Torque ripple is the main cause of motor vibration and noise. In order to reduce the torque ripple of the switched reluctance motor(SRM), a new type of rotor tooth profile is studied, namely adding a semi-oval auxiliary core on both sides of the conventional parallel rotor tooth profile. Using a finite element method, a 12/8-pole SRM was modeled, and an optimal modified model was obtained through parameterized simulation. At the same time, in order to further reduce the torque ripple, the turn-on and turn-off angles of the power converter are optimized, and the torque jump caused by the commutation phase is alleviated. The combination of turn-on and turn-off angles is obtained through simulation calculation, and it can not only significantly reduce the torque ripple of the SRM, but also alleviate the local saturation caused by the double salient pole. This method can reduce the local saturation caused by the double salient structure and the large torque jump caused by the commutation phase. This method is of reference for other double salient motors. This method has implications for other double salient pole motors.

A single fed polarization reconfigurable antenna is presented. The antenna comprises of a circular ring-shaped radiating element along with reconfigurable feed network located at its center which eliminates the need for additional space for reconfigurable feed network. A separate biasing network is placed to bias the pin diodes in the feed network for polarization reconfiguration and achieves three polarization states (linear, left-hand and right-hand circularly polarization). The antenna is designed to operate at 2.4 GHz ISM band. The antenna parameters are simulated using Ansoft high-frequency structure simulator and are validated using Agilent network analyzer (N9925A) and antenna test systems. The antenna achieves a good -10 dB impedance bandwidth of 85 MHz (2.40-2.485) GHz in linear state and 85 MHz (2.41-2.495) GHz in the circularly polarization states along with better cross-polarization isolation (≥ 15 dB) in the operating bands and hence more suitable for modern wireless communications.

This paper is devoted to an engineering laser-based diagnostic technique which is able to extract the value of the temperature structure coefficient in a hot turbulent wind tunnel jet, by using a thin laser beam which is sent into the jet. Some experimental investigations are carried out to characterize the jet under study and the probabilities of the positions of the laser beam impact on a photocell are measured. The theoretical values of the same probabilities are computed by assuming that the laser beam direction is a Markov random process. By means of an optimization technique with constraints, based on the Golden Section algorithm, the temperature structure coefficient of the jet is determined. The validity of the result obtained is proved by a good agreement which is observed in the comparison between another parameter computed from that result and the previously published data.

Cylindrical/ring-shaped permanent magnets with diametrical magnetization can be found in many applications, ranging from electrical motors to position sensory systems. In order to correctly calculate the magnetic field generated by a permanent magnet of this kind with low computational cost, several studies have been reported in literature providing analytical expressions. However, these analytical expressions are either limited for an infinite cylinder or for computing the magnetic field only on the central axis of a finite cylinder. The others are derived to calculate the magnetic field at any point in three-dimensional (3D) space but only with low accuracy. This paper presents an exact analytical model of the magnetic field, generated by a diametrically magnetized cylindrical/ring-shaped permanent magnet with a limited length, which can be used to calculate the magnetic field of any point in 3D space fast and with very high accuracy. The expressions were analytically derived, based on geometrical analysis without calculating the magnetic scalar potential. Also, there is no approximation in the derivation steps that yields the exact analytical model. Three components of the magnetic field are analytically represented using complete and incomplete elliptical integrals, which are robust and have low computational cost. The accuracy of the developed analytical model was validated using Finite Element Analysis and compared against existing models.

A class of rigorous formulas for the efficient extraction of the full polarizability matrix of electrically small particles is introduced in this paper. After the dipole approximation of the scatterer, under study, the latter is placed on a two-dimensional square array, illuminated by four normally incident plane waves, and eventually its polarizabilities are expressed in terms of induced dipole moments. Then, by applying an equivalent surface model for the array, the induced dipoles are calculated as a function of the reflection/transmission coefficients from the array. Lastly, the combination of the previous formulations leads to the final expressions for the polarizability matrix of the particle. In order to verify the featured methodology, the extracted polarizabilities are involved in radar cross section and total radiated power calculations for various incidences and are compared with their simulated counterparts.

In this paper, a compact printed monopole antenna for multiband communication application is designed and investigated. The multiband functionality is achieved by the combination of a rectangular radiating element with a pair of symmetrical meandered resonators.The proposed antenna works efficiently (>86%) with an optimally matching (VSWR<2) and adequate gain in the desired frequency bands centered at 4.27 GHz, 4.85 GHz and 6.45 GHz respectively. The prototype of the antenna is fabricated to validate effectiveness of the proposed design. A good agreement between simulated and measured results is observed.

