Abstract

An original application of stopband (SB) type negative group delay (NGD) electronic function is introduced. The unfamiliar SB-NGD circuit is designed with RLC-network lumped passive topology. The SB-NGD circuit is exploited to operate as a true-time delay (TTD) device for smart dual-beam phased array design. The two-port passive topology for designing an SB-NGD circuit constituted by an RLC-network is described. The theory and design method of the employed SB-NGD passive circuit are detailed. The microwave theory of the SB-NGD topology is elaborated from S-matrix modelling. The SB-NGD canonical form is innovatively introduced in function of the expected specifications. The synthesis design equations allowing to determine the R, L and C component values in function of the NGD specifications are formulated. The SB-NGD behavior is verified by comparison of calculated and simulated S-parameters from two different proofs-of-concept (POC). Illustrative results with a very good agreement showing SB-NGD behavior are observed around the arbitrarily chosen central frequencies f₁ = 0.7 GHz and f₂ = 1 GHz over a bandwidth of 50 MHz. The design principle of TTD-based smart dual-beam is described. The dual-band SB-NGD circuit is designed to operate as a dual-band TTD device with fixed delays at t₁(f₁) = 357 ps and t₂(f₂) = 875 ps, respectively. A radiation pattern showing the smart dual-beam steering operating system at f₁ and f₂ frequencies is discussed.

1. Kallnichev, V., "Analysis of beam-steering and directive characteristics of adaptive antenna arrays for mobile communications," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 43, No. 3, 145-152, Jun. 2001.
doi:

504 Gateway Time-out

Google Scholar

2. Yan, S.-H. and T.-H. Chu, "A beam-steering and -switching antenna array using a coupled phase-locked loop array," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 57, No. 3, 638-644, Mar. 2009.
doi:The server didn't respond in time. Google Scholar

3. Hakkarainen, A., J. Werner, K. R. Dandekar, and M. Valkama, "Widely-linear beamforming and RF impairment suppression in massive antenna arrays," Journal of Communications and Networks, Vol. 15, No. 4, 383-397, Aug. 2013.
doi: Google Scholar

4. Li, Y., M. F. Iskander, Z. Zhang, and Z. Feng, "A new low cost leaky wave coplanar waveguide continuous transverse stub antenna array using metamaterial-based phase shifters for beam steering," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 61, No. 7, 2619-2625, Jul. 2013. Google Scholar

5. Oh, S. S. and L. Shafai, "Compensated circuit with characteristics of lossless double negative materials and its application to array antennas," IET Microw. Antennas Propag., Vol. 1, No. 1, 29-38, 2007. Google Scholar

6. Antoniades, M. A. and G. V. Eleftheriades, "Compact linear lead/lag metamaterial phase shifters for broadband applications," IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., Vol. 2, 103-106, 2003. Google Scholar

7. Eleftheriades, G. V., O. Siddiqui, and A. K. Iyer, "Transmission line for negative refractive index media and associated implementations without excess resonators," IEEE Microw. Wireless Compon. Lett., Vol. 13, No. 2, 51-53, Feb. 2003. Google Scholar

8. Siddiqui, O. F., M. Mojahedi, and G. V. Eleftheriades, "Periodically loaded transmission line with effective negative refractive index and negative group velocity," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 51, No. 10, 2619-2625, Oct. 2003. Google Scholar

9. Xiao, J.-K., Q.-F. Wang, and J.-G. Ma, "Negative group delay circuits and applications: Feedforward amplifiers, phased-array antennas, constant phase shifters, non-foster elements, interconnection equalization, and power dividers," IEEE Microwave Magazine, Vol. 22, No. 2, 16-32, Feb. 2021. Google Scholar

10. Lucyszyn, S. and I. D. Robertson, "Analog reflection topology building blocks for adaptive microwave signal processing applications," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn., Vol. 43, No. 3, 601-611, Mar. 1995. Google Scholar

