With the growing use of radar sensors, particularly in surveillance applications, there is an increasing need for real-time target tracking, especially in areas such as counting people. This paper offers a detailed description of the hardware setup, which is paired with a proposed fusion algorithm and the multiple-target tracking (MTT) algorithm for online target tracking. The fusion techniques introduced in this work combine data from spatially distributed Texas Instruments mmWave radar sensors by utilizing the likelihood of radar measurements. These sensors measure the positions of the reflectors, which are then visualized through the Robot Operating System (ROS). To support real-time target tracking and people counting, a connection is established between the ROS network and MATLAB. Finally, the measurements are processed in MATLAB using the proposed fusion technique alongside the existing MTT algorithm to generate accurate target tracks, which also enable people counting.

Primary insertion phase delay (IPD) expression is obtained using the flat plate model with plane wave incidence, and it only considers the longitudinal phase shift in the free space. This causes errors in large curvature radome applications since the longitudinal distance that wave travels in flat plate cannot represent the actual distance. Therefore, the IPD expression for radomes with large curvature should be defined. Based on the ray tracing in the radome medium, a modified IPD expression with more accurate transmission distance for large curvature radomes is proposed. The proposed expression can be applied to radomes with arbitrary curvature. The correctness of our proposed expression is verified via a simplified fast radome analytical model. The results from the proposed expression show errors within 1.0° for the parabolic radome system. The proposed expression can be applied to optimize the performance of radome systems with large curvature. A reflector antenna radome system is employed for verification. Results show that using the modified IPD expression to optimize the reflector antenna can increase the system gain by 1.8 dB, reduce the side lobe by 7.6 dB, and narrow the beamwidth by 0.9°.

With the increasing interest in negative group delay (NGD) function for RF and microwave circuits, and sensing applications, techniques to fit multiple NGD bands in a single and compact structure can open new possibilities. In this work, a simple and innovative compact quadband NGD microstrip circuit is presented for all ISM bands between 2 GHz and 6 GHz. The circuit is composed of a base line (BL) coupled to the transmission line, which sets the lowest NGD band, and each additional NGD band is created by inserting stubs into the BL. The impact of each stub on the overall circuit is analyzed using parametric simulation. The design and tuning method of the coupled line used to achieve the NGD multiband function is described in detail. Through the insertion loss and group delay results, a well-fitted correlation is observed between the simulated and measured results, where the simulated transmission coefficient and group delay show NGD quadband response with center frequencies at 2.46, 3.49, 4.96, and 5.69 GHz with respective NGD bandwidth of 0.89%, 0.83%, 0.66%, and 0.97%, respectively, whereas the measured results present center frequency NGD deviation of less than 1%. In addition, the NGD quadband circuit prototype has a compact size 40.2 × 30.2 × 1.57 mm³. The measured NGD results are in good agreement with simulated ones.

A low-profile, flexible and wearable microstrip patch antenna is presented for Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) applications. Wearability is one of the latest developments in electronic devices leading to real-time monitoring of human vital signs like blood pressure, body temperature, and pulse rates using WBAN technology. A monopole antenna with a planar rectangular and six stacked T-shaped elements is positioned on the top side of the radiating patch. A partial ground structure is incorporated at the bottom of the patch to generate triple band characteristics. The antenna is maintained with compact dimensions which are 65 × 65 × 0.1 mm³. The antenna operates at tri-band frequencies, such as 2.7 GHz, 2.5 GHz, and 3.5 GHz, to support 5G applications. At 2.45 GHz, the directivity is 1.56; the VSWR is 1.13; the gain is 15.38; and the reflection coefficient (S₁₁) of −26.91 dB. The SAR value of 0.160 W/kg satisfies IEEE safety requirements for biomedical applications and is much below the allowed maximum of 1.6 W/kg for 1 gram of tissue. This guarantees safe and effective operation in wearable and medical applications. The antenna has a thickness of 0.1 mm, a relative permittivity of 3.5 and provides flexibility and durability. The presentation includes the comparative analysis and the step-by-step design of the triple-band flexible antenna. Testing on a three-layer human phantom model made up of skin (2 mm), fat (8 mm), and muscle (23 mm) demonstrated the antenna's performance in terms of gain, radiation patterns, VSWR, reflection coefficient (S₁₁), and specific absorption rate (SAR). The parametric analysis, performance evaluation, simulation results, and iterative process of the antenna design are all presented in detail. Along with conclusions, comparisons to other designs, and useful estimations, the results and finalized antenna are presented. The accurate difference between measured and simulated performances indicates the antenna's reliability and efficiency, and its compact size increases flexibility in wide range of environments. The antenna was simulated using HFSS software, fabricated, and validated in an anechoic chamber and using a network analyzer.

