Vol. 44
Latest Volume
All Volumes
PIERB 105 [2024] PIERB 104 [2024] PIERB 103 [2023] PIERB 102 [2023] PIERB 101 [2023] PIERB 100 [2023] PIERB 99 [2023] PIERB 98 [2023] PIERB 97 [2022] PIERB 96 [2022] PIERB 95 [2022] PIERB 94 [2021] PIERB 93 [2021] PIERB 92 [2021] PIERB 91 [2021] PIERB 90 [2021] PIERB 89 [2020] PIERB 88 [2020] PIERB 87 [2020] PIERB 86 [2020] PIERB 85 [2019] PIERB 84 [2019] PIERB 83 [2019] PIERB 82 [2018] PIERB 81 [2018] PIERB 80 [2018] PIERB 79 [2017] PIERB 78 [2017] PIERB 77 [2017] PIERB 76 [2017] PIERB 75 [2017] PIERB 74 [2017] PIERB 73 [2017] PIERB 72 [2017] PIERB 71 [2016] PIERB 70 [2016] PIERB 69 [2016] PIERB 68 [2016] PIERB 67 [2016] PIERB 66 [2016] PIERB 65 [2016] PIERB 64 [2015] PIERB 63 [2015] PIERB 62 [2015] PIERB 61 [2014] PIERB 60 [2014] PIERB 59 [2014] PIERB 58 [2014] PIERB 57 [2014] PIERB 56 [2013] PIERB 55 [2013] PIERB 54 [2013] PIERB 53 [2013] PIERB 52 [2013] PIERB 51 [2013] PIERB 50 [2013] PIERB 49 [2013] PIERB 48 [2013] PIERB 47 [2013] PIERB 46 [2013] PIERB 45 [2012] PIERB 44 [2012] PIERB 43 [2012] PIERB 42 [2012] PIERB 41 [2012] PIERB 40 [2012] PIERB 39 [2012] PIERB 38 [2012] PIERB 37 [2012] PIERB 36 [2012] PIERB 35 [2011] PIERB 34 [2011] PIERB 33 [2011] PIERB 32 [2011] PIERB 31 [2011] PIERB 30 [2011] PIERB 29 [2011] PIERB 28 [2011] PIERB 27 [2011] PIERB 26 [2010] PIERB 25 [2010] PIERB 24 [2010] PIERB 23 [2010] PIERB 22 [2010] PIERB 21 [2010] PIERB 20 [2010] PIERB 19 [2010] PIERB 18 [2009] PIERB 17 [2009] PIERB 16 [2009] PIERB 15 [2009] PIERB 14 [2009] PIERB 13 [2009] PIERB 12 [2009] PIERB 11 [2009] PIERB 10 [2008] PIERB 9 [2008] PIERB 8 [2008] PIERB 7 [2008] PIERB 6 [2008] PIERB 5 [2008] PIERB 4 [2008] PIERB 3 [2008] PIERB 2 [2008] PIERB 1 [2008]
2012-10-10
New Algorithms for the Specific Absorption Rate Numerical Evaluation Based on Spherical Averaging Volumes
By
Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 44, 427-445, 2012
Abstract
The numerical calculation of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) averaged over a certain tissue mass is a common practice when evaluating the potential health risk due to the human exposure to electromagnetic sources. Nevertheless, SAR values are strongly influenced by many factors such as, for instance, the shape of the volume containing the reference mass, the spatial discretization step, or the treatment of internal air, just to mention some of them: different choices can induce significant discrepancies. In this work an overview on some of the most commonly adopted SAR algorithms is firstly presented, and a discussion on their potential differences reported. Then, based on a spherical volume approach, some new algorithms are proposed. All the algorithms are then used to evaluate the SAR both in artificially generated test cases and in some practical human-antenna interaction problems. The result comparison highlights relevant discrepancies and enforces the necessity of a reasoned standardization of the techniques for the SAR calculation.
Citation
Luca Catarinucci, and Luciano Tarricone, "New Algorithms for the Specific Absorption Rate Numerical Evaluation Based on Spherical Averaging Volumes," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 44, 427-445, 2012.
doi:10.2528/PIERB12091502
References

1. IEEE C95.1-2006 "Standard for safety levels with respect to human exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz,", 28.4, 2006.

2. ICNIRP "Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz)," Health Phys.: Intern. Comm. on Non-ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), Vol. 74, 494-522, 1998.

