The uniformity of the incident electromagnetic radiofrequency fields (RF) is an important factor that can influence the results in biological in vivo and/or in vitro exposure experiments using animals and humans or their cells. The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) has published IEC 61000-4-20 standard which defined field uniformity criteria for emission and immunity testing in a defined region in transverse electromagnetic (TEM) waveguides. In this paper, we present a numerical analysis method to determine aperture field uniformity in biological experiments according to IEC 61000-4-20:2010 standard. With the numerical analysis method, the uniformity of electromagnetic field can be analyzed in Cartesian coordinates system by aperture-field method (AFM). Then, with the simultaneous application of AFM and the field uniformity criteria defined by IEC 61000-4-20:2010, the two functions can be programmed to evaluate the field uniformity in region of interest (ROI) which can then be meshed into the given observation points where biological examples are exposed to RF. At the specified position of ROI along z far from the aperture of the WR-430 rectangular open-ended waveguide, the field and the minimum uniform distances vs. frequencies can be calculated by AFM. Thus, the results of the numerical analysis method can be applied to design the exposure setups for biological experiments with the field uniformity required in ROI.

In this paper, sequential parametric detection problem is addressed for non-Gaussian correlated clutter. It is well known that the assumption of normally distributed clutter leads, mostly, to analytical expressions of the threshold as well the distribution of detection statistic. Nevertheless, due to the resolution improvement of recent sensing instruments such as high resolution radar, the Gaussian assumption is unrealistic since the clutter is nonhomogeneous. As a consequence, using non-Gaussian assumption of the clutter prevents, mostly, of obtaining analytical expressions of the threshold and the distribution of detection statistics. In this work, we overcome this issue by use of the so called bootstrap techniques for dependent data. Numerical simulations reveal that our proposed method outperforms the classical and sequential non-bootstrap based detection schemes in terms of probability of detection and selects the optimum sample size needed to achieve the required detection performances.

A Compact Non-Bianisotropic Complementary Split Ring Resonator (NB-CSRR) based microstrip triple band antenna is presented in this paper. The antenna has a simple structure compared to other antennas for triple band operation. The antenna consists of a microstrip-fed NBCSRR loaded radiating element and partial ground plane. The designed antenna has a compact size of 29.4 mm x 26 mm x 1.6 mm. Two NBCSRR slots are etched on the radiating patch. Bottom NB-CSRR is used to generate new resonance, and top NB-CSRR is used to improve the return loss. The measured data show that the antenna covers the frequency ranges of 2.5 GHz-3.61 GHz, 4.06 GHz-4.69 GHz, 4.80 GHz-6.07 GHz with impedance bandwidth of (<-10 dB) of 1.11 GHz, 0.63 GHz and 1.27 GHz. The results show that the antenna can cover WLAN and C band applications.

The paper presents an advanced quasi-FEA technique on the iron losses prediction using Bertotti's iron loss separation models, in which a curve fitting is taken into account for coefficients calculation of each model. Moreover, the skin effect and saturation consideration are applied in order to check the accuracy through the relative error distribution in the frequency domain of each model from low up to high frequencies 50 to 700 (Hz). Additionally, this comparative study presents a torque-speed-flux density computation that is discussed and presented. The iron loss characteristics of a radial flux permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) with closed-slots and outer rotor topology are also discussed. The quasi-finite-element (FE) analysis was performed using a 2-D and 3-D FEA, where the employed quasi-2-D FEA is proposed and compared with 3-D FEA, and along with experimental verifications. Finally, all the iron-loss models under realistic and non-ideal magnetization conditions are verified experimentally on a surface-mounted PMSG for wind generation application.

A 3-dB branch-line hybrid coupler with wide stopband responses is presented in this letter. An equivalent K-inverter with bandpass function is used instead of one quarter-wavelength transmission line, which will realize size reduction and wide stopband characteristic of the coupler. Prototype of a branch-line hybrid coupler, which divides the power equally with 90° phase difference between the output ports, is also fabricated and tested. Both the simulation and measurement results show that such a hybrid coupler exhibits an 83.2% size reduction and has transmission suppression of -20 dB or less within five-fold bandwidth.