This paper presents a new compact filtering patch antenna (FPA) design that achieves a wideband impedance bandwidth (IBW) without extra structure. It addresses the limitations of traditional FPAs, which often rely on extra elements to enhance bandwidth and filtering performance. The proposed FPA consists of a radiating patch with an inscribed circular slot, excited by a feedline integrated with a quarter-wavelength matching stripline, all located on the top side of an FR4 substrate. A partial ground plane with a T-shaped symmetrical branch strip is printed on the bottom side of the substrate. The combination of the T-shaped strips and the matching stripline creates the first radiation-null f_n1 near the lower edge of the passband antenna's gain response. Furthermore, the introduction of a circular slot into the radiating patch creates a second radiation-null f_n2 in the upper edge of the passband region. This not only enhances the IBW but also contributes to the antenna's efficient filtering characteristics. Simulation tools CST Microwave Studio (MWS) and High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) are used to evaluate key performance parameters, including reflection coefficient (S₁₁), realized gain, and radiation patterns. A fabricated prototype validates these simulations, demonstrating a -10 dB fractional IBW of 47.36% (2.9-4.7 GHz). Based on CST and HFSS simulation results, the design exhibits high selectivity with suppression levels of over 22 dB and 23.7 dB at the lower and upper stopband edges, respectively, while maintaining a flat gain across the passband. The antenna also provides omnidirectional radiation patterns and has a compact size of 29 x 35 x 0.8 mm³, making it more promising for 5G sub-6 GHz applications.

In the paper, a planar wideband reflective phase shifter (RTPS) with wide phase shift range and simple control is proposed. It consists of a coupled-line based wideband 3-dB coupler and two multi-resonance reflective loads. By combining a series resonant circuit with a shunt resonant circuit to form multi-resonances, the phase shift range can be expanded with realizable capacitance values of the varactor diodes. The design equations are derived, and parametric analysis is provided. To verify the feasibility of the design methodology, an RTPS operating at the center frequency of 2 GHz is designed and fabricated. Measured results show that it exhibits a better than 10 dB input return loss bandwidth of 33.9% and a phase shift range of 320°. Besides, the size of the RTPS is only 0.41λ_g × 0.13λ_g, and can be controlled by simply one voltage.

A novel hybrid algorithm is proposed for frequency-invariant (FI) beam pattern synthesis of wideband nonuniformly spaced array (NUSA), which combines intelligent optimization algorithm with convex optimization algorithm. The improved grey wolf optimization (IGWO) algorithm is employed to optimize the positions of the array elements, while l_∞-norm is introduced to describe spatial response variation (SRV) for optimizing the finite impulse response (FIR) filter weights of the array. Considering multiple constraints, such as array aperture and minimum spacing between elements, an optimal trade-off among constant beamwidth, FI characteristics, and peak sidelobe level (PSL) is achieved. The effectiveness and advantages of this method are evidenced by synthesis examples of FI beam patterns for wideband NUSA in different application scenarios. These experimental results hold important theoretical significance, and provide valuable references for solving the optimization problem of wideband FI array under multiple constraints.

In this paper, a novel framework is proposed which combines physical scattering models with artificial neural networks (ANN) to solve electromagnetic scattering problems of random media through a volume integral equation formulation. The framework is applied to a snow scattering problem where snow is represented by a bicontinuous random medium. A neural network is constructed linking the random media structure to the induced dipole moments on the media. The volume integral equation (VIE) serves as a natural physical constraint on the network input-out relations and is used to guide the training of the network. A discrete dipole approximation (DDA) strategy is adopted to convert the VIE into matrix equations which also defines the loss function of the surrogate neural network. For addressing deterministic scattering problems, this represents a viable alternative to traditional iterative algorithms, providing comparable accuracy at the expense of reduced efficiency. In solving statistical scattering problems, neural networks with physics-informed loss function achieve accuracy comparable to that of data-driven models while significantly reducing the dependency on extensive precomputed training datasets. The physics-based loss function also allows the network to self-diagnose the prediction accuracy in real operations. This work demonstrates a novel strategy to effectively merge physical equations with artificial neural networks, and the idea can be inspiring to many relevant fields, especially when randomness effects are exhibited through a complicated nonlinear system.

