The efficacy of including a defected ground structure (DGS) for mobile communication on a mobile phone PCB in improving the multiple input multiple output (MIMO) system performance is evaluated and demonstrated in the context of single and multiple-element two-port planar inverted-F antennas (PIFAs). The proposed scheme designed and developed for operation in the 3.5 GHz long term evolution (LTE) and future 5G frequency bands demonstrates efficiency improvement by 15% and capacity improvement by around 7% because of the significant reduction in mutual coupling between the antenna ports. Results in free space as well as next to a human head and hand phantom are presented.

The zeroing of second order correlation functions between output fields after interferences in a 50/50 beam splitter has been accepted decades-long in the quantum optics community as an indicator of the quantum nature of lights. But, a recent work [1] presented some notable discussions and experiments that classical electromagnetic fields can still exhibit the zero correlation under specific conditions. Here, we examine analytically classical and quantum electromagnetic field interferences in a 50/50 beam splitter in the context of the second order correlation function for various input conditions. Adopting the Heisenberg picture in quantum electromagnetics, we examine components of four-term interference terms in the numerator of second order correlation functions and elucidate their physical significance. As such, we reveal the fundamental difference between the classical and quantum interference as illustrated by the Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) effect. The quantum HOM effect is strongly associated with: (1) the commutator relation that does not have a classical analogue; (2) the property of Fock states needed to stipulate the one-photon quantum state of the system; and (3) a destructive wave interference effect. Here, (1) and (2) imply the indivisibility of a photon. On the contrary, the classical HOM effect requires the presence of two destructive wave interferences without the need to stipulate a quantum state.

The transmission spectrum of electromagnetic waves through a one-dimensional photonic star waveguides (SWGs) structure is obtained using the Green function method (GFM). The proposed structure is composed of a finite number of periodic cells; each cell contains a segment of length d1 grafted in its extremity by resonators of length d2. This periodic system is altercated by insertion of defects resonators located in three different sites, which have lengths d02, d04, and d06 different from that of the perfect resonators. The properties of such a multi-defects structure are suitable for tunable very narrow band multichannel filter applications in microwave domain. The perfect photonic structure demonstrates large microwave photonic band gaps (PBGs) in which the propagation of electromagnetic waves is prohibited. For the sake of comparison, we first introduce single defect resonators located in one site; this defect creates hence two transmission peaks (defect modes) in the gaps. These induced modes of noticeable transmissions and good quality factors permit our proposed SWGs to behave like a single narrow band channel filter. Several localized modes appear in the band gaps whenweintroduce three resonators defects of different lengths and located in three different sites. With an appropriate choice of the geometrical parameters d₁ = 1 m,d₂ = 0.5 m, d₀₂ = d₀₄=d₀₆ = 2 m, our thrice defectives system can create, in the microwave frequencies range, till eight transmission peaks in the gaps when the defects are located in three consecutive sites.These peaks have very high values of transmission rates and important quality factors reaching Q=610000. Therefore, our proposed system acts as very narrow band multichannel filters for which defects modes shift towards the low frequencies when the defects resonators lengths increase. The results obtained demonstrate the dependence of the defect modes frequencies, transmission coefficient, and the quality factor on the resonators defects lengths, their numbers, and their positions inside the defective structure.

A very compact Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) radiator providing dual notches is presented in this paper. It comprises circular ring monopoles fed by a microstrip line embedded with a slot of inverted U-shape. By etching a crescent slot, a split ring resonator slot, a circular slot in the circular monopole, a reversed U-shaped slot inserted along the feeding line, two notches are attained. It operates from 3.5 GHz to 12 GHz that overcomes interference from the Wireless Local Area Network(WLAN) (5.15-5.85 GHz) and X-band (7-8.1 GHz). MIMO antenna has a very compacted dimension of x 44 mm x 1.6 mm at the lowest operating frequency and hence is suitable for portable devices. It has dimensions of 0.51λ x 0.51λ x 0.018λ where λ is the wavelength of the lowest operating frequency 3.5 GHz.

