positioning," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 13, 1207-1210, 2014.
doi:10.1109/TMTT.2018.2852661

22. Barakat, A., K. Yoshitomi, and R. K. Pokharel, "Design approach for efficient wireless power transfer systems during lateral misalignment," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 66, No. 9, 4170-4177, 2018.

23. Ahmadi, M., T. Vander Meulen, L. Markley, and T. Johnson, "Adaptive load impedance compensation theory for inductive power transfer systems," 2022 IEEE Wireless Power Transfer Conference (WPTC), 1-6, 2022.
doi:10.1002/ecj.11543

24. Awai, I. and T. Ishizaki, "Design of `magnetic resonance type' WPT systems based on lter theory," Electronics and Communications in Japan, Vol. 96, No. 10, 1-11, 2013.
doi:10.1109/ICCCAS.2010.5581895

25. Awai, I. and T. Komori, "A simple and versatile design method of resonator-coupled wireless power transfer system," 2010 International Conference on Communications, Circuits and Systems (ICCCAS), 616-620, 2010.

26. Awai, I. and T. Ishizaki, "Superiority of BPF theory for design of coupled resonator WPT systems," Asia-Pacic Microwave Conference 2011, 1889-1892, IEEE, 2011.
doi:10.1109/TMTT.2021.3138747

27. Peng, C., Z. Chen, Z. Xu, Z. Zhao, J. Li, and H. Zhao, "A systematic design method for a wireless power transfer system based on lter theory," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 70, No. 4, 2407-2417, 2022.

28. Awai, I., "Design theory of wireless power transfer system based on magnetically coupled resonators," 2010 IEEE International Conference on Wireless Information Technology and Systems, 1-4, IEEE, 2010.
doi:10.1049/iet-pel.2015.0892

29. Zhang, J. and C. Cheng, "Comparative studies between KVL and BPFT in magnetically-coupled resonant wireless power transfer," IET Power Electronics, Vol. 9, No. 10, 2121-2129, 2016.
doi:10.1109/JESTPE.2020.3010424

30. Ahmadi, M., L. Markley, and T. Johnson, "A filter theory approach to the synthesis of capacitive power transfer systems," IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, Vol. 10, No. 1, 91-103, 2020.

31. VanderMeulen, T., M. Ahmadi, L. Markley, and T. Johnson, "Comparison of shunt-shunt and series-series resonator topology for second-order WPT systems," 2022 Wireless Power Transfer Conference (WPTC), 1-4, 2022.

32. Awai, I., T. Komori, and T. Ishizaki, "Design and experiment of multi-stage resonator-coupled WPT system," 2011 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Workshop Series on Innovative Wireless Power Transmission: Technologies, Systems, and Applications, 123-126, 2011.
doi:10.1109/TCSI.2014.2327331

33. Luo, B., S. Wu, and N. Zhou, "Flexible design method for multi-repeater wireless power transfer system based on coupled resonator bandpass filter model," IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, Vol. 61, No. 11, 3288-3297, 2014.

34. Matthaei, G., L. Young, and E. Jones, "Design of microwave filters, impedance-matching networks, and coupling structures: Volume 1,", Tech. Rep., Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA, 1963.
doi:10.1017/wpt.2020.5

35. Badowich, C., J. Rousseau, and L. Markley, "Convex optimization of coil spacing in cascaded multi-coil wireless power transfer," Wireless Power Transfer, Vol. 7, No. 1, 42-50, 2020.

36. Matthaei, G., "Properties of some common microwave filter elements," Microwave Filters, Impedance-Matching Networks, and Coupling Structures, Vol. 5, 149-155, 1980.

37. Zverev, A., Handbook of Filter Synthesis, 1st Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1967.

38. Hunter, I., "Theory and design of microwave filters," IET, No. 48, 125-136, 2001.
doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1959.287201

39. Cohn, S. B., "Dissipation loss in multiple-coupled-resonator filters," Proceedings of the IRE, Vol. 47, No. 8, 1342-1348, 1959.

40. Cadence, I., Design Systems, AWR Microwave Office Getting Started Guide, San Jose, California, USA, 2022.
doi:10.3390/s16081219

41. Khan, S. R. and G. Choi, "Analysis and optimization of four-coil planar magnetically coupled printed spiral resonators," Sensors, Vol. 16, No. 8, 1219, 2016.

42. Terman, F. E., Radio Engineers' Handbook, McGRAW-HILL Book Company, INC., New York and London, 1943.

Mr. Masoud Ahmadi

Dr. Tristan Vander Meulen

Dr. Loïc Markley

Dr. Thomas Johnson