volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

In this paper, a novel miniaturized dual-band embedded near-zero index (NZI) metasurface-based patch antenna is presented. A new methodology based on loading a narrowband microstrip patch antenna (resonating at 4.6 GHz) by a metasurface embedded in the middle of the antenna's substrate is introduced. The loaded antenna has a dual-band resonance of bandwidth of 15% and 43% at 2 GHz and 4.6 GHz, respectively. The metasurface layer is an array of square holes such that there is no hole below the patch. The metasurface layer is designed as a near-zero-refractive-index material (NZRIM). By controlling the phase reflection properties of the structure, the antenna gain is increased by 5.5\,dB, original bandwidth increased ten times and the front-to-back ratio improved from 7 to 187. Also, footprint miniaturization of 56.5% with a maximum size of (1.9λ₀)² is obtained. To the best of the authors' knowledge, such enhancement is the largest to date.

1. Wong, K. L., Compact and Broadband Microstrip Antennas, Wiley, 2002.
doi:10.1002/0471221112

2. Lo, T. K., Y. Hwang, E. K. W. Lam, and B. Lee, "Miniature aperture-coupled microstrip antenna of very high permittivity," Electron. Lett., Vol. 33, 9-10, 1997.
doi:10.1049/el:19970053 Google Scholar

3. Lee, B. and F. J. Harackiewicz, "Miniature microstrip antenna with a partially filled high-permittivity substrate," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 50, No. 8, 1160-1162, 2002.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2002.801360 Google Scholar

4. Waterhouse, R., "Small microstrip patch antenna," Electron. Lett., Vol. 31, No. 8, 604-605, 1995.
doi:10.1049/el:19950426 Google Scholar

5. Wong, K. L. and Y. F. Lin, "Small broadband rectangular microstrip patch antenna with chip-resistor loading," Electron. Lett., Vol. 33, No. 19, 1593-1594, 1997.
doi:10.1049/el:19971111 Google Scholar

6. Ferrari, P., N. Corrao, and D. Rauly, "Miniaturized circular patch antenna with capacitors loading," SBMO/IEEE MTT-S International Microwave and Optoelectronics Conference, 86-89, Brazil, 2007. Google Scholar

7. Wong, K. L., C. L. Tang, and H. T. Chen, "A compact meandered circular microstrip antenna with a shorting pin," Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett., Vol. 15, 147-149, 1997.
doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2760(19970620)15:3<147::AID-MOP8>3.0.CO;2-G Google Scholar

8. Nasimuddin, X. Q. and Z. N. Chen, "A compact circularly polarized slotted patch antenna for GNSS applications," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 62, No. 12, 6506-6509, 2014.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2014.2360218 Google Scholar

9. Dong, Y. D., H. Toyao, and T. Itoh, "Compact circularly-polarized patch antenna loaded with metamaterial structures," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 59, 4329-4333, 2011.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2011.2164223 Google Scholar

10. Kumar, G. and K. Gupta, "Nonradiating edges and four edges gap-coupled multiple resonator broad-band microstrip antennas," IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag., 127-135, 2015. Google Scholar

11. Yang, M., Z. N. Chen, P. Y. Lau, X. Qing, and X. Yinl, "Miniaturized patch antenna with grounded strips," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 63, No. 2, 2015.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2014.2382668 Google Scholar

12. Pozar, D. M., "Microstrip antennas," Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 80, No. 1, 79-91, 1992.
doi:10.1109/5.119568 Google Scholar

13. Long, S. and M. Walton, "A dual-frequency stacked circular-disc antenna," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 27, No. 2, 1979.
doi:10.1109/TAP.1979.1142078 Google Scholar

14. Sullivan, P. and D. Schaubert, "Analysis of an aperture coupled microstrip antenna," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 34, No. 8, 1986.
doi:10.1109/TAP.1986.1143929 Google Scholar