This article presents the design, simulation and machining of a dual Orthomode Transducer for feeding antenna using waveguide technology. Linear orthogonal polarizations in common port are separated to single linear polarizations in other ports. This device is developed to work in K and Ka bands and could be exploited in satellite communications applications. Also, it is designed to provide good scattering parameters results experienced with simulation tools and real load laboratory measurement. The designed circuit exhibits important results with return losses less than 25 dB, insertion losses in theory of about 0.05 dB as well as a good isolation of 40 dB in both frequency bands of interest (19.4 GHz-21.8 GHz) and (27 GHz-32 GHz).

This paper presents a circularly polarized tag on a 3×3 AMC structure to obtain longer read range for UHF RFID on-body applications. A modified T-matching transformer is employed to achieve conjugate matching with the Monza 4 microchip. To overcome the influence of lossy human body, a cross-dipole tag antenna is directly implemented on the phase-dependent AMC structure to achieve high gain and isolate the influence of the human body. Then, the tag is pasted on a lossy human model to investigate its performance. The study finds that the AMC can increase the antenna gain by 3.34 dB and help generate circularly polarized (CP) wave. The measured fractional bandwidth of impedance is 3.2% which can cover the UHF RFID bands of North America and Taiwan. The measured read range of the tag pasted on a human body reaches 15.7 meters when the reader has 4 W EIRP, and the sensitivity of the microchip is -16.7 dBm.

The efficacy of applying magnetic hyperthermia (MHT) and capacitive hyperthermia (CHT) to treat hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is studied. Magnetoquasistatic (MQS) and electroquasistatic (EQS) formulations are develpoed to compute the magnetic field and electric field dirtributions, respectively, which are numerically solved by using finite element method. The heat transport equation is applied to compute the temperature distribution in the treated area. Simulation results of temperature distribution are used to compare the efficacy of MHT and CHT.

The finite element implement of the generalized Lorenz gauged A formulation has been proposed for low-frequency modeling. However, the inverse of mass matrix of intermediate scalar in the finite element implement leads to additional computation cost and dense coefficient matrix. In this paper we propose to adopt a diagonal lumping mass matrix in the finite element discretization of the generalized Lorenz gauged double-curl operator in charge-free electromagnetic problems. Consequently, a sparser discrete system with improved condition number is thus obtained which is more favourable for low-frequency modeling in frequency-domain analysis. Furthermore, we apply the diagonal lumping formulation in time-domain analysis, showing that it can remedy spurious linear growth problem. Numerical examples are used to demonstrate the validity.

In this paper, an efficient Transmission Line Matrix (TLM) algorithm for modeling chiral media is presented. The formulation is based on auxiliary differential equations (ADE) of electric and magnetic current densities. Permittivity and permeability are assumed to follow the Lorentz model while chirality is assumed to follow the Condon model. The proposed method models the dispersive nature of permittivity, permeability, and chirality by adding both voltage and current sources in supplementary stubs to the conventional symmetrical condensed node (SCN) of the TLM method. The electromagnetic coupling appears explicitly in the update equations of the voltage and current sources. The algorithm is developed to simulate electromagnetic wave propagation in a chiral medium. The co-polarized and cross-polarized transmitted and reflected waves from a chiral slab due to a normal incident plane wave are calculated. Validation is performed by comparing the results obtained from the proposed method with those obtained analytically.

A higher-order accurate solution to electromagnetic scattering problems is obtained at reduced computational cost in a p-variable finite volume time domain method in a scattered field formulation. Spatial operators of lower order, including first-order accuracy, are employed locally in substantial parts of the computational domain during the solution process. The use of computationally cheaper and lower order spatial operators does not affect the overall higher-order accuracy of the solution. The order of the spatial operator at a candidate cell during numerical simulation can vary in space and time and is dynamically chosen based on an order of magnitude comparison of scattered and incident fields at the cell centre. Numerical results are presented for electromagnetic scattering from perfectly conducting two-dimensional scatterers subject to transverse magnetic and transverse electric illumination.

