This paper discusses computation of shape derivatives of electromagnetic fields produced by complex 2-periodic structures. A dual set of forward and adjoint problems for Maxwell's equations are solved with the method of moments (MoM) to calculate the full gradient of the object function by the adjoint variable method (AVM). The periodic fast multipole method (pFMM) is used to accelerate the solution of integral equations for electromagnetic scattering problems with periodic boundary conditions (PBC). This technique is applied to shape optimization problems for negative-index metamaterials (NIM) with a double-fishnet structure. Numerical results demonstrate that the figure of merit (FOM) of metamaterials can reach a maximum value when the shape parameters are optimized iteratively by a gradient-based optimization method.

A hybrid technique for the analysis of pyramidal and conical horn antennas is presented based on an exact vector Dirichlet to Neumann (DtN) mapping mathematical formalism. The transition from the feeding waveguide to the radiating aperture is analyzed by using the mode matching technique (MMT) employing a stepped-waveguide approach. Love's field equivalence principle is employed for the denition of equivalent electric and magnetic current densities at the horn aperture. Explicitly, these currents are located at a plane parallel to the aperture but slightly shifted inwards in order to implement an offset Moment Method for their discretization, which is free of integral singularities. The unbounded area field generated by these sources is enforced to be continuous with the internal mode matching field by strictly following DtN principles. Besides that, this procedure mimics a By-moment approach ensuring the decoupling of the required number of modes from that of the sources discretization degrees of freedom. Finally, the implemented hybrid method is validated against published experimental and numerical results for a number of pyramidal and conical horn antennas including various corrugated geometries.

An Ultra Wide Band (UWB) Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) for 802.15.4a UWB PHY (physical layer) is proposed. The amplifier is designed using IHP Microelectronis CMOS 0.25 μm technology for lower price. The LNA area, power, and performance was optimized using the Genetic Algorithm (GA). The optimization goals included inductance values, power consumption, and performance in the frequency domain using S-Parameters, then fine tuned in the time domain using the reference UWB pulses of the 802.15.4a standards. The LNA consumes around 10mW excluding the output buffer stage, has a gain of 11 to 15 dB, a 1 dB compression point of -9 dBm, and five inductors with a total value around 10 nH.

This paper deals with resonant transmission through a pair of ridge-loaded circular sub-wavelength apertures in an infinite perfect electric conductor (PEC) plane. The effect of the distance between the two resonant circular sub-wavelength apertures allocated along the ridge direction (``parallel'' case) and perpendicular to the ridge direction (``collinear'' case) on the transmission cross section (TCS) is analyzed numerically by using a method of moments (MoM). It is found that the TCS for the parallel case varies more sensitively to the distance than that for the collinearly located case, and the maximum TCS for the parallel case is tripled compared to the TCS value of a single resonant aperture. For the case of maximum TCS in the parallel configuration, the directivity in the broadside direction is about 8.76 times (=9.43 dB) compared to that for the single resonant aperture. For the purpose of validation, the single resonant aperture and a pair of resonant apertures in the parallel configuration with a distance for maximum TCS are fabricated on a stainless steel plate with 0.3 mm thickness, and their transmission characteristics are measured. Experimental results show that the transmittance, which is a transmitted power density measured at 50 cm away from the aperture plane, for the parallel resonant apertures is about 7 times (=8.43 dB) higher than that for the single aperture, which agrees well with the simulation.

The electromagnetic characteristics of the aperture located on a PEC (Perfect Electric Conductor) cavity is an important and challenged research in CEM(Computational Electromagnetics) and practical applications. Researches have been done well when the aperture locates on a large flat surface. But the complex slots and apertures are still difficult to analyze, such as a thin long slot. Thin long slots present on different kinds of the structures, such as missiles, aircrafts, handset equipments, and computers. And, most of the surfaces are non-flat. Furthermore, the multiscale characteristic of the structure makes the modeling very difficult in such cases. It becomes an increasing interested research recently. A better result can be obtained by generating much more denser meshes. Because of the complexity of the algorithm and ill-posed matrix problem, It is not an optimized option. In order to get a better use of the aperture theorem in the multiscale problems, a separation technique is developed in this paper. By using readjustment of the equivalence electric and magnetic currents, a simplified model is proposed. Arbitrary shaped aperture can be very well handled through this method, especially the thin long slots.

An analytical model is presented to investigate the performances of an annular-ring patch etched on a two layered dielectric substrate and is covered by a dielectric superstrate, by using a full-wave spectral domain technique in conjunction with the complex resistive boundary condition. Galerkin's method and Parseval's theorem are used to obtain the resonant frequency and bandwidth. To validate the theoretical results, a study has been performed for an annular-ring patch on a single layer, with air gap, and cover layer. The computed data are found to be in good agreement with results obtained using other methods. Variations of the resonant frequency and bandwidth with the high temperature superconducting (HTS) thin film are also presented. The proposed model is simple, accurate and thus should help a designer for practical applications.