15. Maci, S., G. Biffi Gentili, P. Piazzesi, and C. Salvador, "Dual-band slot-loaded patch antenna," IEE Proceedings --- Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 142, No. 3, 225-232, 1995.
doi:10.1049/ip-map:19951932 Google Scholar

16. Mohamad, S., R. Cahill, and V. Fusco, "Performance of Archimedean spiral antenna backed by FSS reflector," Electron. Lett., Vol. 51, No. 1, 14-16, 2014.
doi:10.1049/el.2014.3693 Google Scholar

17. Gonzalo, R., P. De Maagt, and M. Sorolla, "Enhanced patch-antenna performance by suppressing surface waves using photonic-bandgap substrates," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., Vol. 47, No. 11, 2131-2138, 1999.
doi:10.1109/22.798009 Google Scholar

18. Trentini, G. V., "Partially reflecting sheet arrays," IRE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 4, No. 4, 666-671, 1956.
doi:10.1109/TAP.1956.1144455 Google Scholar

19. Holloway, C. L., E. F. Kuester, J. A. Gordon, J. O'Hara, J. Booth, and D. R. Smith, "An overview of the theory and applications of metasurfaces: The two-dimensional equivalents of metamaterials," IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag., Vol. 54, No. 2, 10-35, 2012.
doi:10.1109/MAP.2012.6230714 Google Scholar

20. Yan, S., P. J. Soh, and G. A. E. Vandenbosch, "Compact all-textile dual-band antenna loaded with metamaterial inspired structure," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 14, 1486-1489, 2014. Google Scholar

21. Sharma, S., M. Abdalla, and Z. Hu, "Miniaturization of an electrically small metamaterial inspired antenna using additional conducting layer," IET Microw. Antennas Propag., Vol. 12, No. 8, 1444-1449, 2018.
doi:10.1049/iet-map.2017.0927 Google Scholar

22. Yan, S., P. J. Soh, and G. A. E. Vandenbosch, "Low-profile dual-band textile antenna with artificial magnetic conductor plane," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 62, No. 12, 6487-6490, 2014.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2014.2359194 Google Scholar

23. Yan, S., P. J. Soh, and G. A. E. Vandenbosch, "Wearable dual-band magneto-electric dipole antenna for WBAN/WLAN applications," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 63, No. 9, 4165-4169, 2015.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2015.2443863 Google Scholar

24. Lubkowski, G., C. Damm, B. Bandlow, R. Schuhmann, M. Schβler, and T. Weiland, "Metamaterial loaded waveguides for miniaturized filter applications," Frequenz, Vol. 62, 3-4, 2018. Google Scholar

25. Jia, Y., Y. Liu, W. Zhang, J. Wang, S. Gong, and G. Liao, "High-gain Fabry-Perot antennas with wideband low monostatic RCS using phase gradient metasurface," IEEE Access, Vol. 7, 4816-4824, 2019.
doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2886832 Google Scholar

26. Jiang, H., Z. Xue, M. Leng, W. Li, and W. Ren, "Wideband partially reflecting surface antenna with broadband RCS reduction," IET Microw., Antennas Propag., Vol. 12, No. 6, 94194, 2018.
doi:10.1049/iet-map.2017.0630 Google Scholar

27. Mu, J., H. Wang, H. Wang, and Y. Huang, "Low-RCS and gain enhancement design of a novel partially reflecting and absorbing surface antenna," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 16, 1903-1906, 2017.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2017.2685623 Google Scholar

28. Zheng, Y., J. Gao, Y. Zhou, X. Cao, H. Yang, S. Li, and T. Li, "Wideband gain enhancement and RCS reduction of Fabry-Perot resonator antenna with chessboard arranged metamaterial superstrate," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 66, No. 2, 590-599, Feb. 2018.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2017.2780896 Google Scholar

29. Singh, A. K., M. P. Abegaonkar, and S. K. Koul, "High-gain and high-aperture-efficiency cavity resonator antenna using metamaterial superstrate," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 16, 2388-2391, 2017.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2017.2719864 Google Scholar

