The ambiguity functions of a kind of direct chaotic radar system are investigated. In this radar system, a microwave chaotic Colpitts oscillator is employed to generate the source signal that is directly transmitted through a wideband antenna without modulation. The auto-ambiguity function of this radar system shows many sidelobes which makes the unambiguous detection difficult. It is because the spectrum of the chaotic signal is not very flat and smooth, with pulsation peaks in it. The cross-ambiguity functions of the direct radar system have also been investigated to evaluate the electronic counter countermeasure (ECCM) performance and the "multi-user" characteristic. It is shown that rather excellent ECCM capability can be achieved in this radar system with transmitting chaotic signals generated by circuits with same parameters but at different time or with slightly different circuit parameters. In addition, several possible methods to reshape the spectrum of the chaotic signal from microwave Colpitts oscillators to improve the unambiguous detection performance are suggested at the end of this paper.

Multimode fibers are characterized by multipath propagation of optical signals and this leads to severe intersymbol interference at the output of the fiber. In this work an approach based on the Rake receiver is proposed to overcome this drawback. An optimization algorithm was developed and appropriate software was employed to apply the proposed methodology on specific multimode fiber. Extensive simulation results were produced and are presented herein. The numerical results have shown that the order of magnitude of the maximum data rate, R, supported at different CDMA gains, in order to achieve a Bit Error Rate value smaller or equal to a convergent point, is related to the length of the multimode fiber, L, by the expression R = dL⁻¹ with d increasing from 10⁶ to 10⁷ (Kbps. m) when CDMA gain increases from 50 to 500.

In this paper, a generalized photon wave function (PWF) which is applicable to electromagnetic problems is introduced. The formulation treats the electromagnetics fields as quantum mechanical entities. The introduced PWF is especially useful for boundaryvalue problems. For instance,the reflection coefficient at a dielectric half space is calculated based on the concepts of PWF and quantum mechanics. With the proposed method, inhomogeneous media, both isotropic and anisotropic, can also be analyzed. It is shown that by defining certain new variables, such as effective charges and effective currents, we will be able to describe the behavior of electromagnetic fields by the proposed photon wave function. At the end of this paper, a new FDTD method based on the notion of photon wave function is introduced and the resonance frequencies of a cubic cavity are obtained.

Vector wave three-dimensional (3-D) conducting rough surface scattering problem solved by a UV method with multilevel partitioning (UV-MLP) is developed in this paper. For a 3-D conducting rough surface scattering problem, the scattering structure is partitioned into multilevel block. By looking up the rank in the static problem, the impedance matrix for a given transmitting and receiving block is expressed into a product of U and V matrix. The UV method is illustrated by applying to a 3D scattering problem of random conducting rough surface in this paper. Numerical simulation results are illustrated.

A Ku band six-bit phase shifter is presented in this work. The developed phase shifter consists of four bits realized as periodically loaded-line and two bits based on novel switched-line with loaded-line. A 71Ω line impedance is chosen for the main transmission line in order to reduce the diode loss. Every bit has special tuning elements for the fine tuning of the required phase shift. The phase error for the 64 phase states is not greater than 3.4 degrees at the designed center frequency of 15 GHz, and the insertion loss for the 64 phase states is 5.2 dB±1.1 dB over the operating bandwidth of 14.9-15.1 GHz.

The aim of this work is to introduce the application of wavelet in Electromagnetic Scattering and making improvement in the moment method development. The conventional moment method basis and testing functions are used to digitalize the integral equations of the electric or magnetic field, resulting in dense matrix impedance. By using the wavelet expansion, wavelets as basis and testing functions, a sparse matrix is generated from the previous moment method dense matrix, which may save computational cost. Here application has been made upon two types of two dimensional antennas, which are circular cylindrical antennas and parabolic reflector antennas. Results are compared to the previous work done and published, excellent results are obtained.

This paper describes a steerable broadband dielectric antenna with 30% fractional bandwidth, operating at 11 GHz. The structure consists of a hollow cylindrical dielectric pellet of permittivity 6 fed by four probes. Two methods are described for beam forming: 1- Beam forming has been achieved by individually switching between excited probes. The switched excitation mechanism provides the antenna with a reconfigurable radiation beam that can be moved in the azimuth plane. 2- Variable phase excitation of several probes. Complete azimuth sweep was demonstrated by both methods, allowing any desired angle of beam directions. Simulation and experimental results are presented to illustrate the advantages of both designs.

A conformal cylindrical dipole array is developed in this paper. Because the conformal dipole array is curved, new far field pattern behaviors emerge. In this paper, we start to analyse the equations for the far field of the conformal dipole array by using the method of moments (MoM) with a dyadic Green's function, and then validate the accuracy of the far field expressions. Next, a novel Gauss amplitude distribution, which is capable to yield a desired far field radiation pattern when the array structure has a relative small cylindrical radius, is proposed. The advantage of the proposed method is that it can provide good aperture distributions to obtain low sidelobe level.

This paper is concerned with the analysis of the currents induced on a 2D infinite perfectly conducting plane illuminated by a complex beam obtained from the analytical continuation of the real location of a unit impulse source into a complex one. The main goal considering this well-known problem is to understand the meaning of the analytical continuation and the physical information underlying the complex quantities arising from it,and to investigate the capabilities of operating in complex spaces instead of the original real ones through a simple example. Several complex quantities directly related to this problem are analysed and translated into the real domain,leading to a clear and general description of all the possible behaviours of the currents. These results will provide some new insight to extend the complex analysis methodology to more complicated scattering problems. As expected,complex analysis appears to be a full-meaning tool to obtain parameterizations of EM problems,leading to more general solutions and their physical descriptions.