A large class of angle sensors uses a small permanent magnet attached to the rotor. The magnet is polarized perpendicularly to the axis of rotation, and a magnetic field sensor is placed ahead on the axis. The sensor circuit consists of two full bridges at 45^o, each having four anisotropic magneto-resistive (AMR) elements. Even though the electronic system may be calibrated to have nearly no errors like offset, nonlinearity, and mismatch, still significant angle errors may result from assembly tolerances of the magnet and the sensor. This work gives an analytical description of the angle error caused by tilts and eccentricities of magnet and sensor elements against the axis of rotation. Particular emphasis is given to worst case combinations of all tolerances. One part of the angle error can be cancelled by an optimized layout of the AMR-resistors. The remaining part is identical to the case of giant magneto-resistive (GMR) angle sensors. Errors of both AMR and GMR angle sensors are effectively reduced by identical optimization of the shape of magnets. One such optimized shape is disclosed.

The effect of 850 MHz electromagnetic radiation on diabetic blood at 2 W and 60 W power levels was investigated and compared with normal blood cells. The power levels respectively represent radiations from a cell phone and the cell phone tower, both operating 850 MHz. A GTEM cell was designed for the tests to generate the desired uniform electromagnetic field and power in a shielded environment. Blood samples, having normal and high glucose concentrations, were placed in the usable area inside the GTEM cell for 10, 30, 60 minutes and the glucose levels and red and white blood cell viabilities were monitored and compared with the controls. Results show that the 850 MHz exposure significantly influences the blood cell counts and the glucose level in both normal and high glucose blood samples. In cell survivability analysis in normal blood samples it was found that the white blood cells are significantly higher than the control at 60 min exposure from cell phone radiation, while both the white and red blood cell are significantly higher following a 30 min exposure from tower radiation. For high glucose blood tests at 30 and 60 min exposure times, the tower radiation for 60 min and the cell phone radiation at both the exposure times show significantly changes in white blood cell counts, whereas there was no effect in red blood cells. Also, for 30 and 60 min exposure times, the glucose level in normal blood samples increased from cell phone radiation and decreased due to tower radiation. Finally, in high glucose blood samples, the glucose level decreased significantly for a 30 minute tower exposure, while the glucose level increased significantly for the cell phones exposure duration of 60 min and for tower exposure duration of 10 min. Electromagnetic radiation effects on cells can be better analyzed through a combination of the frequency, power and test duration as a single factor as opposed to the effects of frequency alone.

We present a band-stop filter (BSF) by using a periodic structure property of frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) embedded in a microstrip transmission line. The proposed BSF is designed with FSS unit cells modifying the cross-loop slots. The center frequency (f_o) of the BSF is 6.6 GHz, and the 3-dB bandwidth varies by the number of cascading unit cells. The BSF is interpreted with an equivalent circuit model and a dispersion diagram, and exhibits uniplanar geometry, low return loss, simple fabrication, smaller size, and wide bandwidth.

Due to the integration of different wireless applications at different bands on a single device, multi-band microstrip patch antenna is the best solution keeping the overall size of the device small. In the present work, a metamaterial-inspired antenna is proposed for WiMAX/WLAN applications. Design studies, parametric analysis, simulation results along with measurements for an L-shape slotted ground microstrip patch antenna with CSRR (Complementary Split Ring Resonator) embedded on patch structure operating simultaneously at WiMAX (3.5 GHz) and WLAN (5.8 GHz) are presented. The metamaterial-inspired loading is exploited to create resonance for upper WLAN band while an L-shape slot on the ground plane resonates at the WiMAX band, maintaining the antenna's overall small form-factor. The measured S-parameter and radiation patterns of fabricated prototype show that the proposed design is suitable for emerging WiMAX/WLAN applications.

A hybrid time-domain method combing finite-difference and cell-centered finite-volume method is presented in this paper. This method is applied to solve three dimensional electromagnetic problems which involve media having finite conductivity. The fractional-step technique (FST) for FVTD scheme is applied to solve these problems. Local time-step scheme is used to enhance the efficiency of this method. Numerical results are given and compared with a reliable numerical method, which is used to show the validation of this method.

PIN diodes are used to electronically switch a rectangular microstrip antenna between the optimal radiation state and the low radar cross section (RCS) state in this paper. A useful loading circuit is proposed. The circuit is connected between the patch and the ground plane of the antenna at each loading position. The loading positions of the circuit are determined by studying magnitude distributions of the induced electric field and analyzing statistically how many times that the maximum electric field occurs in each area for each discussed incident angle. PIN diodes are equivalent to capacitances and resistances when diodes are reverse-biased and forward-biased, respectively. When the antenna is not in service and excited by an incident plane wave, obvious RCS reduction is realized. In addition, the radiation performances are well maintained when the antenna is in service for transmitting or receiving signals.

