Vol. 153
Latest Volume
All Volumes
PIERC 153 [2025] PIERC 152 [2025] PIERC 151 [2025] PIERC 150 [2024] PIERC 149 [2024] PIERC 148 [2024] PIERC 147 [2024] PIERC 146 [2024] PIERC 145 [2024] PIERC 144 [2024] PIERC 143 [2024] PIERC 142 [2024] PIERC 141 [2024] PIERC 140 [2024] PIERC 139 [2024] PIERC 138 [2023] PIERC 137 [2023] PIERC 136 [2023] PIERC 135 [2023] PIERC 134 [2023] PIERC 133 [2023] PIERC 132 [2023] PIERC 131 [2023] PIERC 130 [2023] PIERC 129 [2023] PIERC 128 [2023] PIERC 127 [2022] PIERC 126 [2022] PIERC 125 [2022] PIERC 124 [2022] PIERC 123 [2022] PIERC 122 [2022] PIERC 121 [2022] PIERC 120 [2022] PIERC 119 [2022] PIERC 118 [2022] PIERC 117 [2021] PIERC 116 [2021] PIERC 115 [2021] PIERC 114 [2021] PIERC 113 [2021] PIERC 112 [2021] PIERC 111 [2021] PIERC 110 [2021] PIERC 109 [2021] PIERC 108 [2021] PIERC 107 [2021] PIERC 106 [2020] PIERC 105 [2020] PIERC 104 [2020] PIERC 103 [2020] PIERC 102 [2020] PIERC 101 [2020] PIERC 100 [2020] PIERC 99 [2020] PIERC 98 [2020] PIERC 97 [2019] PIERC 96 [2019] PIERC 95 [2019] PIERC 94 [2019] PIERC 93 [2019] PIERC 92 [2019] PIERC 91 [2019] PIERC 90 [2019] PIERC 89 [2019] PIERC 88 [2018] PIERC 87 [2018] PIERC 86 [2018] PIERC 85 [2018] PIERC 84 [2018] PIERC 83 [2018] PIERC 82 [2018] PIERC 81 [2018] PIERC 80 [2018] PIERC 79 [2017] PIERC 78 [2017] PIERC 77 [2017] PIERC 76 [2017] PIERC 75 [2017] PIERC 74 [2017] PIERC 73 [2017] PIERC 72 [2017] PIERC 71 [2017] PIERC 70 [2016] PIERC 69 [2016] PIERC 68 [2016] PIERC 67 [2016] PIERC 66 [2016] PIERC 65 [2016] PIERC 64 [2016] PIERC 63 [2016] PIERC 62 [2016] PIERC 61 [2016] PIERC 60 [2015] PIERC 59 [2015] PIERC 58 [2015] PIERC 57 [2015] PIERC 56 [2015] PIERC 55 [2014] PIERC 54 [2014] PIERC 53 [2014] PIERC 52 [2014] PIERC 51 [2014] PIERC 50 [2014] PIERC 49 [2014] PIERC 48 [2014] PIERC 47 [2014] PIERC 46 [2014] PIERC 45 [2013] PIERC 44 [2013] PIERC 43 [2013] PIERC 42 [2013] PIERC 41 [2013] PIERC 40 [2013] PIERC 39 [2013] PIERC 38 [2013] PIERC 37 [2013] PIERC 36 [2013] PIERC 35 [2013] PIERC 34 [2013] PIERC 33 [2012] PIERC 32 [2012] PIERC 31 [2012] PIERC 30 [2012] PIERC 29 [2012] PIERC 28 [2012] PIERC 27 [2012] PIERC 26 [2012] PIERC 25 [2012] PIERC 24 [2011] PIERC 23 [2011] PIERC 22 [2011] PIERC 21 [2011] PIERC 20 [2011] PIERC 19 [2011] PIERC 18 [2011] PIERC 17 [2010] PIERC 16 [2010] PIERC 15 [2010] PIERC 14 [2010] PIERC 13 [2010] PIERC 12 [2010] PIERC 11 [2009] PIERC 10 [2009] PIERC 9 [2009] PIERC 8 [2009] PIERC 7 [2009] PIERC 6 [2009] PIERC 5 [2008] PIERC 4 [2008] PIERC 3 [2008] PIERC 2 [2008] PIERC 1 [2008]
2025-02-28
Magnetic Resonance Eddy Current Testing Based on Deep Learning Axis Identification and Reconstruction of Reinforced Concrete Penetration Image
By
Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 153, 71-80, 2025
Abstract
Accurately identifying and calibrating reinforcement bars in concrete is a significant challenge due to their invisibility. This paper proposes a deep learning-based method using magnetic resonance eddy penetrating imaging (MREPI) to acquire data on steel bars embedded in concrete. The data is processed into images and input into the Skel-Unet neural network to extract angle and position information of the central axis of the steel bars. Based on this information, the steel bar diameters are determined. A novel image reconstruction method is also introduced to integrate rebar dimension variations for precise calibration. Experimental results show that the Skel-Unet model achieves high accuracy, with training and testing loss values below 0.01, and F1 score reaches 0.7436. The reconstructed images clearly delineate the position, dimensions, and orientation of the rebars, enhancing calibration and nondestructive testing in structural health monitoring.
Citation
Zhengxuan Zhang, Jinming Zhang, and Leng Liao, "Magnetic Resonance Eddy Current Testing Based on Deep Learning Axis Identification and Reconstruction of Reinforced Concrete Penetration Image," Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 153, 71-80, 2025.
doi:10.2528/PIERC24113002
References

