In this paper, initially a Planar Inverted Cone Metal Antenna (PICMA) is optimized for wideband wireless communication. Finally, a compact Shorted Planar Inverted Cone Metal Antenna (SPICMA) is developed by introducing a shorting strip on the radiating element of optimized PICMA. The PICMA is optimized to operate from 1.7 GHz to more than 20 GHz, and the SPICMA is optimized to extend the operating band from 1.05 GHz to more than 20 GHz resulting in size reduction of 38%. The proposed antenna yields bidirectional radiation pattern in E and H planes. Various characteristics of the antenna have been analyzed using Finite Integration Technique (FIT) based commercial software CST studio. The measured reflection coefficient agrees with the simulated result for the optimized SPICMA.

A broadband transition design between rectangular waveguide and GCPW is proposed and studied. The E-field of GCPW is designed to be gradually changed to that of waveguide via the simple tapered probes and metallic vias. The planar circuit of the transition is fabricated by low cost standard PCB process. The tolerance analysis for this transition is also given. A back-to-back transition prototype at Ka-band is fabricated and measured. The measurement results show that maximum insertion loss of 0.75 dB and return loss of better than 15 dB are obtained within a desired frequency range from 26.5 to 40 GHz. The measurement results agree well with simulation results, which validate the feasibility of this design.

An eight-way waveguide-based power combiner/divider is presented and investigated in the frequency range 7.5-10.5 GHz. A simple approach is proposed for design purposes. The measured combiner shows a good agreement between the simulated and measured results. Insertion loss is about -0.3 dB, return loss is less than -15 dB and isolation between adjacent output ports is better than -11 dB at 8.5 GHz and reaches about -14 dB at 9.5 GHz.

The hybrid approach based on the coupling of the Wave Concept Iterative Procedure method and the Frequency Domain Transmission Line Matrix method is improved. The proposed method reduces the computation time by solving waves at the planar circuit interface: the volumic method is replaced by an equivalent surface condition. Thanks to this new approach, planar circuits presenting inhomogeneous dielectric substrates are studied. The proposed approach is compared to other methods on several examples.

In this paper, flux of permanent magnet tubular linear generator (PMTLG) is modeled and analyzed. With the model, air-gap leakage flux coefficient can be expressed analytically in terms of permanent magnet dimensions and air-gap width. The validity of analytical expression of air-gap leakage flux coefficient is verified by finite element analysis (FEA) with a maximum error of 6.8%. Furthermore, longitudinal end flux's influence on the detent force of PMTLG is analyzed in detail with the model. A detent force minimization technique is deduced from the analysis results, and confirmed by FEA. Finally, after optimization of air-gap leakage flux coefficient and detent force, a PMTLG is built and experimented.

In this paper, the author studies, through numerical simulation, the classical analog of the electromagnetically induced absorption/reflection (EIA) in a planar metamaterial structure in the near infrared spectral region. The structure is designed by transforming an electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) structure into an EIA structure using Babinet's principle. The structure exhibits a coupling between a bright mode (a complementary ring resonator (CRR)) and a dark mode (pair of parallel straight slits) imprinted on a glass substrate. A narrow absorption window, induced in a wide transparent window, is achieved by the structure and the strength of coupling is tuned by the degree of breaking symmetry and relative displacement of the two mode elements.

In this paper, an improved robust minimum variance beamformer against direction of arrival (DOA) mismatch and finite sample effect is proposed. Multiple inequality magnitude constraints are imposed to broaden the main lobe of beampattern. The conjugate symmetric structure of the optimal weight is utilized to transform the non-convex inequality magnitude constraints into convex ones. A quadratic constraint on the norm of weight is introducing to make further improvement on robustness against DOA mismatch and finite sample effect. The proposed beamforming problem can be reformulated in the form of the second order cone programming and solved efficiently by interior point method. Simulation results show that the proposed beamformer outperforms several other adaptive beamformers.

In this paper, a combination of Lumped-Parameters Model, Quasi-Poisson's equations and Conformal Mapping methods is used for predicting radial and tangential air gap flux density of Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine for calculation of cogging torque. In the proposed method, Lumped Parameters Model is used for calculation of saturation and flux leakage. Quasi-Poisson's equation is used for forming radial and tangential flux density in slotless stator, and finally Conformal Mapping is used to account for slot effects. Using the results of this method, cogging torque waveform can be calculated using Maxwell stress tensor and virtual work methods. To validate the method, results are compared with Finite Element Method results for a candidate Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine.