In this study, we address the problem of detecting bodyworn improvised explosive devices (IEDs) from a safe distance using radar. We have used a finite difference frequency domain (FDFD) model to simulate the radar signature of a typical scenario for bodyworn IEDs, and have analyzed wrinkled clothing as a possible source of clutter, as well as the possibility for uniform versus nonuniform array spacing of explosive-filled metal pipes. Our analysis shows distinct characteristics of the pipe backscattered farfield signal for uniformly spaced pipes, with no significant clutter added when the metallic pipe is covered with wrinkled clothing.

A time-domain hybrid approach that combines the Finite- Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method with Time Domain Physical Optics (TDPO) is presented. The approach can be applied to the analysis of the backscattering of combinative objects including a Small- Size structure (SS) and a Large-Size structure (LS) with respect to the wavelength of interest. When dealing with the coupling of SS to LS, the near-to-near field extrapolation technique based on Kirchhoff's surface integral representation is used and a sequential transfer method is developed. According to the time domain calculation sequence in FDTD, the contribution of SS to LS is transferred directly to far zone observation point. The sequential transfer method has some advantages in high efficiency and small amounts of computer memory. For far zone back scattering, the influence of LS onto SS can be obtained by using the reciprocity theorem. Finally, the validation and application examples are presented, demonstrating the accuracy and effectiveness of this approach.

A hybrid approach of the forward-backward method (FBM) with spectral accelerate algorithm (SAA) and Monte Carlo method is developed in this paper. It is applied to numerical simulation of bistatic scattering from one-dimensional arbitrary dielectric constant soil surface with a conducting object with arbitrary closed contour partially buried under both the horizontal and vertical polarization tapered wave incidence at low grazing angle. The energy conservation has been checked for the FBM/SAA. Numerical simulations of bistatic scattering at low grazing angle have been discussed in this paper.

A novel planar six-way power divider is proposed. Based on the conventional planar microstrip coupled line technology, the proposed compact six-way power divider is comprised of two stages coupled transmission lines, which is different to the conventional multistage power divider using the same expanded structure, one stage folded two-coupled line, and the other hybrid-expanded symmetrical three-coupled line. Therefore, the proposed power divider is size reduction, and has a broad-band property, which is better than 40% of fractional bandwidth. Furthermore, compared to a traditional six-way power divider, it is designed and fabricated easily. From the simulated and measured results, the six-way planar power divider shows a good specifications, which are insert loss 8.1±0.2 dB from 2 GHz to 3 GHz, and return loss less than −18 dB, isolation less than −19.5dB at 2.5 GHz, respectively.

A novel broadband design of a coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed T-shape slot antenna is proposed and experimentally studied. The size of the proposed antenna is reduced by over 26% compared to the reported wide slot antenna. The obtained results show that the impedance bandwidth, determined by 10-dB return loss, of the proposed slot antenna can be as large as 5690MHz or about 121% centered at about 4.695 GHz. The design considerations for achieving broadband operation of the proposed slot antenna are described, and experimental results are presented.

A microstrip bandpass filter with a new type of capacitive coupled resonator is presented. The filter is designed to be smaller compared to the same type of parallel-coupled bandpass filter. The filter is designed for a centre frequency of 2.5 GHz that lies in the S-band frequency range. The insertion loss at ƒ_o is 2.4 dB and the measured 3 dB bandwidth is 8.6%. The agreement between the predicted and measured results is excellent, and even the circuit simulator gives a very good prediction for the filter characteristics.

This paper presents a synthetic concept on eliminating crosstalk within multiconductor transmission lines (MTLs). Firstly, the method of moments (MoM) is used to calculate the per-unitlength (PUL) parameters of transmission lines. Secondly, the crosstalk is predicted using SPICE circuit simulator. Finally, three methods eliminating crosstalk are used synthetically to design the structure of MTLs. According to the results simulated with software, the effect on eliminating crosstalk by the synthetic design is quite satisfactory. Therefore, the concept may be implimented in practical engineering.

Experimental study on a cylindrical Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA) using barium titanate (BaTiO₃) is presented in this paper. The antenna is fed with a 50Ω microstrip transmission line at frequency around 2.5 GHz. High dielectric constant (ε_r = 1000) resonator samples with different thickness are employed. The return loss, input impedance and radiation patterns are studied. Design simulation results using CST software also presented.

Communication systems operating at frequencies above 10 GHz in equatorial climates are subjected to many fade occurrences due to heavy rain. Rain rate analysis using 1-minute data for 10 years (1996-2006) measurements in Penang shows that the rain exceeded 126.8mm/h for 0.01% of a year (R_0.01). Simultaneous measurements of Ku-band rain attenuation give A_0.01 as 22 dB. The rain rate and attenuation are characterized by the presence of breakpoints in the respective exceedance curves. The attenuation exceeds the fade margin for about 8.8 hours in a year.

A non-coherent theoretical model of sea-ice thickness with air-borne microwave radiometer (ABMR) was deduced based on the analysis of air-ice-water three-layer media. In the model, the highorder item of the brightness temperature was expressed and obtained. From the analysis of the penetration depth of sea-ice and its high-order item in the model, we found that ABMR with a wavelength can only be used to detect a certain range of sea-ice thickness. The maximum detectable sea-ice thickness is dependent on wavelength and precision of ABMR, whereas the minimum detectable sea-ice thickness is only related to wavelength. On this basis, the detectable sea-ice thicknesses of ABMR were calculated. The results were given on the selection of suitable ABMRs in different sea-ice conditions when ABMR is used to detect the ice thickness in Bohai Sea.

High frequency field expressions for a two dimensional reflector are derived. The reflector is placed in a homogenous and reciprocal chiral medium. Since geometrical optics fails at caustics so Maslovs method has been used to find the field expressions which are also valid around caustics. Examples of parabolic and circular reflectors have been considered.