1. Hu, J. Y., S. S. Zhang, E. Chen, and W. G. Li, "A review on corrosion detection and protection of existing reinforced concrete (RC) structures," Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 325, 126718, 2022.

2. Han, Xiaofeng, Gege Li, Penggang Wang, Zhaoyi Chen, Dongbo Cui, Hai Zhang, Li Tian, Xiangming Zhou, Zuquan Jin, and Tiejun Zhao, "A new method and device for detecting rebars in concrete based on capacitance," Measurement, Vol. 202, 111721, 2022.

3. Goffin, Brigitte, Nemkumar Banthia, and Noboru Yonemitsu, "Use of infrared thermal imaging to detect corrosion of epoxy coated and uncoated rebar in concrete," Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 263, 120162, 2020.

4. Chen, Ruoyu, Khiem T. Tran, Hung Manh La, Taylor Rawlinson, and Kien Dinh, "Detection of delamination and rebar debonding in concrete structures with ultrasonic SH-waveform tomography," Automation in Construction, Vol. 133, 104004, 2022.

5. Ham, Suyun and John S. Popovics, "Application of contactless ultrasound toward automated inspection of concrete structures," Automation in Construction, Vol. 58, 155-164, 2015.

6. Ichi, Eberechi and Sattar Dorafshan, "Effectiveness of infrared thermography for delamination detection in reinforced concrete bridge decks," Automation in Construction, Vol. 142, 104523, 2022.

7. Hwang, Soonkyu, Hyeonjin Kim, Hyung Jin Lim, Peipei Liu, and Hoon Sohn, "Automated visualization of steel structure coating thickness using line laser scanning thermography," Automation in Construction, Vol. 139, 104267, 2022.

8. Ghosh, Rishav, Mukund Lahoti, and Bhoomi Shah, "A succinct review on the use of NMR spectroscopy in monitoring hydration, strength development, and inspection of concrete," Materials Today: Proceedings, Vol. 61, 167-173, 2022.

9. Rubinacci, Guglielmo, Antonello Tamburrino, and Salvatore Ventre, "Concrete rebars inspection by eddy current testing," International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, Vol. 25, No. 1-4, 333-339, 2007.

10. Pozzer, Sandra, Marcos Paulo Vieira De Souza, Bata Hena, Setayesh Hesam, Reza Khoshkbary Rezayiye, Ehsan Rezazadeh Azar, Fernando Lopez, and Xavier Maldague, "Effect of different imaging modalities on the performance of a CNN: An experimental study on damage segmentation in infrared, visible, and fused images of concrete structures," NDT & E International, Vol. 132, 102709, 2022.