Nowadays, misalignment tolerant wireless power transfer systems providing simultaneous power supply to several devices are the subject of intensive research in the field of wireless charging of electronic devices. A critical parameter in such systems is the uniformity of magnetic field generated by a transmitting coil. In this paper, we examine the characteristics of the magnetic field distribution of arbitrary shape planar transmitting coils and propose a genetic algorithm for optimizing their design with the objective of increasing the field uniformity. This study stands out from existing literature by introducing an optimization approach that not only encompasses traditional circular and square coils but also extends to convex polygonal coils. The results of the algorithm are validated experimentally on coils of three various geometries including circular, square, and hexagonal coils. The coefficient of variation of the magnetic field, which serves as a quantitative measure of its uniformity, is found to be 3.6% for circular coil, 5.2% for square one, and 5.1% for hexagonal one in a region of interest encompassing half of the total area of transmitting coil.

The present study describes the architecture of a defected ground structure (DGS)-based eight-element multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna. It functions in the millimeter-wave spectrum n258 (24.25–27.5 GHz) and is mainly intendedd for fifth-generation (5G) applications. Each antenna element has an elliptical slot at the ground plane and a hook-shaped antenna integrated into it to reduce the mutual coupling among the adjacent antenna elements. With a wide bandwidth of 5 GHz and an isolation level greater than 37 dB, the proposed antenna effectively covers the frequency range of 22.5 to 27.5 GHz. At the designated resonant frequency, it generates a directed radiation pattern and gain of 6.31 dBi. The proposed antenna's diversity system performance characteristics are assessed using metrics like channel capacity loss (CCL), diversity gain (DG), mean effective gain (MEG), and envelope correlation coefficient (ECC). The 8-port proposed MIMO antenna prototype, exhibiting overall dimensions of 62.7 × 31 × 0.787 mm³, has been constructed utilizing an economical FR4 substrate, demonstrating a substantial association between the computed and measured outcomes, thereby establishing its viability as a potential candidate for 5G communications.

A uniform triangular array (UTA) is proposed for physics-based 2D direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimations of unknown incoming signals. Three capacitively loaded top-hat antennas are used as array elements. Unlike conventional array-based direction finding (DF) systems, complex antenna radiation patterns are used in array manifold calculations and DOA predictions, where coupling among array elements is naturally resolved. Both continuous wave (CW) signals and single tone signals with amplitude modulation (AM) are considered in DF simulations. Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) values are calculated to provide theoretical lower bounds of DF accuracies. Multiple signal classification (MUSIC) algorithm is used to further demonstrate the DF performance of the triangular antenna array without any angle ambiguities within the field of view from 0˚ to 360˚ in the azimuth direction and from 1.25˚ to 178.75˚ in the elevation direction.

This paper presents the design and in-depth performance analysis of a miniaturized four-port multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna module intended for integration on the rear cover of mobile devices. The four antenna elements are configured in a sequential rotation layout and fabricated on a low-profile circular substrate. Each antenna element features an E-shaped patch on the upper side of the substrate, coupled with a rectangular defected ground structure (DGS) on the lower side. A needle-like decoupling mechanism has been incorporated to improve the isolation between the antenna elements. The measured -10 dB impedance bandwidth ranges from 3.5 to 5.45 GHz, successfully meeting the demands of the 5G NR bands N77 (3.3-4.2 GHz), N78 (3.3-3.8 GHz), N79 (4.4-5 GHz), as well as the wireless local area network (WLAN) band (5.15-5.35 GHz). The isolation levels between the antenna elements exceed 17 dB. The average total efficiency is over 40.76%, and the envelope correlation coefficients (ECCs) are maintained below 0.01. The measurement outcomes indicate that the proposed MIMO antenna not only fulfills the requirements for the 5G and WLAN frequency bands but also successfully achieves miniaturization and superior wireless communication performance.