A wideband planar linear-circular polarization converter comprised of periodic centrosymmetric dual-loop unit cells with wideband property is presented in this letter. Full wave simulation and parameter study are carried out to demonstrate the basic working principle of the converter. Also, the performances of the device under oblique and deflected incidence situations are considered and discussed. A prototype is manufactured and tested. The measured results show that its working band covers from 19.3 GHz to 31.8 GHz with less than 3 dB axial ratio, which agree well with the simulated ones and thus validate the design concept.

A compact stepped-impedance dipole antenna with harmonic suppression is presented. The antenna occupies an overall size of 40 x 12 x 1.6 mm³ when being printed on a substrate with a relative dielectric constant of 4.4 and loss tangent 0.02. The simulation and experiments are well matched and offer a 2:1 V SWR (S₁₁ < -10 dB) bandwidth of 590 MHz at 2.45 GHz. In comparison with a conventional strip dipole, the stepped impedance based dipole antenna shows complete suppression of the first and second harmonics making it suitable as an efficient EMI emission free antenna for widely used Bluetooth and WLAN applications. It can also be employed for wireless power transfer applications with more efficiency.

In this letter, a compact microstrip bandpass filter (BPF) with four transmission zeros (TZs) is designed by using a short-stub centered loaded folded dual-mode resonator and an I/O mutual coupled open-stub loaded feedline structure. The coupling structure can realize source-load (S-L) coupling with quadratic function coupling coefficient, which can generate three TZs in the upper-stopband to improve the selectivity. Owing to the intrinsic characteristics of the dual-mode resonator, one extra TZ can be created near the lower passband edge. Finally, a compact BPF with fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 3.5% located at 2.4 GHz for WLAN application has been designed and fabricated. Good agreement between simulation and measurement verifies the validity of the design.

In this paper, a novel wideband dual-band dual-polarized magneto-electric (ME) dipole antenna is proposed. The proposed antenna consists of a folded double-layer magneto-electric dipole, a stair-shaped feeding line with a balun structure and a rectangular box-shaped reflector. The folded double-layer magneto-electric dipole is able to generate two resonant frequencies. The polygon balun structure can better match the antenna impedance. The rectangular box-shaped reflector not only can suppress antenna's back radiation but also can realize high gain over the operating frequencies. Both simulated and measured results show that the antenna can obtain two wide impedance bandwidths of 60% (1.54-2.87 GHz) in lower frequency band and 27% (4.62-6.10 GHz) in higher frequency band with the reflection coefficients lower than 10 dB for both input ports. The isolation between ports is greater than 25 dB in the corresponding frequency band. The gains of the measured antenna were 8.5-9.7 dBi in the low frequency band and 8.5-11.5 dBi in the high frequency band, respectively.

This letter presents a novel differential filtenna for microwave systems at 2.4 GHz on planar technology. This filtenna exhibits 5% bandwidth with a 3-pole Chebyshev response. The filtenna uses a square patch as radiating element combined with λ/2 resonators. Experimental and simulated return losses are presented with good agreement. Moreover, the experimental common and differential mode radiation patterns are presented showing an attenuation greater than 15 dB for the common mode.

Non-contact vibration detection using microwave radar is becoming a popular research area. However, vibration sensing using Doppler radar based measurements suffers from the problem of `Null point'. In order to mitigate this, traditional designs incorporate phase measurements using Quadrature (I/Q) radar. Such Quadrature radars are not cost effective for large scale indoor deployment scenarios. In this paper, we propose a new configuration of `Indented Radar'; a system of two singlechannel radars offset in space by a path length, which is equivalent to 90 degree phase shift. However, such a system of two independent channels is prone to different imbalances such as amplitude, phase and DC. This work closely examines the imbalance effect on the two-radar system and reports a novel approach that can be used to tackle such imbalance in a two-radar configuration. Our approach yields superior results over other commonly used I/Q algorithms, while measuring vibrational frequencies. Thus, our work can find immense application in both vital sign detection and structural vibration detection use-cases where affordable solution is sought.

Microwave radar imaging is increasingly being used in infrastructure monitoring applications due to its low cost, rapid measurement time, non-contact characteristics, and ability to penetrate nonmetallic media. An appropriate waveform design must be designed to obtain accurate information on the targets observed or the features being probed. Ultrawideband (UWB) radio frequency (RF) noiselets are excellent candidate waveforms in view of their multiresolution and interference rejection features. In this paper, a waveform optimization approach for UWB noiselet waveforms is described to achieve high peak-to-sidelobe ratio (PSLR) to enhance imaging capabilities. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) scanning for microwave imaging is introduced after analyzing the essential microwave approaches for the multilayered structure. Image reconstruction using SAR scanning is performed for various multilayered structures and quasi-3D images of these structures are presented for nondestructive testing and evaluation (NDT&E) applications.

Substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) is widely used in filter design due to its advantages of high Q value, high power capacity, small size and easy integration. In this paper, a symmetric folded substrate integrated waveguide (SFSIW) miniaturization method is proposed. Through the comparison of the miniaturization degree of the resonant cavity before and after folding, the feasibility of this method is verified, and the miniaturization theory of SIW filter is further improved. Using a symmetrically folded SIW resonator, a two-cavity filter and a three-cascaded cross-coupling filter were designed. This structure achieves better miniaturization of the filter. The high Q value of the SFSIW resonator makes the filter's insertion loss smaller, the transmission characteristics better, and the simulation and measurement results are consistent.

A novel coplanar waveguide fed compact dual-band antenna for 2.5/5.7 GHz applications is presented in this paper. The above characteristics are obtained by carefully optimizing the slotted ground planes and meander short placed between the signal strip and one of the lateral ground planes. The proposed antenna has been designed on a substrate with dielectric constant 4.4, thickness 1.6 mm, and it occupies a small area of 18.2×20 mm². The experimental analysis shows 2:1 VSWR bandwidth up to 150 MHz and 370 MHz for 2.5 GHz and 5.7 GHz, respectively. Antenna radiation characteristics, including return loss, radiation pattern, radiation efficiency and gain are also validated with numerical simulation and experimental measurements.

Due to the spatial and temporal distribution of meteorological conditions along the transmission lines, the equivalent model with lumped parameters cannot accurately represent the line model with the actual parameters. In the paper, the nonuniform parameter model based on the dynamic thermal rating (DTR) technology of transmission lines is adopted to establish the power flow analysis model based on the conductor temperature. The algorithm presented in the paper is adopted to analyze the power flow of power networks with known load and meteorological parameters. And then cases with parameters of dierent seasons and spatial distribution in practical conditions are used to verify the feasibility of the algorithm. It is shown that the power flow analysis model established in this paper can realize the accurate analysis of the thermal load capacity of the transmission line in the power grid, which has great practical significance.

Design and development of a novel arrow headed modified cross slot array antenna with dual band characteristics and circular polarisation is reported. The proposed array configuration consists of an array of four arrow headed modified cross slot elements which are electromagnetically coupled by using a 1:4 corporate feed network. The slot elements are etched on the ground plane of the dielectric substrate with a feeding network on the other side. The proposed slot array shows dual band behaviour and enhanced gain characteristics compared to a single element arrow headed modified cross slot antenna. The slot array antenna shows resonance at two frequencies of 1.72 GHz (1.6912 GHz-1.7656 GHz) and 2.45 (2.3656 GHz-2.5568 GHz) GHz with circular polarisation in the upper band. This novel slot array configuration has a measured gain of 6.23 dBi at the lower resonant frequency and 7.01 dBi at the upper resonant frequency. The proposed slot array antenna exhibits bidirectional radiation patterns with improved gains. The simulated results are in good agreement with the experimental ones.

In this paper, the nonlinear single negative metamaterials (NLSNM) based on the microstrip loaded with varactor diodes are investigated. It is found that the NLSNM, including nonlinear epsilon-negative metamaterial (NLENM) and nonlinear mu-negative metamaterial (NLMNM) can be realized by loading varactor diodes and chip inductors onto the microstrip, and their transmission gaps can be controlled conveniently by the signal power. In addition, the nonlinear property of the heterostructure constructed of NLMNM and epsilon-negative metamaterial (ENM) is also studied, and the results show that the transmission property, especially the transmittance of the tunneling peak of the NLMNM-ENM heterostructure can also be regulated by the signal power. The NLSNM may have important potential applications in the microwave switch controlled by the signal power.

This paper deals with the influence of steel non-linearity when calculating the induced current/voltage on a pipeline circuit with earth return under 50-60 Hz induction by power lines or electrified railway lines. By having at disposal the measured curves of the per unit length pipe internal impedance versus the current flowing in it, one can calculate induced voltage and current on the pipeline-earth circuit by means of the successive approximations method. The paper presents some comparison of the results when ignoring or not the steel pipe non-linearity. In certain cases, the differences can be significant.

Accurate analysis of the thermal field in switched reluctance motor (SRM) is critical to the service life and safety performance of the SRM. According to the general structure of SRM, a two-dimensional (2D) finite element analysis (FEA) model was established, and the loss of each component, especially the iron loss, was analyzed by Orthogonal Fourier decomposition method, revealing the characteristics of the loss. A magnetic-thermal one-way coupling method is further used to model the temperature of the SRM, and basic assumptions and reasonable boundary conditions are set. Transient thermal analysis was carried out under natural cooling conditions and high vacuum conditions, respectively, and the results were compared and analyzed to understand the temperature distribution of the main components under two operating conditions.