volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

This work investigates low-power electromagnetic energy harvesting at 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz using an elementary rectangular patch rectenna along with a step-up DC-DC boost converter. The receiving antenna is optimized to 50 Ω impedance by tuning parasitic ground plane stubs in the resonating frequencies. The return loss and gain of the proposed antenna are -30.19 dB, -31.02 dB and 2.45 dBi, 4.84 dBi at 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz respectively. A single-stage Greinacher voltage multiplier with a compact dual-band pi-model matching circuit is proposed as a rectifier. The rectenna is manufactured on an FR4 substrate, and the measured performance is in good agreement with the simulated results. The transformation efficiency of more than 40% is noticed in the wide input-power range from -12 dBm to 5 dBm. The maximum efficiency of 50% and DC output voltage of 1.57 V at 0 dBm input power with 5.1 KΩ optimized load resistance is noticed when the RF source and rectenna are 46 cm apart. The proposed rectenna with a DC-DC boost converter can drive the LED indicator and wall clock simultaneously. The prototype rectenna is suitable for energizing low-power sensor nodes in IOT and WSN applications.

1. Halimi, Md. Ahsan, Taimoor Khan, Nasimuddin, Ahmed A. Kishk, and Yahia M. M. Antar, "Rectifier circuits for RF energy harvesting and wireless power transfer applications: A comprehensive review based on operating conditions," IEEE Microwave Magazine, Vol. 24, No. 1, 46-61, 2023.

2. Mansour, Mohamed M., Shota Torigoe, Shuya Yamamoto, and Haruichi Kanaya, "Compact and simple high-efficient dual-band RF-DC rectifier for wireless electromagnetic energy harvesting," Electronics, Vol. 10, No. 15, 1764, 2021.

3. Amer, Abdulrahman Ahmed Ghaleb, Syarfa Zahirah Sapuan, Nurmiza Binti Othman, Ali Ahmed Salem, Ahmed Jamal Abdullah Al-Gburi, and Zahriladha Zakaria, "A wide-angle, polarization-insensitive, wideband metamaterial absorber with lumped resistor loading for ISM band applications," IEEE Access, Vol. 12, 42629-42641, 2023.

4. Amer, Abdulrahman Ahmed Ghaleb, Nurmiza Othman, Syarfa Zahirah Sapuan, Arokiaswami Alphones, Mohd Fahrul Hassan, Ahmed Jamal Abdullah Al-Gburi, and Zahriladha Zakaria, "Dual-band, wide-angle, and high-capture efficiency metasurface for electromagnetic energy harvesting," Nanomaterials, Vol. 13, No. 13, 2015, Jul. 2023.

5. Mansour, Mohamed M. and Haruichi Kanaya, "Efficiency-enhancement of 2.45-GHz energy harvesting circuit using integrated CPW-MS structure at low RF input power," IEICE Transactions on Electronics, Vol. 102, No. 5, 399-407, 2019.

6. Shafique, Kinza, Bilal A. Khawaja, Muhammad Daniyal Khurram, Syed Maaz Sibtain, Yazir Siddiqui, Muhammad Mustaqim, Hassan Tariq Chattha, and Xiaodong Yang, "Energy harvesting using a low-cost rectenna for Internet of Things (IoT) applications," IEEE Access, Vol. 6, 30932-30941, 2018.

7. Pandey, Rashmi, Ashok K. Shankhwar, and Ashutosh Singh, "Design and analysis of rectenna at 2.42 GHz for Wi-Fi energy harvesting," Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 117, 89-98, 2021.

8. Uzun, Yunus, "Design of an efficient triple band RF energy harvester," Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Journal, Vol. 30, No. 12, 1286-1293, 2015.

9. Wang, Chenchen, Jinling Zhang, Shuobing Bai, Dunyu Chang, and LiFeng Duan, "A multiband compact flexible energy collector for wearable or portable IoT devices," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 22, No. 5, 1164-1168, 2023.

10. Bougas, Ioannis D., Maria S. Papadopoulou, Achilles D. Boursianis, Spyridon Nikolaidis, and Sotirios K. Goudos, "Dual-band rectifier circuit design for IoT communication in 5G systems," Technologies, Vol. 11, No. 2, 34, 2023.

11. Papadopoulou, Maria S., Achilles D. Boursianis, Christos K. Volos, Ioannis N. Stouboulos, Spyridon Nikolaidis, and Sotirios K. Goudos, "High-efficiency triple-band RF-to-DC rectifier primary design for RF energy-harvesting systems," Telecom, Vol. 2, No. 3, 271-284, 2021.

12. Wang, Meng, Yue Fan, Lan Yang, Yan Li, Jing Feng, and Yanyan Shi, "Compact dual‐band rectenna for RF energy harvest based on a tree‐like antenna," IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Vol. 13, No. 9, 1350-1357, 2019.

13. Zapata Ochoa, Edison Andrés, Francisco López Giraldo, and Germán David Góez, "Dual band rectenna for wireless energy harvesting in the 2.40 GHz and 5.38 GHz," TecnoLógicas, Vol. 25, No. 55, e2384, 2022.
doi:10.22430/22565337.2384

14. Mohd Noor, Faza S., Zahriladha Zakaria, Herwansyah Lago, and Maizatul A. Meor Said, "Dual-band aperture-coupled rectenna for radio frequency energy harvesting," International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering, Vol. 29, No. 1, e21651, 2019.