This study focuses on electromagnetic and thermo-mechanical optimal design for high-temperature broadband radome wall with symmetrical graded porous structure. The position-dependent porosity increases from the two surfaces of the structure to its intermediate layer. Electromagnetic and thermo-mechanical properties of the proposed structure are investigated simultaneously via numerical simulations. Optimal results suggest that the symmetrical porous structure possesses better broadband transmission performance in the 1-100 GHz frequency range, in contrast to a traditional A-sandwich structure. The thermo-mechanical investigation also indicates that the novel structure meets the requirement for high-temperature (up to 1400°C) applications.

A method for retrieving evaporation duct height (EDH) is introduced in this paper. The proposed technique employs the changes in radar sea clutter power observed at different heights as input information. It identifies the EDH associated with the modeled clutter change pattern that best matches measured change patterns. The performance of the method is evaluated in terms of RMS errors in retrieving actual EDHs that range from 0 to 40 m. The comparison of the proposed method with the conventional clutter pattern matching method shows that the former more effectively retrieves actual EDHs.

In this paper, mathematical analysis supported by computer simulation is used to investigate the impact of both system and propagation loss parameters on the performance of cellular wireless network operating at microwave carrier frequencies greater than 2 GHz, where multiple tier of co-channel interfering cells are considered to be active. The two-slope path loss model and the uplink information capacity of the cellular network is used for the performance analysis. Results show that for carrier frequencies greater than 2 GHz and smaller cell radius multiple tier of co-channel interfering cells become active as compared to carrier frequencies lesser than 2 GHz. The multiple tier of co-channel interfering cells, leads to a decrease in the information capacity of the cellular wireless network. The results also show that the system performance is sensitive to most of the propagation model parameters such as the basic and extra path loss exponent.

Axial permanent magnetic couplings are composed of two discs with a small air-gap in-between. Each disc consists of several segments in the shape of slices of cakes. The segments are polarized in axial direction with alternating polarity. In this work the homogeneous magnetization in the segments is replaced by equivalent currents on the surface of the segments (Amperean model). In a simplified model we consider only radial currents whereas azimuthal currents along the perimeter of the discs are discarded. This corresponds to the arrangement where one of the discs has much larger diameter than the other disc. Compared to the case of two equal discs it leads to a notable error in the magnetic field near the perimeter, yet it has only a small effect on the torque, especially for the case of optimum couplings. This trick allows for summing up the fields of all segments in closed form. A concise double integral over the radial magnetic field component describes the torque. An investigation of this integral reveals many properties of axial magnetic couplings: A diagram is introduced and areas in this diagram are identified where the torque shows overshoot, rectangular pulse shape or sinusoidal dependence versus twist angle between bothdiscs. The diagram contains also a curve for maximum torque and one point on this curve is of considerable economic significance: It denotes the global maximum of torque over magnet mass.

An ultra-wideband (UWB) printed monopole antenna with dual band-notched characteristics is proposed. Two spiral electromagnetic-bandgap (EBG) structures placed on the front and back side of the substrate are employed to create two notch bands at 5.2 and 5.8 GHz for the lower and upper bands of the wireless local-area network (WLAN), respectively. The notch-frequency can be tuned, and the band width is narrow and adjustable. Furthermore, the spiral EBG structure used in this design are more compact than conventional mushroom-type EBG. Equivalent circuit model is extracted and discussed to explain the operating mechanism of this structure. The proposed antenna has been simulated and measured, good agreement between calculated and experimental results has been achieved.

A technique that expands dynamic range (DR) of frequency down-converters in the C band frequency is presented. Primary characteristics of down-converter are evaluated to confirm that it can be used in microwave receivers. The C band down-converter is carried out by the combination of RF mixers, band pass interdigital filter, and X band combline filter which are designed entirely for this project. Attainment of the perfect receiver is the final purpose of this paper, and a method that causes 72 dB dynamic range, high tangential signal sensitivity and fine gain flatness is used for achieving the mentioned purpose. These efforts improve the dynamic range about 19 dB and gain flatness about 3.07 dB.

A double-layer radial line helical array antenna with rectangular aperture is proposed. With rectangular aperture, the antenna can be assembled to form high gain antennas. The use of double-layer feed system ensures an equal-amplitude in-phase feed for all elements in an expected frequency band, which can improve antenna gain and aperture efficiency. This paper presents its design concept, derives pertinent design and performance, and a 16-element array antenna is simulated and measured. The experimental results show that in the range of 3.8 GHz to 4.2 GHz, the antenna gain is over 17.7 dB, aperture efficiency over 82%, antenna sidelobe level below -12.0dB, antenna axial ratio below 3.2 dB, and antenna VSWR below 1.52.

This paper presents a design methodology of wide-band bandpass filters based on short-circuited multi-conductor transmission lines with bonding wires between alternated strips. General design guidelines, based on analytical equations, are derived and a left-handed behaviour of the multiconductor structure is inferred and studied. Analytical equations are assessed by means of full-wave electromagnetic simulations and experimental work. A very good agreement between theoretical results and measurements is achieved, that allows both the design and performance analysis of filters without the need for costly electromagnetic simulations. In addition, the equations presented yield a compact design of the filter with a left-handed behavior.