In this paper, an X-band, nonuniform and passive beam steering reflectarray antenna is presented. The beam steering is done with a small movement of a large element, i.e. the ground plane. The maximum ±7.5° beam scanning from the antenna broadside is achieved by only ±0.05λ ground tilting. In the proposed structure, the beam steering capability is provided by using passive elements that eliminate the need for active biased circuits. The linearity of beam scanning as a function of ground tilting is also investigated. Compared to the previous similar works, the antenna's half-power beamwidth and side lobe level are improved by about 9° and 20 dB, respectively. A primarily proposed reflectarray is fabricated to validate our claim.

A new design of dual and triple band rectangular microstrip antennas employing modified ground plane profiles is proposed. Slots introduced in the ground plane not only tune the higher order mode resonance frequency of the radiating patch but also alter the current distributions on the ground which yields multi-band response showing reduced cross polar level radiation pattern. Dual and triple band antennas yield 1 to 2% of impedance bandwidth at each frequency with gain around 1.5 to 2 dBi. Also in the multi-band design, 35% reduction in patch size against the conventional half wavelength counterpart is obtained. Further resonant length formulation at modified patch modes is presented which gives closer prediction of calculated frequency than the simulated value. The proposed multi-band design can find applications in personal communications systems requiring frequency agile capabilities.

In this article, a high gain dual band rectenna is proposed for energy harvesting applications. A dual band antenna is designed and optimized to operate at 3.5 GHz and 5.8 GHz frequency bands. The antenna is based on a multilayer substrate structure excited by aperture-coupling feed. In order to achieve a maximum gain of the antenna in both bands, a rectangular cell optimized by genetic algorithms is etched on the radiating element (patch). This antenna was simulated and fabricated, and the results show a good agreement in both bands (3.5 and 5.8 GHz) with a high gain of 10.2 dBi and 8.92 dBi for the first and second bands, respectively. A dual-band rectifier is also designed and studied to harvest the radio frequency energy absorbed by the antenna to DC energy at these frequency bands (3.5 GHz and 5.8 GHz). This rectifier shows a good performance in terms of conversion efficiency which achieves 44% in the first band and 29% in the second band. As a result, an output voltage of 656.88 mV for a low input power of 0 dBm is observed when the rectifier operates at both bands.

A linear polarization beam splitter operating in terahertz band is proposed and experimentally verified in this paper. The unit cell of beam splitter is composed of the top ``I'' type metal pattern, the middle dielectric layer, and the bottom metal layer. Each subarray structure of the device consists of four unit cells that rotate progressively at an angle of 45˚. The horizontal and vertical sub-arrays form the gradient metasurface of 4×4. The incident linear polarized terahertz wave is reflected by the device and divided into four beams with approximately equal power, while having different propagating directions in the 0.18-0.30 THz band. The proposed terahertz beam splitter has the advantages of small size, low cost, and easy processing, and it can be applied to terahertz stealth and terahertz imaging.

Spectrum sensing is one of the key functionalities in cognitive radios which enables opportunistic spectrum access. In this paper, a cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) algorithm is developed to alleviate the problems of hidden terminals under impulsive noise environments. Firstly, the logarithmic similarity measure detector (LSMD) is constructed to solve the problem of outliers caused by impulsive noise. On the one hand, LSMD contains no free parameters, which is easy to implement. On the other hand, logarithmic similarity measure (LSM) converts logarithmic operations into multiplication operations, and then the computational cost can be greatly reduced. Moreover, original data fusion strategy is designed to reduce the amount of computation of CSS, while the accuracy of CSS is noticeably improved compared with the ``OR'' rule CSS. Besides, the solution of the unknown parameter of LSMD is directly given by theoretical analysis, and then the CSS exhibits higher efficiency. Simulation results show that the proposed method achieves much higher detection probability than the existing techniques under various scenarios.