11. Broomfield, C. D. and J. K. A. Everard, "Broadband negative group delay networks for compensation of oscillators, filters and communication systems," Electron. Lett., Vol. 36, No. 23, 1931-1933, Nov. 2000. Google Scholar

12. Ravelo, B., S. Lallechere, A. Thakur, A. Saini, and P. Thakur, "Theory and circuit modelling of baseband and modulated signal delay compensations with low- and band-pass NGD effects," Int. J. Electron. Commun., Vol. 70, No. 9, 1122-1127, Sept. 2016. Google Scholar

13. Ahn, K.-P., R. Ishikawa, and K. Honjo, "Group delay equalized UWB InGaP/GaAs HBT MMIC amplifier using negative group delay circuits," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn., Vol. 57, No. 9, 2139-2147, Sept. 2009. Google Scholar

14. Lallechere, S., L. Rajaoarisoa, L. Clavier, R. S. Galan, and B. Ravelo, "Bandpass NGD function design for 5G microwave signal delay synchronization application," Comptes Rendus Physique (CRAS), Vol. Tome 22, No. S1, 53-71, 2021. Google Scholar

15. Shao, T., Z. Wang, S. Fang, H. Liu, and Z. Chen, "A full-passband linear-phase band-pass filter equalized with negative group delay circuits," IEEE Access, Vol. 8, 43336-43343, Feb. 2020. Google Scholar

16. Alomar, W. and A. Mortazawi, "Method of generating negative group delay in phase arrays without using lossy circuits," Proc. IEEE Int. Wireless Symp. (IWS) 2013, 1-4, Beijing, China, Apr. 14-18, 2013. Google Scholar

17. Alomar, W. and A. Mortazawi, "Elimination of beam squint in uniformly excited serially fed antenna arrays using negative group delay circuits," Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Antennas Propag., 1-2, Chicago, IL, USA, Jul. 2012. Google Scholar

18. Mirzaei, H. and G. V. Eleftheriades, "Arbitrary-angle squint-free beamforming in series-fed antenna arrays using non-foster elements synthesized by negative-group-delay networks," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 63, No. 5, 1997-2010, May 2015. Google Scholar

19. Zhu, M. and C.-T. M. Wu, "Reconfigurable series feed network for squint-free antenna beamforming using distributed amplifier-based negative group delay circuit," Proc. 2019 49th European Microwave Conference (EuMC), 256-259, Paris, France, Oct. 1-3, 2019. Google Scholar

20. Mirzaei, H. and G. V. Eleftheriades, "Realizing non-Foster reactive elements using negative-group-delay networks," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn., Vol. 61, No. 12, 4322-4332, Dec. 2013. Google Scholar

21. Zhang, T., R. Xu, and C. M. Wu, "Unconditionally stable non-Foster element using active transversal-filter-based negative group delay circuit," IEEE Microw. Wireless Compon. Lett., Vol. 27, No. 10, 921-923, Oct. 2017. Google Scholar

22. Ravelo, B., M. Le Roy, and A. Perennec, "Application of negative group delay active circuits to the design of broadband and constant phase shifters," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 50, No. 12, 3077-3080, Dec. 2008. Google Scholar

23. Ravelo, B., A. Perennec, and M. Le Roy, "Synthesis of frequency-independent phase shifters using negative group delay active circuit," Int. J. RFMiCAE, Vol. 21, No. 1, 17-24, Jan. 2011. Google Scholar

24. Ravelo, B., "Distributed NGD active circuit for RF-microwave communication," Int. J. Electron. Commun., Vol. 68, No. 4, 282-290, Apr. 2014. Google Scholar

25. Nebhen, J. and B. Ravelo, "Innovative microwave design of frequency-independent passive phase shifter with LCL-network and bandpass NGD circuit," Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 109, 187-203, 2021. Google Scholar

26. Meng, Y., Z. Wang, S.-J. Fang, and H. Liu, "Broadband phase shifter with constant phase based on negative group delay circuit," Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 103, 161-169, 2022. Google Scholar