In this paper, a compact Dual-Band Bandpass Filter (BPF) has been proposed and designed based on two concepts. Firstly, transmission lines (TLs) feed the center resonators (CRs), which resonate at 11 GHz, while the metamaterial-based Center Resonators (CRs) resonate at 6 GHz for RF/Microwave applications. To miniaturize the planer structure, two different types of fractal geometry have been applied. First iteration modified-Minkowski fractal geometry has been applied on the CRs while the meander line with second order has been applied on the TLs. The proposed structure has been designed by using a Rogers RO4003 substrate with a thickness of 1.5 mm and a dielectric constant of 3.5. The simulation is implemented using CST microwave studio. To validate the proposed structure, the compact dual-band BPF is fabricated, and the measurements show high agreement with the simulation. Finally, the proposed structure achieves a 26 % reduction compared to the previous work.

This paper introduces a novel finite element boundary integral approach for magnetic resonance electrical properties tomography (MR-EPT) with an inhomogeneous background which improves imaging quality by utilizing inhomogeneous background inversion and allows for a flexible selection of areas for fine reconstruction, thereby saving resources and quickly obtaining the most important information. In the proposed approach, a fictitious inhomogeneous background is initialized, followed by a preliminary reconstruction conducted across the entire field of view (FOV) through a few iterations. This fictitious inhomogeneous background aims to enhance the quality of reconstruction, surpassing that achieved through inversion in a homogeneous background. The proposed method is significantly suitable to the prevailing refinement mechanism, where the refinement area identified from the preliminary reconstruction image is embedded in an inhomogeneous background. This method combines the advantages of the computational efficiency of local methods and the noise robustness of global methods. Numerical examples have validated that the inversion with a fictitious inhomogeneous background yields a superior reconstruction quality. The subsequent narrowing of the inversion area results in a more focused inversion process, significantly reducing reconstruction time.

This paper presents a four-port quarter-mode substrate integrated waveguide (QMSIW) MIMO antenna designed for 2.1 GHz wireless applications. The antenna employs orthogonally positioned complementary square-split ring resonator slots to achieve substantial miniaturization. Additionally, mutual coupling between the antenna elements is effectively minimized by incorporating cross-shaped slots between them, enhancing overall performance. The proposed four-port MIMO antenna achieves high isolation of 40 dB and features a compact electrical size of 0.19λ₀ × 0.19λ₀. The antenna demonstrates outstanding MIMO performance, with simulated and measured gains of 5.32 dBi and 5.44 dBi, respectively. Its efficiency is further supported by key performance metrics, including a low envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) of 0.0841 and a high diversity gain (DG) of 9.22 dB, ensuring enhanced signal reliability and reduced interference. With its compact structure, excellent isolation, and strong diversity performance, the proposed antenna serves as a highly suitable candidate for directional Wi-Fi applications.

This work presents a quintuple-mode wideband bandpass filter utilizing a cylinder cavity loaded with a metallic perturbation on each base and a gap between them. The cylindrical cavity is fed with two inline disk-loaded feeding lines placed in the middle of the cavity wall. Two inline shorting pins are placed orthogonally in the same feeding lines plane. The five resonant modes are: TM₀₁₁, TE₁₁₁, the degenerate modes of TE₂₁₁ and quasi-TE₃₁₁ excited by the pair of disk-loaded feeding lines and shorting pins. This combination allows the generation of two transmission zeros (TZs) out of the passband. The mode analysis and geometric configuration are well studied and presented in this work. The results of the quintuple-mode filter demonstrated a fractional bandwidth of 66.87% at a central frequency of 3.69 GHz with insertion loss 0.18 dB and return loss higher than 19.4 dB. The coupling matrix of the proposed filter is synthesized as a five-pole Chebyshev filter showing close alignment with the simulated results. Finally, the proposed bandpass filter is fabricated and measured for comparison. Close agreement is achieved between the simulated and measured results.

