Effective permittivity of mixtures of lossy dielectric are important quantities to be studied in microwave remote sensing of soil moisture, sea ice, dry and wet snow, in geophysical probing of properties of porous rocks and in composite materials. In this paper, these quantities are studied with large-scale numerical solutions of Maxwell equations in the electroquasistatic limit using fast electromagnetic algorithms. The preconditioned EFIE method instead of scalar potential scattering method for the simulation of the relative permittivity of the mixture with conducting particles in quasi-static environment is introduced. Furthermore, Algorithm IMLMQRF, which is kernel independent for quasi-static problems with a complexity of O(N log N), is implemented to accelerate the matrix-vector multiply when CG iteration is applying on this preconditioned EFIE system. Subsequently, numerical examples, viz., the permittivity extractions from two lattice structures and one random distribution structure with the unknowns from about 1,000 to 50,000 are efficiently simulated by our method in this paper. The numerical results demonstrate the efficiency of this hybrid method.

Microwave engineering now a days plays a vital tool in diagnostic and therapeutic medicine. A quality evaluation of human semen at microwave frequencies using the measurements made at different intervals of time by cavity perturbation technique in the S-band of microwave spectrum is presented in this paper. Semen samples were also examined in the microscopic as well as macroscopic level in clinical laboratory. It is observed that conductivity of semen depends upon the motility of sperm and it increases as time elapses, which finds applications in forensic medicine.

The accurate analysis of scattering from ob jects with dimensions large compared to the wavelength using rigorous methods (finite element, FDTD, method of moments) with a personal computer is almost impractical. In asymptotic methods, physical optics (PO), geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD), the accurate modeling of the ob ject's boundary is too cumbersome. The parabolic equation method gives accurate results in calculation of scattering from ob jects with dimensions ranging from one to tens of wavelengths. Solving parabolic equation with the marching method needs limited computer storage even for scattering calculations of large targets. In this paper, first the calculation procedure of radar cross section using parabolic equation in three dimension is studied and the necessary equations are derived. In order to show the validity of the parabolic equation, the RCS of a conducting sphere is calculated and the results are compared with analytic results. The airplane RCS has been computed by using a staircase model in the parabolic equation and the results are compared with physical optics results.

The propagation of the TEM and higher order Modes in GTEM cells is theoretically treated in this work in spherical coordinates. The derived wave equation for the principal mode is solved analytically in two different ways. In which case, two general closed-solutions are derived. In addition to this a simple approximation for the special case of the symmetric cells is presented. For higher order waves, E- and H-modes are determined by solving the Helmholz equations for phasor. By imposing the boundary conditions on fields, the determination of local higher-order modes is, for symmetric cells, reduced to the solution of a simple transcendental equation L^mν_n (cos θ) = 0. For asymmetric cells, the matching-points method is applied. In the longitudinal direction, the propagation of the fields is examined by means of cylindrical functions which are combined with the spherical one. Furthermore, since the GTEM cell is a conical-horn resonator, the resonance behavior of the cell is investigated. The main advantages of the method amongst others are its simplicity and high degree of accuracy. Its appeal consist of precise description of the cell's geometry compared with the other methods.

A modified three-antenna gain measurement method is proposed to significantly simplify, and thereby to reduce the costs of, uncertainty estimation. Unlike the three-antenna method, the new method employs a standard antenna whose gains and uncertainty limits have been established through absolute calibration. The measurements are carried out as in the three-antenna method, with the reference antenna also analysed as presumed unknown. An overall uncertainty figure for the measurement is obtained only from the resulting data in conjunction with the uncertainty on the reference antenna gain values. The proposal is verified by using a rigorous experimental study on the gains of three pyramidal horns in the frequency range 5.8 GHz-8.2 GHz. First, the gains and error limits of the antennas are estimated by using the three-antenna method. One of the antennas is then used as reference antenna and the modified method employed on the measured data to determine the gains of a test antenna. It emerges that the new method substantially simplifies the secondary calibration and gain measurement of antennas.

In this paper, three types of novel bowtie antennas with round corners are presented and studied carefully, including quadrate, rounded-edge and triangular shapes, which have better return loss, flatter input impedance, more stable radiation patterns and smaller area at the same time. The effect of round corners is attached importance to due to their novelty. The conclusion is drawn that adding the round corners at the sharp vertexes of radiation surfaces can have positive effects on performances of not only bowtie antennas but also the others.