This paper presents the design and development of a multi-element multi-segment half-sectored Cylindrical Dielectric Resonator Antenna (MEMSh-CDRA) with coaxial probe feed. The input and radiation characteristics of the proposed MEMS h-CDRA are investigated through the Ansoft HFSS simulation software. To validate the antenna performance, the proposed h-CDRA is fabricated and experimentally investigated. The simulation results are compared with measured data, and they are in good agreement with each other. The proposed MEMS h-CDRA is excited with coaxial probe feed, which excites TM_01δ dominant mode fields in the h-CDRA elements. The proposed MEMS h-CDRA provides wide bandwidth (≈ 120.3%) with gain of 6.45 dBi at resonant frequency (6.4 GHz). The measured gain is more than 4.0 dBi in entire operating frequency band (5.3 GHz-13.0 GHz) with monopole type radiation pattern. The bandwidth as well as gain enhancement is experimentally observed in the proposed structure. The proposed antenna has found suitable application for WLAN and WiMAX as well as X-band wireless applications.

Buried iron pipeline is an important part of urban infrastructure. In order to accurately obtain the location information of buried iron pipeline, here, we establish a forward model of magnetic anomaly in buried iron pipeline based on magnetic dipole reconstruction (MDR) method that determine four inversion parameters and two inversion objective functions. The vertical magnetic field data with different proportion noises are taken as observation values respectively to invert the parameters of underground pipeline and its location (buried depth) by using the adaptive mutation particle swarm optimization (AM-PSO) inversion algorithm. The errors of inversion and observation of vertical magnetic field are compared by substituting the inversion parameters into forward formulas. The results show that the AM-PSO inversion algorithm can accurately invert the pipeline depth, and the inversion error of the pipeline depth is less than 5%, which is acceptable in practical engineering. The inversion of the vertical magnetic field can basically coincide with the observed vertical magnetic field of the original model. At the same time, it is verified that the AM-PSO inversion algorithm is insensitive to magnetic anomaly noise data. In this study, the effectiveness of AM-PSO inversion algorithm method for pipeline depth inversion is analyzed, and an effective optimization inversion method is provided for underground iron pipeline depth inversion.

This paper focuses on the design, development, and integration of a V2X shark-fin antenna. A novel planar Electronically Switched Parasitic Array Radiator (ESPAR) antenna, operating at 5.9 GHz, is proposed. The antenna exhibits pattern reconfigurability i.e. one quasi-omni and two directive beams, low cost, reduced complexity and small dimensions. Therefore, it is considered as an ideal candidate for integrating inside a shark-fin casing. The ESPAR antenna prototype is fabricated and tested in three different measurement scenarios: (a) free-space, (b) inside shark-fin, and (c) shark-fin with ground plane. A good correlation between simulated and experimental results has been obtained. The proposed antenna involves a reconfigurable impedance matching network that is integrated in the antenna design, and thus, it demonstrates a satisfactory impedance matching for all antenna states. A considerable gain enhancement (3-4 dB) is also recorded between the omnidirectional and two directive patterns.

A novel dual band-notched CPW-fed UWB MIMO antenna with mutual coupling reduction characteristics is presented in this paper. The proposed antenna uses CPW feeding to expand the antenna bandwidth. The measured impedance bandwidth with S₁₁ < -10 dB is 137% from 3 GHz to 16 GHz. The overall size of the antenna is 46 mm × 32 mm × 1.6 mm. In order to achieve the dual band-notched characteristics, a cup-shaped branch is added to the grounding plate, and a step impedance resonator (SIR) is added to the microstrip line.By adding periodic strip branches on the back of the antenna, the mutual coupling between the two antennas is significantly reduced, which meets the requirements of practical applications. In addition, the proposed antenna has a compact size and can provide a stable radiation pattern, which is suitable for UWB communication systems.

To solve the real-time through-wall detection problem in the presence of wall ambiguities, an approach based on the kernel extreme learning machine (KELM) is proposed in this paper. The wall ambiguity and propagation effect are included in the single-hidden-layer feedforward networks, and then the technique converts the through-wall problem into a regression problem. The relationship between the scattered data and the target properties is determined after the KELM training process. Numerical results demonstrate the good performance in terms of the effectiveness, generalization, and robustness. Compared with the support vector machine (SVM) and least-squares support vector machine (LS-SVM), the KELM provides almost the same estimated accuracy but at a much faster learning speed, which greatly contributes to solving the real-time detection problem. In addition, the situations of two targets, different target radiuses, and noisy circumstances are discussed.