Due to the rapid development of the internet and mobile communication needs, visible light communication (VLC) has become an attractive technique for indoor wireless communication. This research investigates how data rates in VLC systems are affected by the wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technology. The WDM technique allows different data streams to be transmitted simultaneously over different wavelengths in the same optical channel. In WDM-VLC systems, the interference between channels known as crosstalk is a significant problem that may reduce the quality of communication. By optimizing the field of view (FOV) of the optical receiver and changing system parameters to reduce interference, this research resolves the crosstalk issue. With attention to the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) and channel bandwidth, we use a simulated indoor environment to examine how line of sight (LOS) and non-line of sight (NLOS) elements affect the system performance. The results show that reducing the FOV leads to reducing the crosstalk and significantly enhancing data speeds and reliability in the system. Additionally, a review of practical challenges related to the implementation of different FOV lenses is presented, along with a comparative assessment of complexity, scalability, and cost in relation to present solutions. The results offer important updated knowledge on WDM's capabilities in VLC systems, enabling rapid transfer of data and efficient lighting for smart interior spaces.

As a new type of motor, axial flux permanent magnet synchronous motor has the advantages of compact structure and high power density. It shows good application prospects in new energy vehicles, unmanned aerial vehicles, and other fields. However, axial flux permanent magnet synchronous motor needs to consider the balance of multiple objectives during the design process, which makes its optimal design a complex multi-objective optimization problem. Therefore, the study proposes a motor optimization method based on multi-objective genetic algorithm. The method optimizes the rotor and stator parameters of the motor by establishing an analytical model of the motor's magnetic field and combining it with a multi-objective genetic algorithm. The experimental results indicated that the optimized motor with multi-objective genetic algorithm reached 92% in terms of efficiency, 25% in terms of power density; energy consumption was reduced to 2.5 kWh; failure rate was reduced to 1.5%; and noise level was reduced to 65 dB. In addition, the multi-objective genetic algorithm significantly improved the control stability index, which increased to 98%, indicating a more stable motor response under varying loads. The disturbance rejection capability was enhanced to 99%, demonstrating strong resistance to external noise and parameter fluctuations. Furthermore, the system response frequency reached 100 Hz, reflecting a faster dynamic response to input variations. It is indicated that the optimization method based on multi-objective genetic algorithm can effectively enhance the comprehensive performance of axial flux permanent magnet synchronous motor and significantly improve its competitiveness in high power density and high efficiency applications.

This paper investigates the effects of the step-skew rotor on electromagnetic vibration performance of a 72-slot/12-pole interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) considering the carrier sideband current harmonics. Firstly, the effect of the step-skew rotor on carrier sideband current harmonics generated by the space vector pulse-width modulation technique is investigated. Second, the interaction electromagnetic field near the first carrier frequency of the 72-slot/12-pole IPMSM is analytically investigated. The effects of the step-skew rotor on the electromagnetic force at low-medium and carrier frequency domain are discussed. The force modulation effect is also considered to investigate the effects of the step-skew rotor on the 72nd-order force and the zeroth mode vibration. Finally, the vibration responses of two IPMSMs with and without the step-skew rotor are simulated to validate the suppression effect of this structure on the 72nd-order force. The simulation results demonstrate that the step-skew rotor design effectively reduces vibration acceleration by 75.7% at 12 times of the fundamental frequency and 30.4% at carrier sideband frequency.

Aspiration pneumonia is a type of lung infection caused by the accidental inhalation of foreign substances into the respiratory tract. It is commonly seen in the elderly, young children, and individuals who are unconscious or have difficulty swallowing. Early detection and diagnosis of aspiration pneumonia are beneficial for improving patient outcomes and reducing the medical burden. In this study, we collected bronchoscopic video data from 25 patients in two hospitals. After image preprocessing and expert annotation, we obtained 2830 images from some patients for training and 1215 images from the other patients for validation. We selected three deep learning methods for training. The experimental test results for the identification of aspiration pneumonia showed that ResNet-50, which is based on convolutional operations, gave the best performance in the automatic identification of aspiration pneumonia, with a precision of 97.82%, a recall of 91.82%, an F1 score of 94.73%, and an overall accuracy of 95.88%. The experiments demonstrated that deep learning methods can be used for the automatic identification and diagnosis of aspiration pneumonia from bronchoscope images and deep learning is reported here for the first time for diagnosing aspiration pneumonia from bronchoscope images.