Electromagnetic Scattering problem by multiple metamaterial cylinders are studied. A formulation for coating conducting cylinders by metamaterial is presented. The formulation is based on the expansion of electromagnetic fields by Bessel functions in local cylindrical coordinates and then transformation from local coordinates to others using addition theorem of Hankel function. Near fields and scattering cross sections for metamaterial and dielectric cylinders are studied and compared to each other. We have shown that an array of metamaterial cylinders increases forward scattering cross section which may use to increase the directivity of antennas.

The accurate analysis of scattering from ob jects with dimensions large compared to the wavelength using rigorous methods (finite element, FDTD, method of moments) with a personal computer is almost impractical. In asymptotic methods, physical optics (PO), geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD), the accurate modeling of the object's boundary is too cumbersome. The parabolic equation method gives accurate results in calculation of scattering from objects with dimensions ranging from one to tens of wavelengths. Solving parabolic equation with the marching method needs limited computer storage even for scattering calculations of large targets. In this paper, first the calculation procedure of radar cross section using parabolic equation is studied and the necessary equations are derived. The parabolic equation and the model of reflecting facet is utilized for calculation of the scattered fields in the forward and backward directions. In order to model the lossy background, the impedance boundary condition is utilized in lower boundary. Finally the scattered fields and RCS of a ship and a tank are calculated as two examples of targets with lossy background.

In this paper the analysis of radiation from known current distributions placed on a dielectric coated elliptic conducting cylinder has been effected. The analysis is carried out considering the expansion of the field as a series of Mathieu functions. The presence of the current is taken into account in the boundary conditions at the air-dielectric interface. The behavior of the radiated field as a function of the minor over ma jor axis ratio of the elliptic conducting cylinder has been investigated and discussed.

Based on the asymptotic method of averaging, an approximate analytical solution of the integral equation concerning a magnetic current in slot-hole coupling apertures of electrodynamic volumes, which differ profitably from the known ones in literature, has been obtained. The formulas for the currents and characteristics scattering of transverse and longitudinal slots in common broad and narrow walls of rectangular waveguides are given. The comparison to results obtained by other methods and experimental data has been done.

In this paper, the parabolic approximation of wave equation will be solved by the method of least squares. At first, the radio wave propagation in homogeneous media will be considered. The electromagnetic field will be expanded by proper expansion functions, which satisfy the parabolic equation in homogeneous media. The expansion coefficients will be derived by the least square method through enforcing initial and boundary conditions. The least square functionals satisfy the initial and boundary conditions. Similar to the split step method, the field in the inhomogeneous media with known profile of refractive index can be obtained by proper phase shifting of the field in homogeneous media. The proposed method is more reliable than the split step method and can be applied over rough boundary without any excess computations. In comparison with the finite difference method, the proposed method is very fast.

The paper presents the Scattering Operator Method, which is devoted to the problem of scattering from a set of N cylindrical ob jects. By contrast with the Scattering Matrix Method, which has been used by many groups in the last twenty years, it applies to any kind of cylinder shape, regardless of the relative location of the cylinders. The theory is based on a mathematical result: it is possible to define in the vicinity of the surface of each cylinder two complementary parts of the field: the total incident field and the field scattered by this cylinder. These two parts are the Calderon projectors of the values of the total fields on the surface of the cylinder. The validity of the method is checked on two examples. It is shown that the theory avoids some problems encountered in integral method like evaluations of singular or hypersingular integrals, or instabilities due to internal resonance of ob jects.

Field structures of waveguide Y-junction circulators containing irregular shaped ferrite material, such as Y-junction with partial-height cylinder/triangle ferrite posts and metal step impedance transformer, Y-junction with a ferrite sphere, and dual higher order modes circulator, which are classified as different junction resonance modes, are depicted to illustrate the circulating process. The analysis method used is a combination of the mode expansion method and finite element method, which is based on the weak form of Helmholtz equation. Calculated results (return loss, insertion loss and isolation) of these structures are shown and compared respectively to those in literatures. Consistencies have been observed.

This paper presents a hybrid technique, which combines the desirable features of two different numerical methods, finite difference frequency domain (FDFD) and the method of moments (MoM), to analyze large-scale electromagnetic problems. This is done by dividing the computational domain into smaller sub-regions and solving each sub-region using the appropriate numerical method. Once each sub-region is analyzed, independently, an iterative approach takes place to combine the sub-region solutions to obtain a solution for the complete domain. As a result, a considerable reduction in the computation time and required computer memory is achieved.

Representation of electromagnetic expressions in terms of the four-dimensional differential-form formalism has been recently shown to allow simple analysis to problems involving general classes of linear electromagnetic media. In the present paper, another class of media is defined by expressing the medium dyadic representing the mapping between the electromagnetic two-forms in terms of one dyadic representing mapping between two four-vectors. Thus, the class, labeled as that of IB-media, is represented by 16 parameters instead of the 36 of the most general bi-anisotropic medium. Condition for the medium dyadic is derived and and properties of fields in the IB-medium are discussed.