An all-fiber parametric oscillator which is pumped by a mode-locked Er-doped picosecond fiber laser is proposed for the generation of multi-wavelength picosecond lasing pulses. The length of a fiber-coupled optical delay line is adjusted so that the first signal wavelength is tuned closer to the pump wavelength to facilitate the generation of more lasing wavelengths. 10 orders of cascaded four-wave-mixing processes are achieved and picosecond pulses at 17 lasing wavelengths from 1264.7 nm to 1842.4 nm are demonstrated. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest number of lasing wavelengths reported so far from a fiber optical parametric oscillator pumped with an ultrashort-pulse laser.

Space borne accurate emitter localization has become an important and indispensable part of electronic warfare (EW) systems. In this paper, a system-level approach to design space borne receiver for accurate localization of long range co-channel radars (e.g. a network of similar surveillance radars) is presented. Due to the wide frequency range of modern radar signals, the receiver should have wide instantaneous bandwidth and requires high sampling rate analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). To address this issue, we propose a receiver structure with an appropriate sub-Nyquist sampling scheme and fast sparse recovery algorithm. The proposed sub-Nyquist sampler employs a three dimensional uniform linear array (ULA), followed by a modulated wideband converter (MWC). To accurately estimate the location of the co-channel radars from sub-Nyquist samples, a novel quad-tree variational Bayesian expectation maximization (QVBEM) algorithm is proposed. The QVBEM algorithm minimizes the computational load and grid mismatch error by iteratively narrowing the search area. This is done by smart grid refinement around radars' locations. To evaluate the performance of the proposed receiver, location finding of pulsed radars is studied through numerical simulations in various scenarios. The results show that the proposed QVBEM method has a significantly lower estimation error than conventional deterministic and Bayesian approaches, with a reasonably computational complexity.

A bearingless switched reluctance motor (BSRM) has the same body structure as a switched reluctance motor (SRM), but the winding method is different. The accurate analysis of thermal characteristics is especially important for the service life and safety performance of the two motors. According to the initial design parameters, the initial size calculation equations of SRM and BSRM are given, and the ontology design parameters are obtained according to the same design goal. The two-dimensional finite element model is established, and the stator rotor iron loss is analyzed. The distribution characteristics of iron loss of SRM and BSRM are summarized. Secondly, the three-temperature field model of the motor is built, and the reasonable boundary conditions are set. The temperature distribution law of the two motors is analyzed. It is concluded that the BSRM components have lower loss and lower temperature rise under the same design target.

In this paper, the design of a miniature antenna dedicated to be implanted in a small animal and intended to work in the European UHF RFID (865-868 MHz) band is presented. One of the goals of this work is the miniaturization of the radiating element while preserving its efficiency to allow a reliable communication between an external interrogating reader and the implanted device. The radiating element is a small rectangular loop antenna associated with a dipole allowing impedance matching. The antenna has dimensions of 2.4 mm x 25.4 mm x 0.5 mm and integrates an Impinj Monza 4 chip presenting an impedance of 5.5-j74 Ohms at 868 MHz. The antenna is designed and optimized by using the ANSYS HFSS software. The obtained results show a simulated radiation efficiency of 0.7% and simulated total gain of -17.5 dBi. A prototype is realized, and RSSI measurements have demonstrated the possibility of reliable wireless communications between the implanted antenna and an external reader. In addition, Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) calculation indicates that this implanted antenna meets the required safety regulations.

In this paper, a new type of single loaded broadband double-whip antenna is designed for very high frequency (VHF). The simulation model by moment method is established to analyze the influence of antenna spacing on the performance of a double-whip antenna. The location of antenna loading and the parameters of loading network and broadband matching network are optimized by grasshopper optimization algorithm, and the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), gain, pattern and roundness of double-whip antenna are calculated. In fact, a fabricated prototype of the proposed antenna is realized. The measured VSWR is consistent with the simulation results, which is less than 3 at all frequencies, with an average value of 1.89; the maximum directional gain is greater than 2.01 dB, with a maximum of 6.44 dB and average value of 3.79 dB; the minimum roundness of antenna gain is 0.03 dB (at 30 MHz), and the maximum roundness is 1.87 dB (at 300 MHz); the efficiency is all over 51%, with a maximum value of 79% and an average value of 60.71%.