Geometrical modeling of induction machines under eccentricity conditions involves a significant number of self and mutual inductances. These inductances are functions of rotor angular position, and calculating them at each time step requires solving computationally-intensive definite integrals. Conventional techniques use numerical look-up tables, or employ approximated analytical expressions such as limited-term Fourier series expression of turn functions. The former approach needs large memory volume given the size of inductance matrix. Moreover, numerical interpolations are needed upon model execution, which significantly slows down the simulation. The later technique is computationally tasking for a large set of Fourier series terms, or lacks sufficient accuracy if only a few terms are used. Alternatively, computationally efficient closed-form solutions for self- and mutual- inductance expressions are presented here. The step variations of turn functions are considered which streamlines the model formulation. The experimental results validate the proposed model. In particular, the frequency spectrum of the stator current illustrates the ability of proposed technique to detect eccentricity.

A novel omnidirectional circularly polarized (CP) antenna with single feed is proposed for 2.4 GHz WLAN applications. Based on the zeroth-order resonance (ZOR) mode of epsilon negative (ENG) transmission line (TL), the antenna excites uniform vertically polarized E-field just as the monopole does. A modified Alford loop with electromagnetic coupling fed by L-shaped strip consists of four curved branches, which is placed on the top of the antenna and generates an equivalent horizontally polarized magnetic dipole mode. Once the two orthogonally polarized components are equal in amplitude but different in phase by 90˚, omnidirectional CP wave can be obtained. The measured results show that the impedance bandwidth (S₁₁<-10 dB) is 6% (2.38-2.53 GHz), and the 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth in the azimuth plane is very wide which achieves 54% (1.60-2.80 GHz). Additionally, the 3-dB axial ratio beamwidth is over 50˚ for radiation pattern in elevation plane. Moreover, the antenna achieves excellent omnidirectional right-hand CP performance with a variation of 0.5 dB in the azimuth plane and an average gain over 1.5 dB across the operating band, which are well applied to the wireless system.

A new wideband vertical planar printed unidirectional antenna is presented. The proposed antenna is composed of a bowtie electric dipole, a loop antenna and a microstrip-to-coplanar stripline balun. All of them are printed in the same plane perpendicular to the ground. The antenna has a wide impedance bandwidth of 87.2% for SWR≤2 from 3.3 to 8.4 GHz and a stable gain of 7.3±1.5 dBi over the operating frequencies. Moreover, stable unidirectional radiation pattern with low back-lobe radiation, low cross polarization and nearly identical E- and H-plane patterns is also demonstrated over the frequency of interest. A prototype is fabricated and measured. The measured results indicate that the antenna is suitable for wideband wireless communication system.

As a very powerful optimization algorithm, invasive weed optimization has been widely applied to continuous optimization problems in electromagnetic (EM) field. However, the optimization of a thinned array can be formulated as a discrete-variable optimization problem with solutions encoded as binary strings. Therefore, in this paper, an improved binary invasive weed optimization (IBIWO) is proposed to design a thinned array with minimum sidelobe levels. To evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, two examples have been presented and solved. Simulation results of the proposed thinned arrays obtained by IBIWO are compared with published results to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Automatic detection of human motion is important for security and surveillance applications. Compared to other sensors, radar sensors present advantages for human motion detection and identification because of their all-weather and day-and-night capabilities, as well as the fact that they detect targets at a long range. This is particularly advantageous in the case of remote and highly cluttered radar scenes. The objective of this paper is to investigate human motion in highly cluttered forest medium to observe the characteristics of the received Doppler signature from the scene. For this purpose we attempt to develop an accurate model accounting for the key contributions to the Doppler signature for the human motion in a forest environment. Analytical techniques are combined with full wave numerical methods such as Method of Moments (MoM) enhanced with Fast Multipole Method (FMM) to achieve a realistic representation of the signature from the scene. Mutual interactions between the forest and the human as well as the attenuation due to the vegetation are accounted for. Due to the large problem size, parallel programming techniques that utilize a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) based cluster are used.

Here we realize a broadband absorber by using a hyperbolic metamaterial composed of alternating aluminum-alumina thin films based on superposition of multiple slow-wave modes. Our super absorber ensures broadband and polarization-insensitive light absorption over almost the entire solar spectrum, near-infrared and short-wavelength infrared regime (500-2500 nm) with a simulated absorption of over 90%. The designed structure is fabricated and the measured results are given. This absorber yields an average measured absorption of 85% in the spectrum ranging from 500 nm to 2300 nm. The proposed absorbers open an avenue towards realizing thermal emission and energy-harvesting materials.