30. Dawar, P. and M. A. Abdalla, "Near-zero-refractive-index metasurface antenna with bandwidth, directivity and front-to-back radiation ratio enhancement," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 35, No. 14, 1863-1881, 2021.
doi:10.1080/09205071.2021.1923069 Google Scholar

31. Deng, F. and J. Qi, "Shrinking profile of Fabry-Perot cavity antennas with stratified metasurfaces: Accurate equivalent circuit design and broadband high-gain performance," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 19, No. 1, 208-212, 2020. Google Scholar

32. Pham, D. A., E. Park, H. L. Lee, and S. Lim, "High gain and wideband metasurfaced magneto-electric antenna for WiGig applications," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 69, No. 2, 1140-1145, 2021. Google Scholar

33. Marcuvitz, N., Waveguide Handbook, Vol. 21, Peter Peregrinus Ltd., 1986.

34. Langley, R. J. and E. A. Parker, "Equivalent circuit model for arrays of square loops," Electron. Lett., Vol. 18, No. 7, 294-296, 1982. Google Scholar

35. Lee, C. K. and R. J. Langley, "Equivalent-circuit models for frequency selective surfaces at oblique angles of incidence," IEE Proceedings --- H, Microwaves Optics and Antennas, Vol. 132, 395-399, 1985. Google Scholar

36. Saraswat, R. K. and M. Kumar, "A metamaterial loaded hybrid fractal multiband antenna for wireless applications with frequency band reconfigurability characteristics," Frequenz, Vol. 74, No. 11-12, Sept. 2020. Google Scholar

37. Reed, J. A., Frequency selective surfaces with multiple periodic elements, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Texas Dallas, USA, 1997.

38. Liu, A., S. Lei, X. Shi, and L. Li, "Study of antenna superstrates using metamaterials for directivity enhancement based on Fabry-Perot resonant cavity," International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 2013, 1-10, 2013. Google Scholar

39. Peng, X., G. Wang, H. Li, and X. Gao, "A novel methodology for gain enhancement of the Fabry-Perot antenna," IEEE Access, Vol. 7, 176170-176176, 2019. Google Scholar

40. Uddin, M. J., M. H. Ullah, T. A. Latef, W. N. Mahadi, and M. T. Islam, "Making meta better: The synthesis of new-shaped periodic artificial structures suitable for metamaterial behavior characterization," IEEE Microw. Mag., Vol. 8, No. 17, 52-58, 2016. Google Scholar

41. Karlsson, A., "Approximate boundary conditions for thin structures," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 57, No. 1, 144-148, 2009. Google Scholar

42. Van Labeke, D., D. Gerard, B. Guizal, F. I. Baida, and L. Li, "An angle-independent frequency selective surface in the optical range," Optics Express, Vol. 14, No. 25, 11945-11951, 2006. Google Scholar

43. Liu, Y., S. Xia, H. Shi, A. Zhang, and Z. Xu, "Dual-band and high-efficiency polarization converter based on metasurfaces at microwave frequencies," Appl. Phys. B, Vol. 122, 178, 2016. Google Scholar

44. Mustafa, M. E., F. A. Tahir, and M. Amin, "Broadband waveplate operation by orthotropic metasurface refector," J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 126, 2019. Google Scholar

45. Li, J., et al., "Dual-band transmissive cross-polarization converter with extremely high polarization conversion ratio using transmitarray," Materials, Vol. 12, No. 1827, 2019. Google Scholar

46. Cao, H., et al., "Dual-band polarization conversion based on non-twisted Q-shaped metasurface," Opt. Comm., Vol. 370, 311-318, 2016. Google Scholar

47. Khan, M. I., Q. Fraz, and F. A. Tahir, "Ultra-wideband cross polarization conversion metasurface insensitive to incidence angle," J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 121, 045103, 2017. Google Scholar

Dr. Parul Dawar

Prof. Mahmoud Abdalla