volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

The quality of a honey can be affected by adulteration through the addition of often unauthorized substances such as sugar syrups or water. The water content in honeys is restricted to 20% according to CODEX ALIMENTARIUS. This research proposes a method which will allow to detect the water content in the honey directly in the jar. The method uses electromagnetic probing with several antennas around the jar. This method is based on the knowledge of the dielectric contrast between a pure honey and a honey containing different water contents. To validate this contrast, a campaign of dielectric measurements has been investigated on two different commercial honeys (H1 and H2) with arbitrary and controlled added water. The added water content in the honey has been varied from 0% to 15%. The experimental setup uses a coaxial transmission line with a sample holder. The frequency range extends from 100 MHz to 5000 MHz. The mixtures of honeys with water have been measured at an ambient temperature (25˚C).

1. Codex Alimentarius Commission, Revised Codex Standard for Honey, , Codex Standard 12-1981, Rev. 1, 1987; Rev. 2, 2001.
doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2020.110373 Google Scholar

2. Li, Z., Z. Meng, A. Haigh, P. Wang, and A. Gibson, "Characterisation of water in honey using a microwave cylindrical cavity resonator sensor," Journal of Food Engineering, Vol. 292, 110373, 2021. Google Scholar

3. Bakar, A. A., M. A. N. B. Rodzali, R. Radzali, et al. "Dielectric properties assessment of honey by using non destructive dielectric spectroscopy," International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vol. 12, No. 1, 189-200, February 2022, ISSN: 2088-8708. Google Scholar

4. Yakubu, A., Z. Abbas, and A. Muhammed, "Determination of adulteration of honey syrup using open ended coaxial probe sensor at microwave frequency," Open Access Library Journal, Vol. 6, e5448, 2019.
doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2017.07.009 Google Scholar

5. Li, Z., A. Haigh, C. Soutis, A. Gibson, and R. Sloan, "Evaluation of water content in honey using microwave transmission line technique," Journal of Food Engineering, Vol. 215, 113-125, December 2017.
doi:10.1002/mop.25570 Google Scholar

6. Ba, D. and P. Sabouroux, "EpsiMu, a toolkit for permittivity and permeability measurement in microwave domain at real time of all materials: Applications to solid and semisolid materials," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 52, No. 12, December 2010.
doi:10.1016/j.crhy.2014.02.003 Google Scholar

7. Georget, E., R. Abdeddaim, and P. Sabouroux, "A Quasi universal method to measure the electromagnetic characteristics of usual materials in microwave range," C. R. Physique, Vol. 15, 448-457, 2014. Google Scholar

8. Jarvis, J. B., M. D. Janezic, et al. "Measuring the permittivity and permeability of lossy materials: Solids, liquids, metals, building materials, and negative-index material," NIST Technical Note 1536, 2005. Google Scholar

9. Nicolson, A. M. and G. F. Ross, "Measurement of the intrinsic properties of materials by time-domain techniques," IEEE Trans. on Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol. 19, No. 4, Nov. 1970.
doi:10.1109/22.552032 Google Scholar

10. Boughriet, A. H., C. Legrand, and A. Chapoton, "Noniterative stable transmission/reflection method for low-loss material complex permittivity determination," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 45, No. 1, January 1997. Google Scholar

11. Jarvis, J. B., E. J Vanzura, and W. A Kissick, "Improved technique for determining complex permittivity with the transmission/reflection method," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 38, No. 8, August 1990. Google Scholar

12. Jarvis, J. B., M. D. Janezic, J. H. Grosvenor, and R. G. Geyer, Jr., "Transmission/Reflection and short-circuit line methods for measuring permittivity and permeability," NIST Technical Note 1355-R, 1993. Google Scholar

13. Park, H. H., "Design of compact transition from conical to coaxial transmission lines with a low return loss," International Journal of Electronics, DOI: 10.1080/00207217.2020.1870739.
doi:10.1088/0957-0233/17/8/026 Google Scholar

14. Adous, M., P. Queffelec, and L. Laguerre, "Coaxial/Cylindrical transition line for broadband permittivity measurement of civil engineering materials," Meas. Sci Technol., Vol. 17, 2241-2246, Institute of Physics Publishing, 2006.
doi:10.1109/36.103291 Google Scholar

15. Chew, W. C., K. J. Olp, and G. P. Otto, "Design and calibration of a large broadband dielectricmeasurement cell," IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 29, No. 1, January 1991. Google Scholar

16. Bohleber, P., N. Wagner, and O. Eisen, "Permittivity of ice at radio frequencies: Part I. Coaxial transmission line cell," Cold Regions Science and Technology, Vol. 82, 56-67, October 2012.
doi:10.2528/PIERL22021104 Google Scholar

17. Sparma, F., B. Tallawi, E. Georgin, and P. Sabouroux, "Multi-probe sensor for water content diagnosis of liquid biofuels," Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 106, 1-6, 2022. Google Scholar

Dr. Floriane Sparma

Dr. Sarah Sennoun

Professor Pierre Sabouroux