In this paper a study is presented to handle the behavior of radar cross section (RCS) of partially convex targets of large sizes up to five wavelengths in free space. The nature of incident wave is an important factor in the remote sensing and radar detection applications. To investigate the effects of incident wave nature on the RCS, scattering problems of plane and beam wave incidences are considered. Targets are taking large sizes to be bigger enough than the beam width with putting into consideration a horizontal incident wave polarization (E-wave incidence). The effects of the target configuration together with the beam width on the laser RCS compared to the case with the plane wave incidence are numerically analyzed. Therefore, we will be able to have some sort of control on radar detection using beam wave incidence.

Spectral domain approach for continuous spectrum of wide class of microwave integrated circuit (MIC) lines is proposed. The continuous spectrum is treated as a continuum of so called hybrid radiation modes. They are the limits of volume modes of line in which lower and/or upper shieldings are moved to infinity. In the preliminary part of analysis a convenient classification of MIC lines into one-side opened and two-sides opened lines is introduced. The spectral domain representation of hybrid radiation modes is discussed in detail and boundary conditions for visible and invisible parts of spectrum are formulated. The normalization conditions in spectral domain are also proposed for both classes of lines. In the next part of paper an iterative approach in spectral domain is proposed for hr modes of one-side opened line. The boundary conditions for hybrid radiation modes are combined with spectral domain approach and the second order equation is formulated for unknown spectral amplitudes of electric or magnetic fields in visible part of spectrum. Two schemes of iteration are presented and they both lead to solutions classified as hybrid EH^(y) and HE^(y) modes. In the case of two-sides opened lines the solution is a sum of two partial solutions corresponding to symmetrical and unsymmetrical sources distributions. Each partial solution can be found by the iterative procedure proposed for one-side opened lines. The efficiency of proposed procedure was verified for the case of hybrid radiation modes of microstrip line. The results of calculations of amplitudes and phases of spectral amplitudes in visible spectrum part for examplary hybrid radiation modes are shown. As an example of an application of the hybrid radiation modes concept, the advanced cavity model of rectangular patch antenna is proposed. This model allows to calculate the parameters with acceptable precision nearly ten times faster than professional full-wave design tools. In the conclusion other possible applications of this approach are proposed e.g., in modal analysis of discontinuities including the radiation effect or 3D rectangular patch analysis.

Observations of L- and C-band backscatter from snow cover are presented at all polarizations. Airborne passive-microwave data was collected in Northern Finland during EMAC'95 (European Multi-sensor Airborne Campaign-95). The measurements cover the 6.8-18.7 GHz frequency range with both verticaland horizontal polarizations. The empirical SAR data were acquired by EMISAR of TechnicalUniv ersity of Denmark over the city of Oulu in Northern Finland during EMAC'95. Airborne measurements were conducted on 22-23 March, and on 2-3 May 1995. The land-use map of the test sites was obtained from the NationalLand Survey of Finland. This study combines the semi-empirical and empirical models that were developed. Applicability of the forest transmissivity formulas developed by using the different data sets of passive and active sensors is shown. Because of the effect of dry snow at C-band is more visible than at L-band. A C-band semi-empiricalbac kscattering modelis developed for the forest-snow-ground system.

A parallel implementation of an automatic CAD tool based on the parallel virtual machine software package, genetic algorithms and finite element simulators is presented. It is shown that the parallel implementation can be obtained by developing just a few hundred lines of code and a pseudocode description is provided. Finally, selected numerical results are provided in order to show the effectiveness and the reliability of the proposed approach.

The paper presents the application of the hybrid global optimization algorithm, introduced in the companion paper Part I, to reflector antenna power pattern synthesis and reflector antenna surface diagnosis from only amplitude data. The synthesis algorithm determines both the reflector surface and the excitation coefficients of the array of primary feeds to meet the designing specification on the far-field pattern expressed by means of two couple of masks bounding the squared amplitude of both the copolar and crosspolar components. The diagnosis technique allows to find the reflector surface profile from the measurement of the far field power pattern by a proper formulation of the corresponding inverse problem. In both cases we take advantage of the exploring capability of an evolutionary algorithm and of the solution refinement capability of an efficient, quasi-Newton based, local search procedure. The numerical analysis shows that Global Optimization can outperform the standard local approach, by significantly improving the performance of the synthesized antenna in the first case and by enhancing the reliability of the diagnosis procedure in the second one.