A dual-function radar-communication system is a technology equipped with a joint platform that enables performing a radar function (primary function) and a communication function (secondary function) simultaneously. This duality has become increasingly necessary, since it alleviates congestion and ease competition over frequency spectrum. In this paper, we put forward a technique for information embedding, specifically to multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar employing frequency-hopping chirp (FHC) waveforms. We use FHC codes to implement the primary function (i.e., MIMO radar operation), while embedding communication symbol, for example, phase shift keying (PSK), in each FHC code for secondary function (i.e., communication operation). We show that the communication operation does not interfere with the MIMO radar function. In addition, standard ratio testing is used at the communication receiver to detect the embedded PSK symbols. Furthermore, the waveform designed has the superiorities of high range resolution, constant time domain and almost constant frequency-domain modulus, large time-bandwidth product, and low time-delay and frequency-shift correlation peaks. Numerical results show that: 1) data rates can be accurately detected, and thus, several Mbps are achieved in the system; 2) the SER performance characteristics are significantly improved; 3) the orthogonal frequency-hopping chirp waveforms achieve better range and Doppler resolution with reduced sidelobes levels compared to that of conventional frequency hopping waveforms.

This paper presents a novel breast model system based on a UWB antenna for locating a tumor cancer. The antenna with overall size of 35 mm×20 mm×1.6 mm is characterized with an ultra-wideband of 120% and frequency range of 3 GHz-12 GHz for the FCC band. The proposed antenna exhibits good impedance matching, high gain and omnidirectional radiation patterns. The measurment results are presented to illustrate the performances of the proposed antenna. This antenna has been implemented in a designed system model with dielectric properties of a human breast capable to detect strange objects. The size and localization coordinates of the tumor are studied in detail for better tumor detection. The coordinates of the corresponding maximum value of SAR are identified in order to accurately detect different locations of tumor inside the breast. The results show that the localization of the tumor can be detected with high precision which demonstrates the performance of the proposed antenna and the entire system. The proposed breast model system was developed using the commercial CST Microwave studio simulator.

In this paper, a low-profile wide bandwidth circularly polarized microstrip antenna is proposed as element for a C-band airborne circularly polarized synthetic aperture radar sensor. Several bandwidth improvement techniques were proposed and implemented. In order to increase impedance bandwidth, the antenna is constructed using double-stacked substrate with low dielectric constant, modified radiating shape for multi-resonant frequency, and a circle-slotted parasitic patch. Generation of the circularly polarized wave employs a simple square patch with curve corner-truncation as radiating element. The asymmetric position of the feeding is attempted to improve the axial-ratio bandwidth. To avoid a complicated feed network, the antenna is fed by single-feed proximity-coupled microstrip line. The effect of copper-covering on the upper layer for decrease undesired radiation wave emitted by the feeding is also studied and presented. Measurement results show that the impedance bandwidth and axial ratio bandwidth are 20.9% (1,100 MHz) and 4.7% (250 MHz), respectively. Meanwhile the measured gain is 7 dBic at the frequency of 5.3 GHz.

A compact size and wide stopband microstrip quadruplexer with a common crossed resonator is proposed in this paper. The resonator mentioned is theoretically analyzed and proved to be able to resonance at three different frequencies, which can be easily modified by changing the length of the corresponding stub of the resonator. This tri-mode resonator is proved to have the capacity of being shared by three different bandpass filters in a quadruplexer in this paper. Then an additional channel is designed to be coupled to the other side of the feed line of the common input port. Compared to conventional ones, the proposed quadruplexer has a more compact structure, cause no extra matching network is needed, and the number of resonators is reduced effectively. Moreover, a wide stopband is obtained by making the resonators work at the same fundamental frequencies but different higher order frequencies. Besides, open circuit stubs are also used to suppress the harmonic frequencies. To demonstrate the design procedure, a quadruplexer with a third order Chebyshev response in each channel is fabricated and measured. The measured result is in good agreement with the simulated one, showing an attenuation of 20 dB up to 10.16 times of the first channel frequency.