A wideband 10-port multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna array operated below 6 GHz for the fifth generation (5G) metal-frame smartphones is presented and discussed in this paper. The proposed MIMO antenna array element is composed of a microstrip line with a tuning stub and rectangular slot. The size of the rectangular slot is only 15 mm x 2 mm (0.211λ₀ x 0.028λ₀, and λ₀ is the wavelength with the resonance frequency of 4.2 GHz). U-shaped slots on the substrate are used to reduce the mutual coupling between the antenna elements. At the same time, in order to improve the radiation characteristics of the antenna arrays, narrow slits are etched in the metal-frame. The proposed antenna covers 3.3-5.5 GHz (S₁₁ < -6 dB), which is ultra-wide bandwidth for the 5G communications. The proposed MIMO antenna array is fabricated and measured. Results show that in the desired wide frequency band, the proposed antenna array can achieve desirable performances, including antenna isolation better than -13 dB with decoupling structures, efficiency, and envelope correlation coefficient (ECC)<0.06. Moreover, radiation pattern, calculated ergodic channel capacity, the effects of the user's hand effects and head specific absorption rate (SAR) are also given in the paper. Good agreement between measured and simulated results is obtained, which means that the proposed MIMO array is a good candidate for 5G metal-frame smartphone applications.

In this paper, a novel single-layer anisotropic unit with both reflection and transmission functions is proposed. The unit is a ring-encircled two mirror-symmetry fan-shaped patches, and is fabricated in one side of an F4B substrate. The unit structure is asymmetry with respect to x- and y-axes, and both transmitted and reflected cross-polarized fields are generated simultaneously when the co-polarized field is incident on the symmetry broken surface. Full 360° phase shift range is achieved by utilizing the cross-polarized field, and the transmitted and reflected coefficient magnitudes are above 0.49 close to the theoretical limit. Using this anisotropic unit, three single-layer transmit-reflect-arrays are designed: (1) Two high-gain beams in (θ₁ = 0°, φ₁ = 0°) and (θ₁ = 180°, φ₁ = 0°) directions. The gain is 20.9 dBi, and the 3 dB beam width is 8.9°. (2) Two OAM beams with l = 1 at (θ1 = 45°, φ₁ = 0°) and (θ₂ = 135°, φ₂ = 0°). (3) Four OAM beams with l = 1 at (θ₁ = 30°, φ₁ = 0°), (θ₂ = -30°, φ₂ = 180°), (θ₃ = 150°, φ₃ = 0°) and (θ₄ = -150°, φ₄ = 180°). The simulated and measured results agree well and validate the design principle. The proposed metasurface has the following advantages: single-layer, transmission and reflection dual-functions, multi-beam, and high gain.

In this paper an oscillator-type GaN HEMT based active integrated antenna is proposed where the active part of the circuit and patch antenna are in series. The patch antenna is designed to offer optimum impedance at second harmonic to generate maximum power at second harmonic and overall negative resistance at fundamental frequency for sustained oscillation. The circuit has been designed, fabricated and characterized. The fundamental frequency of oscillation of this circuit is 1.5 GHz. This circuit has Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) of 32.1 dBm at 3 GHz. Power at fundamental frequency is suppressed due to mismatch of input impedance of patch antenna and deviation from optimum load required for maximum radiation at fundamental frequency. The power radiated at fundamental frequency is 15.7 dB lower than the power radiated at second harmonic. This design technique can be used for radiating useful high power much beyond the cutoff frequency of the transition of active device.

This paper introduces a tensorial analysis of networks (TAN) applied to a tree asymmetrical structure. To illustrate the TAN concept easily, the present investigation is applied to a three-port structure represented by a Y-tree topology. The unfamiliar method of TAN circuit modelling is elaborated from the graph topology. The fast formulation of the Y-matrix model of the structure is established from branch and mesh space TAN analyses. The TAN model is validated with commercial tool simulation and measurements from DC up to 0.5 GHz in the frequency domain and two different waveform signals in the time domain. The proof of concept circuit is implemented in microstrip technology on an FR4-epoxy dielectric substrate. Mapping sensitivity analysis with respect to the Y-tree RLC-parameters is realized by showing that local variations around initial set of R, L, and C do not equally influence reflection and transmission coefficients over the frequency bandwidth. If a similar impact is observed at the lowest frequency, maximum variations up to 250% show the importance of parameters ranking to improve both microstrip design and modelling.

To diminish electromagnetic interference (EMI) for microwave radiations, effects of graphite (Gr) modified by a long alkyl chain ionic liquid (IL) 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulphate ([BMIM][HSO4]) on poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), was investigated. The pre-localized Gr coated polymer powders were fabricated, using solvent blending method, with different concentrations of Gr over PVDF matrix to prepare a series of PVDF/Gr/IL composites. The surface morphology of the fabricated composite films was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The composites, with a thickness of ~0.15 mm, exhibit good EMI shielding properties, besides low cost production and flexibility. The enhanced properties are due to high ionic conductivity of the IL and formation of a connecting network by Gr facilitating electron conduction. Absorption is the key factor due to which the total shielding effectiveness in the frequency band of 12 to 18 GHz has been improved significantly.