3. IEEE C95.1-1999 "IEEE standard for safety levels with respect to human exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz,", IEEE Standard C95.1, 1999.
doi:10.1109/TMTT.2004.832689

4. Gandhi, O. P. and G. Kang, "Inaccuracies of a plastic ‘pinna’ SAM for SAR testing of cellular telephones against IEEE and ICNIRP safety guidelines," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 52, No. 8, 2004-2012, 2004.
doi:10.1109/TEMC.2006.873870

5. Beard, B. B., W. Kainz, T. Onishi, T. Iyama, S. Watanabe, O. Fujiwara, J. Wang, G. Bit-Babik, A. Faraone, J. Wiart, A. Christ, N. Kuster, A.-K. Lee, H. Kroeze, M. Siegbahn, J. Keshvari, H. Abrishamkar, W. Simon, D. Manteuffel, and N. Nikoloski, "Comparisons of computed mobile phone induced SAR in the SAM phantom to that in anatomically correct models of the human head," IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. 48, No. 2, 397-407, 2006.

6. Burkhardt, M. and N. Kuster, "Appropriate modeling of the ear for compliance testing of handheld MTE with SAR safety limits at 900/1800 MHz," IEEE Transaction on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 48, No. 11, Part 1, 1927-1934, 2000.

7. ANSI C95.1-1982 "American national standard safety levels with respect to human exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, 300 kHz to 100 GHz,", The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., New York, NY, 1982.
doi:10.1109/TEMC.2006.877784

8. Hirata, A., M. Fujimoto, T. Asano, J. Wang, O. Fujiwara, and T. Shiozawa, "Correlation between maximum temperature increase and peak SAR with different average schemes and masses," IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. 48, No. 3, 569-577, 2006.

9. Laakso, I., T. Uusitupa, and S. Ilvonen, "Comparison of SAR calculation algorithms for the finite-difference time-domain method," Phys. Med. Biol., Vol. 55, No. 421, 2010.

10. Catarinucci, L. and L. Tarricone, "Specific absorption rate (SAR) numerical evaluation: A critical discussion," IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, IMS 2007, 1349-1352 , Honolulu, HI, 2007.
doi:10.1109/22.899030

11. Nikita, K. S., et al. "A study of uncertainties in modeling antenna performance and power absorption in the head of a cellular phone user," IEEE Transaction on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 48, No. 12, 2676-2685, 2000.
doi:10.1109/TMTT.2003.821232

12. Wang, J., O. Fujiwara, S. Watanabe, and Y. Yamanaka, "Computation with a parallel FDTD system of human-body effect on electromagnetic absorption for portable telephones," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 52, No. 1, 53-58, 2004.
doi:10.1109/74.789742

13. Caputa, K., M. Okoniewski, and M. A. Stuchly, "An algorithm for computations of the power deposition in human tissue," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 41, 102-107, Aug. 1999.

14. Lee, A. and J. Pack, "Study of the tissue volume for spatial-peak mass-averaged SAR evaluation," IEEE Transactions on EMC,, Vol. 44, No. 2, May 2002.

15. IEEE C95.3-2002 "IEEE recommended practice for measurements and computations of radio frequency electromagnetic fields with respect to human exposure to such fields, 100 kHz-300 GHz,", IEEE Standards C95.3, 2002.

16. Otin, R. and H. Gromat, "Specific absorption rate computations with a nodal-based finite element formulation," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 128, 399-418, 2012.
doi:10.1109/TEMC.2011.2109005

17. Wang, M., L. Lin, J. Chen, D. Jackson, W. Kainz, Y. Qi, and P. Jarmuszewski, "Evaluation and optimization of the specific absorption rate for multiantenna systems," IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. 53, No. 3, 628-637, Aug. 2011.
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a006699

18. Catarinucci, L., P. Palazzari, and L. Tarricone, "Parallel FDTD simulation of radiobase antennae," Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Vol. 97, No. 4, 409-413, 2001.

19. Catarinucci, L., P. Palazzari, and L. Tarricone, "A parallel FDTD tool for the solution of large dosimetric problems: An application to the interaction between humans and radiobase antennas," IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, Vol. 3, 1755-1758, 2002.
doi:10.1109/TMTT.2003.808695

20. Catarinucci, L., P. Palazzari, and L. Tarricone, "Human exposure to the near field of radiobase antennas --- A full-wave solution using parallel FDTD," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 51, No. 3, 935-940, 2003.

21. Catarinucci, L., P. Palazzari, and L. Tarricone, "On the use of numerical phantoms in the study of the human-antenna interaction problem," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 2, 43-45, 2003.

22. Catarinucci, L., P. Palazzari, and L. Tarricone, "A parallel variable-mesh FDTD algorithm for the solution of large electromagnetic problems," Proc. of 19th IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium, IPDPS 2005, Denver, CO, 2005.

23. Catarinucci, L. and L. Tarricone, "A parallel graded-mesh FDTD algorithm for human-antenna interaction problems," International, Vol. 15, No. 1, 45-52, 2009.
doi:10.1118/1.597290

24. Zubal, I. G., C. R. Harrell, E. O. Smith, Z. Rattner, G. Gindi, and P. B. Hoffer, "Computerized three-dimensional segmented human anatomy," Medical Physics, Vol. 21, No. 2, 299-302, 1994.