A new super compact ultra-wideband (UWB) bandpass filter (BPF) with triple-notched bands is presented in this paper. Firstly, a new square ring quad-mode resonator (SRQMR) is employed to obtain the initial UWB BPF. Then, a triple-mode stepped impedance resonator (SIR) is inserted into the initial UWB BPF to achieve three desired notched bands. The proposed triple-mode SIR is found to have the advantages of introducing triple-notched bands and provide a higher degree of freedom to adjust the resonant frequencies. To validate the design concept, a new super compact UWB BPF with triple-notched bands respectively centered at frequencies of 3.7 GHz, 5.2 GHz and 7.8 GHz is designed and measured. The predicted results are compared with measured data, and good agreement is reported.

This paper presents a study and analysis of a high performance microstrip branch-line 3dB hybrid coupler (BLHC) operating at 2.2 GHz for Long Term Evolution (LTE) application. High and low impedance meander lines are used to miniaturize the conventional Branch Line Hybrid Coupler. A prototype of the proposed coupler is fabricated and tested using a Rohde and Schwarz ZVB 20 vector network analyzer. The measured results agree well with the simulated ones.

A low-profile triple-band, dual-mode and dual-polarization antenna is proposed in this paper. An annular interdigital slot etched on the top conductor layer of the antenna is employed as a radiator. Through adjusting the location of coaxial probe, three operating modes TM₁₁, TM₀₂, and TM₁₂ of the antenna are excited simultaneously. Two patch-like radiation patterns and one monopolar radiation pattern at three different frequencies are obtained. In addition, circularly polarized (CP) property for TM₁₁ and TM₁₂ modes is achieved by employing a 45° inclined rectangular slot at the center of the antenna. To validate the properties, a prototype is fabricated and measured. The results illustrate that this antenna is attractive in wireless communication systems for its simple structure and multifunction.

In this paper, the effects of magnetization patterns on the performance of series hybrid excitation synchronous machines (SHESMs) are investigated. SHESMs have three magnetic field sources: armature winding currents, permanent magnets and auxiliary winding current. To initiate the investigation, the magnetic field distributions produced by these three sources are obtained. Using the magnetic field distributions, the machine is analyzed under no-load and on-load conditions. Furthermore, the operational indices, such as inductance, torque, and unbalance magnetic force, are calculated. Various magnetization patterns are considered to investigate their influences on the performance of the machine.

A high return loss (-30 dB), small size (100 mm²) and broad bandwidth (1.5 GHz) microwave bandpass filter has been designed using finite element modelling and developed using the superconducting YBa₂Cu₃O₇-δ (YBCO) thin films deposited on a (10 × 10 mm²) LaAlO₃ substrate by spin coating. The thin films have been prepared by electrospinning and solid-state techniques. The microwave properties of filter circuits were experimentally determined using the vector network analyser (VNA) at room temperature (300 K) and in the presence of liquid nitrogen (77 K). The solid-state filter showed high return loss (i.e. -22 dB) at operating frequency of 9.7 GHz and broad bandwidth of 1.5 GHz, which is consistent with the simulation results. The insertion losses for YBCO filters are ~-2, ~-1.5 and ~-3 dB for the normal, nanoparticle and nanorod respectively. However, the electrospun filters exhibited lower performance due to the nano-structural properties of YBCO samples at nanoscale which make these sample have a large band gap compared to solid-state sample. The results indicate that the filter design and simulation result are reliable. Hence, HTS YBCO could be a potential microwave bandpass filter in industry.