In this paper, a flexible metamaterial-based electromagnetic harvester is proposed for wearable applications at microwave regime. The proposed harvesting structure is composed of a modified configuration from the conventional Split-Ring Resonator (SRR) inclusion and is printed on a grounded very thin flexible substrate. The proposed wearable harvester structure provides several interesting features, including its robustness, sustainability and ease of integration with flexible electronics and sensors. Numerical full-wave studies are conducted, where results from a periodic arrangement of the proposed harvesting unit cell along with several two-dimensional arrays of harvesters are presented and discussed. Based on the numerical studies, the proposed electromagnetic harvesting structure exhibits good efficiency capability of power conversion from radio frequency received power to alternating-current harvested power across collecting loads above 90% for the three studied cases.

In this paper, a planar inline fully-canonical topology is proposed to reduce sensitivity to fabrication tolerances compared to conventional inline all-pole configurations. Major concerns are related with errors in the absolute positioning of via-holes to ground which affect inter-resonator (main-line) couplings. The total expanded sensitivity considering variations of the main-line couplings have been obtained for fully and non-fully canonical configurations. The result shows that sensitivity is lower in the case of fully-canonical topologies. Moreover, the allocation of the transmission zeros plays a key role in terms of sensitivity. A prototype has been designed for the Ku-band based on asymmetrical coupled lines obtaining IL=-1.6 dB, RL below -18 dB, and out-of-band rejection higher than -50 dB.

Beside magnetic equivalent circuit and finite element methods, sub-domain analysis (SDA) is an alternative method, which can be used to evaluate electrical machines behavior. It has a reasonable accuracy, and its parametric nature is allowed to apply to optimization or sensitivity analysis. Commonly this method is based on variables separation technique of Maxwell equations and Fourier series, eigenvalues and eigen-functions are so important for obtaining accurate results. In this paper, Maxwell equations are solved for two adjacent regions, i.e., copper (Cu) and permanent magnet (PM). It was paid less attention before, and it introduces supplementary eigenvalue and eigen function for asymmetry conditions in Cu or PM magnetic field regions.

In this paper, a miniaturized triple-band gap multi-via electromagnetic band gap (TBMV-EBG) structure is proposed. Lumped LC modelling method is used for the analysis of the proposed TBMV-EBG structure. Triple band gaps in both x and y-directions are obtained since TBMV-EBG unit cell consists of three resonance parallel LC circuits. Ansys (HFSS) simulation is used in eigen mode to simulate a unit cell of the proposed EBG. There is a strong agreement between simulated and experimental results. Comparing the proposed TBMV-EBG with triple band slotted EBG, triple band CSRR-EBG, fractal EBG, and dual band split EBG, size reductions of 6.52%, 7.53%, 23.21%, and 25.86% are obtained respectively which is validated by simulated and experimental results. Demonstration of the proposed TBMV-EBG structure for ultra-wideband (UWB) application is also presented. Simulation and measurement results prove that by using a single TBMV-EBG cell at the feed line of a UWB monopole antenna triple band-notches can be obtained. Moreover, switching characteristics of the proposed antenna are also demonstrated using single P-I-N diode. Depending on the ON and OFF switching status of P-I-N diode, the UWB antenna provides switching from triple band-notches to dual band-notches, respectively. The proposed switchable monopole UWB antenna as a single unit can be useful in applications wherein switching between multi-bands is desirable without changing the geometry of the structure.

This paper presents a highly innovative approach of amplitude steering without the use of variable gain amplifiers (VGA). This approach involves the use of a Reconfigurable Ratio Power Divider (RRPD), and does not suffer from the instability, poor efficiency, and worsened SNR associated with the use of VGAs. The RRPD, which is reconfigured manually by means of a potentiometer, is used to feed a 2 x 1 antenna array. By varying the power dividing ratio of the RRPD, continuous beam steering is achieved through passive amplitude control. The antenna was designed to operate at 2.4 GHz and had a continuous steering range from 0° to 21° while maintaining a stable return loss around the centre frequency. An expression that relates the reconfigurable ratio to the variable resistance was derived empirically. The prototype amplitude steerable antenna was fabricated and measured to validate the analyses.