27. Ravelo, B., G. Fontgalland, H. S. Silva, J. Nebhen, W. Rahajandraibe, M. Guerin, G. Chan, and F. Wan, "Original application of stop-band negative group delay microwave passive circuit for two-step stair phase shifter designing," IEEE Access, Vol. 10, No. 1, 1493-1508, 2022. Google Scholar

28. Qiu, L.-F., L.-S. Wu, W.-Y. Yin, and J.-F. Mao, "Absorptive bandstop filter with prescribed negative group delay and bandwidth," IEEE Microw. Wireless Compon. Lett., Vol. 27, No. 7, 639-641, Jul. 2017. Google Scholar

29. Wang, Z., Y. Cao, T. Shao, S. Fang, and Y. Liu, "A negative group delay microwave circuit based on signal interference techniques," IEEE Microw. Wireless Compon. Lett., Vol. 28, No. 4, 290-292, Apr. 2018. Google Scholar

30. Wu, C.-T.-M. and T. Itoh, "Maximally flat negative group-delay circuit: A microwave transversal filter approach," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn., Vol. 62, No. 6, 1330-1342, Jun. 2014. Google Scholar

31. Liu, G. and J. Xu, "Compact transmission-type negative group delay circuit with low attenuation," Electron. Lett., Vol. 53, No. 7, 476-478, Mar. 2017. Google Scholar

32. Shao, T., Z. Wang, S. Fang, H. Liu, and S. Fu, "A compact transmission line self-matched negative group delay microwave circuit," IEEE Access, Vol. 5, 22836-22843, Oct. 2017. Google Scholar

33. Ravelo, B. and S. De Blasi, "An FET-based microwave active circuit with dual-band negative group delay," JMOe, Vol. 10, No. 2, 355-366, Dec. 2011. Google Scholar

34. Ravelo, B., "Innovative theory on multiband negative group delay topology based on feedback loop power combiner," IEEE Tran. CAS II: Express Briefs, Vol. 63, No. 8, 738-742, Aug. 2016. Google Scholar

35. Choi, H., Y. Jeong, J. Lim, S. Y. Eom, and Y. B. Jung, "A novel design for a dual-band negative group delay circuit," IEEE Microw. Wireless Compon. Lett., Vol. 21, No. 1, 19-21, Jan. 2011. Google Scholar

36. Chaudhary, G., Y. Jeong, and J. Lim, "Miniaturized dual-band negative group delay circuit using dual-plane defected structures," IEEE Microwave Wireless Compon. Lett., Vol. 21, No. 1, 19-21, Jan. 2011. Google Scholar

37. Shao, T., S. Fang, Z. Wang, and H. Liu, "A compact dual-band negative group delay microwave circuit," Radio Engineering, Vol. 27, No. 4, 1070-1076, Dec. 2018. Google Scholar

38. Zhou, X., B. Li, N. Li, B. Ravelo, X. Hu, Q. Ji, F. Wan, and G. Fontgalland, "Analytical design of dual-band negative group delay circuit with multi-coupled lines," IEEE Access, Vol. 8, No. 1, 72749-72756, Apr. 2020. Google Scholar

39. Ravelo, B., "Similitude between the NGD function and filter gain behaviours," Int. J. Circ. Theor. Appl., Vol. 42, No. 10, 1016-1032, Oct. 2014. Google Scholar

40. Ravelo, B., "On the low-pass, high-pass, bandpass and stop-band NGD RF passive circuits," URSI Radio Science Bulletin, Vol. 2017, No. 363, 10-27, Dec. 2017. Google Scholar

41. Ravelo, B., "First-order low-pass negative group delay passive topology," Electronics Letters, Vol. 52, No. 2, 124-126, Jan. 2016. Google Scholar

42. Ravelo, B., "Demonstration of negative signal delay with short-duration transient pulse," Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. (EPJAP), Vol. 55, No. 10103, 1-8, 2011. Google Scholar