11. Kasai, Naoya, Kouichi Sekino, Seishu Miyazaki, et al., "An eddy current convergence probe with copper core and single detection coil to detect flaws on aluminum plates," NDT & E International, Vol. 132, 102707, 2022.

12. Chen, Haitao, Leng Liao, Jianting Zhou, Hong Zhang, Senhua Zhang, Tian Lan, Zhengren Zhang, and Chunlian Hu, "Magnetic resonance eddy penetrating imaging for detecting reinforcement corrosion in concrete," Automation in Construction, Vol. 165, 105512, 2024.

13. Li, Xiaofeng, Hai Liu, Feng Zhou, Zhongchang Chen, Iraklis Giannakis, and Evert Slob, "Deep learning-based nondestructive evaluation of reinforcement bars using ground-penetrating radar and electromagnetic induction data," Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, Vol. 37, No. 14, 1834-1853, 2022.

14. Feng, Chu-Qiao, Bao-Luo Li, Yu-Fei Liu, Fu Zhang, Yan Yue, and Jian-Sheng Fan, "Crack assessment using multi-sensor fusion simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) and image super-resolution for bridge inspection," Automation in Construction, Vol. 155, 105047, 2023.

15. Wang, Xiangyu, Hai Liu, Xu Meng, Jie Cui, and Yanliang Du, "Enhanced imaging of concealed defects behind concrete linings using Residual Channel attention network for rebar clutter suppression," Automation in Construction, Vol. 166, 105574, 2024.

16. Jeon, Dongho, Min Kyoung Kim, Yeounung Jeong, Jae Eun Oh, Juhyuk Moon, Dong Joo Kim, and Seyoon Yoon, "High-accuracy rebar position detection using deep learning-based frequency-difference electrical resistance tomography," Automation in Construction, Vol. 135, 104116, 2022.

17. Wang, Zhengfang, Jing Wang, Kefu Chen, Zhenpeng Li, Jing Xu, Yao Li, and Qingmei Sui, "Unsupervised learning method for rebar signal suppression and defect signal reconstruction and detection in ground penetrating radar images," Measurement, Vol. 211, 112652, 2023.

18. Nguyen, Nam Hoang, "U-net based skeletonization and bag of tricks," Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2105-2109, Montreal, BC, Canada, Oct. 2021.

19. Kim, Ki-Hwan, Pyoung-Seop Shim, and Seoleun Shin, "An alternative bilinear interpolation method between spherical grids," Atmosphere, Vol. 10, No. 3, 123, 2019.

20. Cordonnier, Jean-Baptiste, Andreas Loukas, and Martin Jaggi, "Multi-head attention: Collaborate instead of concatenate," arXiv preprint arXiv:2006.16362, 2020.

21. Woo, Sanghyun, Jongchan Park, Joon-Young Lee, and In So Kweon, "CBAM: Convolutional block attention module," Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 3-19, Munich, Germany, Sep. 2018.

22. Qin, Ruoxi, Kai Qiao, Linyuan Wang, Lei Zeng, Jian Chen, and Bin Yan, "Weighted focal loss: An effective loss function to overcome unbalance problem of chest X-ray14," IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 428, No. 1, 012022, Chengdu, China, Jul. 2018.

23. Zhao, Rongjian, Buyue Qian, Xianli Zhang, Yang Li, Rong Wei, Yang Liu, and Yinggang Pan, "Rethinking dice loss for medical image segmentation," 2020 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM), 851-860, Sorrento, Italy, Nov. 2020.

24. Liebel, Lukas and Marco Körner, "Auxiliary tasks in multi-task learning," arXiv preprint arXiv:1805.06334, 2018.

25. Lu, Xiaohu, Jian Yao, Kai Li, and Li Li, "Cannylines: A parameter-free line segment detector," 2015 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), 507-511, Quebec City, QC, Canada, Sep. 2015.

26. Ronneberger, Olaf, Philipp Fischer, and Thomas Brox, "U-Net: Convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation," Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention --- MICCAI 2015, 234-241, Munich, Germany, Oct. 2015.