This paper starts with the characteristics and advantages of microwaves processing. The shortcomings of fixed frequency, typically at 2.45 GHz were also mentioned. On account of this, the newly developed variable frequency microwave (VFM) fabrication was mentioned and adopted in place of the fixed frequency process. Two cases of fixed frequency microwave processing of materials were described; the characteristics and pros of each case was mentioned and commented. Two cases of processing materials using variable frequency microwave facility (VFMF) were mentioned; the advantages and limitations of each case were discussed. The microwave processing of materials provides improved mechanical, physical and electrical properties with much reduced processing time. Furthermore, variable frequency microwave processing is more superior to its fixed frequency counterpart except that the cost of the facilities of the former is much higher than the latter at this point in time but it appears that the price will drop in the coming ten years.

Perfect electromagnetic conductor (PEMC) has been introduced as a generalization of both the perfect electric conductor (PEC) and the perfect magnetic conductor (PMC). In the present paper, the basic problem of reflection and transmission of an obliquely incident plane wave at the interface of a PEMC half space or slab is considered. It is found that the field outside the PEMC medium can be uniquely determined but the interior field requires some assumptions to be unique. In particular, definition of the PEMC-medium condition as a limit of a Tellegen-medium condition and extraction of certain virtual fields (metafields) are shown to make the field inside the PEMC medium unique.

Retrodirective arrays have garnered much attention due to the unique feature of automatically responding to an interrogator without any prior knowledge of the location of the incoming signal. This paper describes the basic concept of retrodirective array technology, discusses the three retrodirective array topologies with their advantages and disadvantages. Characterizations of the selfsteering performance in a retrodirective antenna array are described. A series of array design considerations in the retrodirective array systems is presented, and further researches in this area are presented.

Fractional curl operator has been utilized to study the fractional order surface waveguides. Fractional order surface waveguides may be regarded as intermediate step of two surface waveguides which are related through the principle of duality. Fractional eigenvalue equations are examined at the interface between dielectric medium and free space, for various values of fractional order parameter result in different fractional surface wave modes.

Antenna diversity is a well-known technique to enhance the performance of wireless communication systems. In order to create an antenna diversity system on a wireless device, two or more antenna elements could be placed in positions. However, it is difficult to implement multiple antennas on handheld terminal. A compact planar inverted-L diversity antenna for handheld terminals is provided. Three diversity antennas operating at 2.15 GHz are designed. The isolation is found to be better than 13 dB and the usable bandwidth is about 13% in measurement. The measured radiation patterns are obtained that the proposed diversity antenna attains 2 dBi gain.

To enhance the flexibility of the parallel FDTD for the analysis of the bio-electromagnetic problems, a universal and efficient interpolation technique based on the super-absorbing boundary principle is presented, which can improve the interpolation accuracy and ensure the stability of the parallel FDTD iterative procedure. Using this technique, we calculate the SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) values in the head for two different human-body postures. In the iteration procedure of parallel FDTD, the data are exchanged between adjacent subdomains with the interpolation technique. Thus, the meshes can be created in local coordinates, which makes it convenient to build the human model in the different posture and use position for FDTD computing. The results show that the change of human-body posture only brings about a slight decrease (within 6.8%) in the peak SAR values, whereas the SAR values in the brain, as a critical organ, are sensitive to the change of the body posture, and it increases by 28% at maximum for the 1-g averaged peak SAR.

The electromagnetic resonances of a spherical cavity, with a perfectly conducting wall and filled with a homogeneous isotropic chiral medium, is studied using the spherical vector wavefunctions. The characteristic equation and the expressions for the field components, when chirality reaches its maximum value, are derived. The characteristic equation is obtained by imposing the boundary condition on the wall of the spherical cavity. The characteristic equation is solved numerically and reported for the first five modes. These modes are hybrid modes. They are classes as either hybrid electric (HE) modes or hybrid magnetic (HM) modes. The explicit expressions for the field components of the HE and HM modes are given, and the field distributions of a few modes are shown. The chirality is observed to have significant effects on the resonances and the field distributions of a chiral filled spherical perfectly conducting cavity. The results show interesting properties of the cavity, which could be applied to new applications.

This paper suggests a pilot-free frequency tracking scheme for ultra-wideband orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (UWBOFDM) receivers. The proposed scheme uses a frequency-domain spreaded data symbols which is provided in the current UWB-OFDM system. Based on this property, we develop an improved frequency synchronization receiver without the use of pilot symbols. The simulation results indicate that the proposed scheme achieves much better performance than the conventional pilot-based schemes.

In this paper, the high-order hierarchical basis functions are used for solving electromagnetic wave scattering problems. The multilevel fast multipole method (MLFMM) is applied to accelerate the matrix-vector product operation and the Schwarz method is employed to speed up the convergence rate of the Krylov subspace iterative methods. The efficiency of the proposed approach is studied on several numerical model problems and the comparison with conventional Kryloviterativ e methods is made. Numerical results demonstrate that the combination of the Schwarz method and the Krylovsubspace iterative method is very effective with MLFMM and can reduce the overall simulation time significantly.

In this paper a transfer matrix treatment for the reflectivity and transmissivity spectra of electromagnetic waves propagating in a nano sized multilayer periodic structure has been presented. Effect of varying the angle of incidence on the photonic bandgaps is shown. The design of a tunable polarizer by reflection which is more efficient in comparison to that obtained by reflection from a single dielectric slab, has been suggested.