In this paper, a novel branch line coupler with improved bandwidth and reduced size is presented. The size reduction is achieved by means of capacitive loading. The capacitive loaded transmission line implemented in the proposed design eliminates the need of open stubs. The mechanism of size reduction and bandwidth enhancement of the coupler is discussed analytically with the help of its equivalent circuit. A prototype is fabricated and tested to validate the concept. The measured fractional bandwidth is 40%, ranging from 2.8 GHz to 4.2 GHz which is suitable for 5G systems. Moreover, the obtained phase imbalance between the output ports is less than ±5° for the entire operating range.

Here we propose an L-shaped slot-type MIMO antenna with pattern and circular polarization diversity for WLAN applications. In order to maintain a low profile, the pattern and polarization diversities have been achieved without using additional supporting structures. Both the antenna elements are located at the corners of the same side of the ground plane. One of the antenna elements produces left hand circularly polarized (CP) waves whereas the other element produces right hand CP waves in (front) +z-direction. The senses of polarizations are opposite in (backward) -z-direction. CP waves have been generated using two orthogonal current modes, excited by locating the slots on the corner of the ground plane. The quadrature phase difference between the modes has been employed using the slot geometry. In other directions, the antenna correlation has been reduced using pattern diversity. The measured results confirm the simulated ones. The measured axial ratio bandwidth (< 3 dB) and the matching bandwidth (< -6 dB) are 380 MHz and 110 MHz, respectively. The envelop correlation coefficient is less than 0.1 in the operating band.

There has been a presented modal approach for analyzing the scattering of plane waves that are incident on penetrable gratings with metallic fins lined over both exterior surfaces of each conducting bar to create flanged apertures, which altogether is covered on both sides by multiple dielectric layers. The new degrees of freedom afforded by the special complex geometry offer ways to improve the capabilities of various applications such as beam deflectors, resolution of spectroscopic gratings, grating couplers, and grating pulse compression/decompression, as shall be demonstrated herein for the latter two. All of these entail higher-order diffraction modes, which are advantageously studied by the aforementioned analytical tool. Outcomes of measurements on a fabricated prototype that agree well with expectations from theory are also presented.

The dynamic performance optimization of magnetic gear devices is essential to their industrialization. In this study, upon considering the magnetic field coupling characteristics of different components of a field modulated magnetic gear with intersecting axes (FMMGIA), we first obtained the magnetic coupling stiffnesses of these components via the finite element method. On this basis, we further established a dynamic model as well as the corresponding differential equations for the magnetic gear. Thereafter, we analyzed the modal characteristics and the influences of the primary design parameters on the modal frequency of the FMMGIA system. The results indicated that the magnetic coupling stiffnesses among the FMMGIA components were significantly lower than the meshing stiffnesses of the mechanical gears. In addition, the magnetic gear system consisted of three orders of torsional modals as well as three orders of horizontal vibration modals, among which the torsional modal frequencies of both the input and output rotors were substantially lower than others. Finally, parameters such as the minimum axial length and the permanent magnet remanence demonstrated considerable have impacts on the modal frequencies of the FMMGIA system.

A compound or an offset inclined slot fed by a rectangular waveguide has been analysed using the image method for the evaluation of internal admittance in the Method of Moments framework. The internal admittance has been evaluated from the 2D infinite planar array equivalent image representation of a slot in a waveguide. The advantages offered by this method include the freedom to work in slot coordinates rather than the waveguide coordinates, the reuse of external admittance for air filled waveguides, and the flexibility in the choice of the mutual admittance evaluation technique. Unlike the conventional mode method, the proposed technique does not run into difficulties while evaluating the fields from longitudinal magnetic current for points in the same transverse plane. The θ-algorithm has been used for the convergence acceleration of the series of mutual admittances in the internal admittance evaluation and has been shown to yield better results than other convergence acceleration algorithms investigated. The results obtained from this method have been shown to agree within 0.5% average with those from other theoretical techniques and within 1% average with measurements. The proposed method is useful in the design of compound slot arrays and can be extended to other configurations where the image representation is possible and for various slot aperture distributions.

A narrowband low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) bandpass filter (BPF) with five cascaded physical length-reduced resonators is proposed. Each resonator is built with cascaded horizontal and vertical microstrip lines to produce slow-wave effect, which reduces the physical length of resonators for miniaturization. The entire size of the proposed BPF is only 15 x 2 x 0.3 mm, and a size reduction of 60% is achieved compared with a traditional implementation. A narrowband fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 4% and an average passband insertion loss of only 2.4 dB are achieved. Comparison and discussion are implemented as well.