43. Ravelo, B., "Baseband NGD circuit with RF amplifier," Electronic Letters, Vol. 47, No. 13, 752-754, Jun. 2011. Google Scholar

44. Ravelo, B., "Methodology of elementary negative group delay active topologies identification," IET Circuits Devices Syst. (CDS), Vol. 7, No. 3, 105-113, May 2013. Google Scholar

45. Ravelo, B., "Theory on negative time delay looped system," IET Circuits, Devices & Systems, Vol. 12, No. 2, 175-181, Mar. 2018. Google Scholar

46. Randriatsiferana, R., Y. Gan, F.Wan, W. Rahajandraibe, R. Vauche, N. M. Murad, and B. Ravelo, "Study and experimentation of a 6-dB attenuation low-pass NGD circuit," Analog. Integr. Circ. Sig. Process., Vol. 110, 105-114, 2022. Google Scholar

47. Wan, F., Z. Yuan, B. Ravelo, J. Ge, and W. Rahajandraibe, "Low-pass NGD voice signal sensoring with passive circuit," IEEE Sensors Journal, Vol. 20, No. 12, 6762-6775, Jun. 2020. Google Scholar

48. Ravelo, B., F. Wan, S. Lallechere, W. Rahajandraibe, P. Thakur, and A. Thakur, "Innovative theory of low-pass NGD via-hole-ground circuit," IEEE Access, Vol. 8, No. 1, 130172-130182, Jul. 2020. Google Scholar

49. Ravelo, B., W. Rahajandraibe, M. Guerin, B. Agnus, P. Thakur, and A. Thakur, "130-nm BiCMOS design of low-pass negative group delay integrated RL-circuit," Int. J. Circ. Theor. Appl., 1-17, Feb. 2022. Google Scholar

50. Wan, F., T. Gu, B. Li, B. Li, W. Rahajandraibe, M. Guerin, S. Lallechere, and B. Ravelo, "Design and experimentation of inductorless low-pass NGD integrated circuit in 180-nm CMOS technology," IEEE Tran. CADICS, Vol. 41, No. 11, 4965-4974, 2022. Google Scholar

51. Wan, F., X. Huang, K. Gorshkov, B. Tishchuk, X. Hu, G. Chan, F. E. Sahoa, S. Baccar, M. Guerin, W. Rahajandraibe, and B. Ravelo, "High-pass NGD characterization of resistive-inductive network based low-frequency circuit," COMPEL --- The Int. J. Computation and Math. in Elec. and Electron. Eng., Vol. 40, No. 5, 1032-1049, 2021. Google Scholar

52. Yang, R., X. Zhou, S. S. Yazdani, E. Sambatra, F. Wan, S. Lallechere, and B. Ravelo, "Analysis, design and experimentation of high-pass negative group delay lumped circuit," Circuit World, 1-25, 2021. Google Scholar

53. Guerin, M., Y. Liu, A. Douyere, G. Chan, F.Wan, S. Lallechere, W. Rahajandraibe, and B. Ravelo, "Design and synthesis of inductorless passive cell operating as stop-band negative group delay function," IEEE Access, Vol. 9, No. 1, 100141-100153, Jul. 2021. Google Scholar

54. Fenni, S., F. Haddad, K. Gorshkov, B. Tishchuk, A. Jaomiary, F. Marty, G. Chan, M. Guerin, W. Rahajandraibe, and B. Ravelo, "AC low-frequency characterization of stop-band negative group delay circuit," Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 115, 261-276, 2021. Google Scholar

55. Balanis, C. A., Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 3rd Ed., Wiley, 2005.

Prof. Blaise Ravelo

Dr. Glauco Fontgalland

Dr. Ana Paula B. Dos Santos

Dr. Hugerles S. Silva

Dr. Nour Mohammad Murad

Dr. Fayrouz Haddad

Dr. Mathieu Guerin

Dr. Wenceslas Rahajandraibe

504 Gateway Time-out