We present a multi-color STED fluorescence microscope providing far-field optical resolution down to 20 nm for biomedical research. The optical design comprises fiber lasers, beam scanners, and a set of active and passive polarizing elements that cooperatively yield an optically robust system for routinely imaging samples at subdiffraction length scales.

A single-feed dual-band dual-sense circularly polarized (CP) microstrip antenna is proposed. The antenna consists of a circular radiating patch with a ring slot, two substrates with an air layer sandwiched between them and a capacitive coupling feed. The two resonant frequencies are controlled by the size of the circular radiating patch and the ring slot. By introducing the perturbation, the fundamental resonant mode splits into two orthogonal degenerate modes, and the CP radiation pattern is obtained. Capacitive disk coupling feed is also used in the design to enhance the band-width. The key parameters of the design are investigated to show how to obtain dual-band and dual-sense CP. The proposed antenna prototype is fabricated and measured. Experimental results show that good CP radiation performances are obtained at both resonant frequencies.

Environment monitoring and automatic control of a building is a vital application of wireless sensor network, however, to maximize the network lifetime is a key challenge. The investigation of designing an efficient sensor network that minimizes energy dissipation in a battery of the sensor node, with limited battery power, is a vital consideration for the sensor network lifetime. Battery lifetime greatly affects the overall network communication performance, hence, the careful management of communication distance is very important. In this paper we propose a model to estimate the mean square distance from the sensor to the cluster head in sensor fields, such as the ones used for monitoring humidity, temperature, light intensity and air quality (CO and CO₂ level), considering three dimensional building structures. We use experimental datasets of the link quality distribution in an indoor building environment (single storey as well as multi-storey buildings) to investigate the possible building length of the different clusters and the data success rates. We then statistically analysed the data success rate of the experimental datasets using the Wilcoxon Rank Sum test and found that there was no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05). Our results show that the clustering is important for the single storey and multi-storey building sensor networks, however, after a certain size of the building it is unimportant. Our results also demonstrate that we can save sensor battery energy, significantly, by optimizing the distance from the sensor to the cluster head, while obtaining a high data success rate. The results over different clusters of sensor networks suggest its applicability for different building sizes. Based on this paper the designers can optimize energy e±ciency subject to the required specifications.

In this paper, the design of a multiband antenna for WLAN and WiMAX applications is proposed. The proposed antenna comprises a circular radiating patch with a pair of rectangular slits and an inverted U-shaped slot. A hexagon-shaped slot is cut on the ground plane. By adjusting the inverted U-shaped slot, a pair of rectangular slits, and a hexagon-shaped slot, three distinct resonance frequencies centered at 2.4 GHz, 3.52 GHz, and 5.68 GHz can be generated. The measurements show that the proposed antenna can cover three frequency bands with sufficient bandwidth. The proposed antenna exhibits an omnidirectional radiation pattern and acceptable gain.The overall dimension of the proposed antenna is 25 × 39 × 1.59 mm³.

Forward-looking imaging has extensive potential applications, such as self-navigation and self-landing. By choosing proper geometry, bistatic synthetic aperture radar (BiSAR) can break through the limitations of monostatic SAR on forward-looking imaging and provide possibility of the forward-looking imaging. In this special bistatic configuration, two problems involving large range cell migration (RCM) and large range-azimuth coupling are introduced by the forward-looking beam, which make it difficult to use traditional data focusing algorithms. To address these problems, a novel Omega-K algorithm based on two-dimensional non-uniform FFT (2-D NUFFT) for translational variant (TV) bistatic forward-looking SAR (BFSAR) imaging is proposed in this paper. In this study, we derive an accurate spectrum expression based on two-dimensional principle of stationary phase (2-D POSP). 2-D NUFFT is utilized to eliminate the range-variant term, which can make full use of the data and improve the computational efficiency as well. The experimental results, presented herein, demonstrate the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed algorithm.

A compact band-notched ultra-wideband (UWB) spatial diversity antenna is presented in this paper. The antenna is fabricated on an FR4 substrate and consists of two tapered microstrip feeding lines and two radiating elements. The wireless local area network (WLAN) for IEEE 802.11a operating in 5.15-5.825 GHz and-notched function is achieved by introducing two slits in the radiators as λ/4 resonators. The simulated and measured results show that the presented antenna has a broadband impedance bandwidth which covers UWB band and also has a band-notched characteristic. Additionally, the antenna has a good transmission coefficient better than -15 dB across the UWB. The radiation patterns, peak gain, and envelope correlation coefficient are measured and discussed.