15. Dardeer, Osama M. A., Hala A. Elsadek, and Esmat A. Abdallah, "Compact broadband rectenna for harvesting RF energy in WLAN and wiMAX applications," 2019 International Conference on Innovative Trends in Computer Engineering (ITCE), 292-296, Aswan, Egypt, 2019.

16. Abdullah Al-Gburi, Ahmed Jamal, I. M. Ibrahim, and Z. Zakaria, "Gain enhancement for whole ultra-wideband frequencies of a microstrip patch antenna," Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience, Vol. 17, No. 2-3, 1469-1473, 2020.

17. Rajawat, Asmita and Pramod Kumar Singhal, "Design and analysis of inset fed wide-band rectenna with defected ground structure," Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers, Vol. 29, No. 03, 2050047, 2020.

18. Derbal, Mohammed Cherif and Mourad Nedil, "A high gain dual band rectenna for RF energy harvesting applications," Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 90, 29-36, 2020.

19. Mohd Noor, Faza S., Zahriladha Zakaria, Herwansyah Lago, and Maizatul A. Meor Said, "Dual-band aperture-coupled rectenna for radio frequency energy harvesting," International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering, Vol. 29, No. 1, e21651, 2019.

20. Saravanan, Manavalan and Anumuthu Priya, "Design of tri-band microstrip patch rectenna for radio frequency energy harvesting system," IETE Journal of Research, Vol. 68, No. 4, 2410-2415, 2022.

21. Aboualalaa, Mohamed, Islam Mansour, Adel B. Abdelrahman, Ahmed Allam, Mohamed Abo-zahhad, Hala Elsadek, and Ramesh K. Pokharel, "Dual‐band CPW rectenna for low input power energy harvesting applications," IET Circuits, Devices & Systems, Vol. 14, No. 6, 892-897, 2020.

22. Benkalfate, Chemseddine, Achour Ouslimani, Abed-Elhak Kasbari, and Mohammed Feham, "A new compact triple-band triangular patch antenna for RF energy harvesting applications in IoT devices," Sensors, Vol. 22, No. 20, 8009, 2022.
doi:10.3390/s22208009

23. Halimi, Md. Ahsan, Taimoor Khan, Shiban K. Koul, and Sembiam R. Rengarajan, "A dual-band rectifier using half-wave transmission line matching for 5G and Wi-Fi bands RFEH/MPT applications," IEEE Microwave and Wireless Technology Letters, Vol. 33, No. 1, 74-77, 2023.

24. Muhammad, Surajo, Jun Jiat Tiang, Sew Kin Wong, Amor Smida, Ridha Ghayoula, and Amjad Iqbal, "A dual-band ambient energy harvesting rectenna design for wireless power communications," IEEE Access, Vol. 9, 99944-99953, 2021.

25. Halimi, Md. Ahsan, Daasari Surender, Taimoor Khan, Ahmed A. Kishk, and Sembiam R. Rengarajan, "A multistepped transmission line matching strategy based triple-band rectifier for RFEH/WPT applications," IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, Vol. 32, No. 8, 1007-1010, 2022.

26. Hameed, Zohaib and Kambiz Moez, "Design of impedance matching circuits for RF energy harvesting systems," Microelectronics Journal, Vol. 62, 49-56, 2017.

27. Surender, Daasari, Md. Ahsan Halimi, Taimoor Khan, Fazal A. Talukdar, and Yahia M. M. Antar, "Circularly polarized DR-rectenna for 5G and Wi-Fi bands RF energy harvesting in smart city applications," IETE Technical Review, Vol. 39, No. 4, 880-893, 2022.

28. Polaiah, Geriki, K. Krishnamoorthy, and Muralidhar Kulkarni, "A compact dual-band rectenna for RF energy harvesting," 2019 IEEE Indian Conference on Antennas and Propogation (InCAP), 1-4, Ahmedabad, India, 2019.

29. Khemar, Adel, Abdellah Kacha, Hakim Takhedmit, and Ghalid Abib, "Design and experiments of a dual‐band rectenna for ambient RF energy harvesting in urban environments," IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Vol. 12, No. 1, 49-55, 2018.

30. Aboualalaa, Mohamed and Hala Elsadek, "Rectenna systems for RF energy harvesting and wireless power transfer," Recent Wireless Power Transfer Technologies, 1-24, P. Pinho (ed.), IntechOpen, 2020.

31. Li, Lei, Ruifeng Xu, Jingxu Cao, Xue Li, and Jingchang Nan, "A compact loop-shaped dual-band omnidirectional rectenna for RF energy harvesting," Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 125, 1-9, 2024.
doi:10.2528/PIERM24010703

32. Balanis, Constantine A., Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, John Wiley & Sons, 2016.

33. Pozar, D. M., Microwave Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, 2011.

34. Awais, Qasim, Yang Jin, Hassan Tariq Chattha, Mohsin Jamil, He Qiang, and Bilal A. Khawaja, "A compact rectenna system with high conversion efficiency for wireless energy harvesting," IEEE Access, Vol. 6, 35857-35866, 2018.

35. Georgiou, Orestis, Konstantinos Mimis, David Halls, William H. Thompson, and David Gibbins, "How many Wi-Fi APs does it take to light a lightbulb?," IEEE Access, Vol. 4, 3732-3746, 2016.

Dr. Lalbabu Prasad

Dr. Harish Chandra Mohanta

Dr. Ahmed Jamal Abdullah Al-Gburi