In this paper, a novel semi-circular ultra wide-band antenna inspired by a complementary split ring resonator for enhancement of bandwidth and a frequency selective surface reflector for gain enhancement is proposed for broadband applications. Initially, an ultra wide-band antenna employing a pair of L-shaped resonators and complementary split ring resonators is proposed which provides a wide impedance bandwidth of 130.3% from 3.16 to 15 GHz with -10 dB return loss. Finally, a frequency selective surface reflector is employed below the suggested ultra wide-band antenna to enhance the gain. The dimensions of the coplanar waveguide fed ultra wide-band antenna are 35 × 30 × 1.6 mm³ and those of the ultra wide-band antenna with a frequency selective surface reflector, which consists of 10 × 10 array of elements located at a distance of 17 mm below the proposed antenna, are 53.15 × 53.15 × 1.6 mm³. A parametric analysis of substrate dimensions of ultra wide-band antenna and the distance between ultra wide-band antenna and frequency selective surface reflector is performed. The average peak gain of the proposed antenna increases from 4.9 dB to 10.9 dB, which operates at 3.79 GHz, 4.44 GHz, 7.89 GHz, 9.01 GHZ, and 11.15 GHz proposed for broadband applications. With the help of ANSYS, the signal correlation of the proposed antenna is analysed by time domain analysis using similar antennas in face-to-face and side-to-side scenarios. The simulated results of the proposed model are in correlation with experimental ones of the prototype model.

This paper reports a novel approach using an inductive loading to reduce the resonant frequency of a mushroom-shaped high impedance surface. The current path is extended on the mushroom-shaped structure's vias and additional traces, which introduces a three-dimensional inductor to the unit cell and leads to an increase in total inductance. As a result, the resonant frequency of the high impedance structure decreases, and a smaller unit cell size can be achieved at the low gigahertz frequency range. Finite element electromagnetic simulation, equivalent circuits modeling, and experimental measurements suggest the feasibility of the proposed approach.

This work presents the design and simulation of a beam scanning antenna at 300 GHz using Luneburglens for 5th generation communication applications or beyond. The basic antenna consists of a highly directional Yagi-Uda antenna with lens shaped configuration (substrate lens antenna - SLA) and designed using multiple parallel elements such as one reflector and one driven element with 6 directors. The SLA is focused by Luneburg lens, which is modeled using a unique foam material AirexR82 with relative dielectric constant of 1.12, and it is pressed to realize different dielectric constants in order to obey the index law inside the lens. The final nine - element array of SLA integrated with Luneburg lens provides a 50% increase in bandwidth compared with conventional Yagi-Uda antenna along with an increase in the gain of 31.3% compared with single SLA. The designed model can achieve a beam scan coverage up to 146˚ with a maximum gain of 17.1 dBi and an estimated efficiency of 92.9%. The beam scanning antenna provides a wide bandwidth of 83 GHz starting from 289 GHz to 372 GHz. The analysis of the proposed antenna is done in CST suite and is validated using HFSS software.

In this paper, the required array patterns with controlled nulls are obtained by optimizing only the excitation phases of a small number of elements on both sides of the array. A genetic algorithm is used to appropriately find which elements of the array to be optimized and also to find the required number of the excitation phases. The performance of the proposed phase-only method is compared with some other exciting methods, and it is found to be competitive, fulfill all the desired radiation characteristics, and represent a good solution for interference mitigation. Moreover, the proposed phase-only array is designed and validated under realistic electromagnetic effects using CST full wave modeling. Experimental results are found in a good agreement with the theoretical ones and show realistic array patterns with accurate nulls.

An eight-port antenna system for fifth-generation (5G) multi-input multi-output (MIMO) mobile communication in smartphones is proposed, working in 3.5 GHz frequency band (3400-3600 MHz) and 5 GHz frequency band (4800-5100 MHz). The presented eight-port antenna array consists of four vertical structure antennas placed at four corners and four horizontal structure antennas etched along the two long sides of the circuit board. The height of vertical structure is only 4 mm, which is suitable for ultra-thin smartphones. The design of eight-port antenna array was fabricated and measured. According to the test results, an ideal impedance matching (superior to 10 dB), preeminent isolation (superior to 17 dB) and excellent efficiency (superior to 61%) are obtained over the 3.5 GHz frequency band and 5 GHz frequency band. In order to evaluate MIMO performance, the ergodic channel capacities and envelope correlation coefficients (ECC) are also investigated.