The scattering of visible light by hexagonal-shaped column containing densely packed inclusions is simulated by a combination of ray-tracing and Monte Carlo techniques. While the ray tracing program takes care of the individual reflection and refraction events at the outer boundary of the particle, the Monte Carlo routine simulates internal scattering processes. A dense-medium light-scattering theory based on the introduction of the static structure factor is used to calculate the phase function for densely packed inclusions. Numerical results of the phase function for a randomly oriented hexagonal-shaped ice crystal with multiple densely packed inclusions are evaluated.

Closed-form expressions for the input impedance of halfwavelength rectangular microstrip antennas fed by coaxial connectors of different sizes at any point on any one of the non-radiating edges and open-circuited at the other ends are derived. Good agreement between computed and measured data is obtained.

With the technological growth of broadband wireless technology like CDMA, OFDM and MIMO, a lots of development efforts towards wireless communication system and imaging radar system are well justified. It has been recently shown that multipleinput multiple-output (MIMO) antenna systems have the potential to dramatically improve the performance of communication systems over single antenna systems. Efforts are also being imparted towards a Convergence Technology. The convergence between a communication and radar technology which will result in ITS (Intelligent Transport System) and other applications. This motivates development of the present article. This is an effort in the direction to utilize or converge the communication technologies towards radar and to achieve the interference and clutter free quality remote images of targets.

In this paper, a high data rate Ultra-Wideband Differential Transmitted-Reference (UWB-DTR) system which is one of the best and simplest available TR scheme is analyzed over IEEE 802.15.3a Channel Model 1 (CM1). We show that these systems need equalization in high data rate mode of operation because in such a case harsh nonlinear inter symbol interference (ISI) exists and degrades performance severely. The performance of the DTR system in CM1 is derived both analytically and via simulations by taking into account noise, inter path/pulse interference (IPI), and ISI. Uniform approximation for ISI distribution is proposed for the first time which gives a closer approximation than Gaussian one. All simulation and analytical results are obtained for CM1 but generalization to other channel models is also possible.

A full-wave analysis of the scattering parameters of a straight-to-bent microstrip line coupling is performed using a FEM technique. The numerical results, showing the influence played by the geometrical parameters of the structure on the electromagnetic coupling, are then employed to derive an equivalent circuit useful to be employed in CAD tools. A third order polynomial approximant useful to compute the equivalent circuit elements is finally provided.

The Sub-Entire-Domain (SED) basis function method has been applied to solve electromagnetic problems of irrectangular periodic structures with finite sizes efficiently. Three typical irrectangular periodic structures such as parallelogrammic periodic structures, triangular periodic structures, and trapeziform periodic structures are investigated using the SED basis function method. Just as the SED basis functions for rectangular periodic structures, the new SED basis functions for irrectangular periodic structures are defined on the support of each single cell, and the corresponding dummy cells are introduced to obtain the new SED basis functions. Using the proposed SED basis function method, the original large-scale problem is decomposed into two small-size problems. One is the determination of new SED basis functions, and the other is to solve the whole problem using MoM and SED basis functions. Numerical examples are given to prove the validity and efficiency of the new method.

For a long time power pattern synthesis has been considered to produce shaped beam patterns due to the number of degrees of freedom when compared with field pattern synthesis. However, severaladv antages exist if synthesis techniques are based on field patterns, since the relationship between the array factor and the source distribution is a Fourier transform. In this case, quicker and efficient algorithms are obtained with the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to perform the calculations. Therefore, this work presents a new technique that synthesizes shaped beam patterns through the control of non-uniformly samples of the array factor, both in amplitude and phase. The sample phases increase the number of degrees of freedom. To produce complex patterns, the sample phases of the shaped beam region are used to create more oscillations in the ripple structure than the ones produced with the realpatterns. Not only this procedure yields a narrower transition region between the beam zone and the sidelobe zone but also smaller dynamic range ratios are obtained. Furthermore, it is described how to impose nulls in prescribed directions of the complex patterns. Some examples are presented to demonstrate the application of the synthesis technique.

In this paper, a Ku band fan beam reflector back array antenna is introduced. This is made up of two main parts that are planar array and main reflector. The proposed antenna has dimensions of 103.3×27.5×12mm³ including the reflector. This antenna with high gain for incorporating in Ku band radars at 13.4-14 GHz is described. The fan beam radiation patterns with monopolar characteristics i.e., the cross-polarization is at least 10 dB lower than the co-polarization and are obtained in the frequency band of interest. The maximum gain for proposed antenna is 16.6 dBi at 13.75 GHz and the peak gain generally >16 dBi throughout the frequency band of interest.

This paper presents a novel wideband bandpass filter making use of complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR) as the basic resonant unit. The resonant characteristic of CSRR is carefully studied through full wave analysis. The coupling of CSRR structure is very strong that can be used to realize wideband filter with small insertion loss. A filter with center frequency at 3.5 GHz, passband from 3.1 GHz to 3.8 GHz is designed and fabricated. The measured results are in good consistent with simulated results.

In this paper, using moment method in the spectral domain, full wave analysis of two orthogonal microstrip transmission lines in two layered PCB board is presented. First, using 1-dimensional spectral domain method, the propagation constants and the currents on each line are obtained, without considering of the other line. Then, using Galerkine's method in 2 dimensional spectral domain, the scattering parameters of the structure are calculated. The results of our analysis are compared by the quasi-TEM approach. Comparisons show good agreement between our results and quasi-TEM approach.