This paper deals with experimental verification of reciprocity relations for nonlinear quadripole, such as Hall transducer. We suppose that the matrix of quadripole resistances can be decomposed into the sum of matrices: linear and nonlinear. We experimentally confirmed the classical reciprocity relations for linear part of matrix of resistances.

A new defected ground structure (DGS) is designed to reduce the mutual coupling of a dual-frequency printed monopole array. The designed dual-frequency DGS consists of two concentric split ring slots. Each split ring slot produces band rejection characteristics at one resonant frequency of the antennas. An effective equivalent circuit model of the DGS section is proposed with the circuit parameters successfully extracted. Good agreement exists among the circuit simulation, EM simulation and experimental results. With the inclusion of the DGS, the measured mutual coupling of the dual-band array has been effectively reduced by 10 dB and 20 dB at two resonant frequencies, respectively.

As an emerging wireless localization technique, the electromagnetic passive localization without the need of carrying any device, named device-free passive localization (DFPL) technique has drawn considerable research attentions. The DFPL technique detects the shadowed links in the monitored area and realizes localization with the received signal strength (RSS) measurements of these links. However, the current RSS-based DFPL techniques have two major challenges: one is that the RSS signal is particularly sensitive to noise and another one is that it needs the large number of nodes to provide enough RSS measurements of wireless links to guarantee good performance. To overcome these problems, in this paper we take advantage of compressive sensing (CS) theory to handle the spatial sparsity of the DFPL problem for reducing the number of nodes required by DFPL systems and exploit the frequency diversity technique to deal with the problem of the RSS sensitivity. Meanwhile, inspired by the fact that the target's movement is continuous and the target's current location must be around the last location, we add prior information on the support region into the sparse reconstruction process for enhancing sparse reconstruction performance. The effectiveness and robustness of the proposed scheme are demonstrated by experimental results where the proposed algorithm yields substantial improvement for localization performance.

The ever-growing usage of new information and communication technology devices by different age groups is followed with public concerns of exposure induced biological effects. The aim of this paper is to assess and compare personal exposure levels to electromagnetic fields of wireless communications for different age-groups, including children, under the same exposure conditions.Assessment of personal exposure of the following age groups: 08-15, 16-20, 21-35 and 36-60 years old is conducted with sophisticated tri-axial E-field frequency selective personal exposure meters, enabling measurements of electric field strength in 14 pre-defined frequency bands in the range of 80 MHz-6 GHz. Participants are selected to be with similar social conditions and occupation, including children, students and administrative employees. The measurements were conducted in typical residential environments collecting 161 280 measurement samples. The mean value of power density of different wireless technologies is presented for each age-group, including the contribute of specific wireless technology to the total personal exposure. The highest personal exposure values per frequency band for all age groups are in GSM and Wi-Fi 2G. The results show a difference in mean power density levels between different age groups for the same exposure environment. Ultimately, all measured values were far below international safety guidelines and exposure limits.

The image produced by metamaterial slabs is discussed in a number of papers in terms of the electromagnetic field distribution. In this paper a procedure is proposed to efficiently calculate the image of an extended object placed behind a metamaterial slab as it will be seen by an observer - which can greatly differ from the image formed by the intensity maxima. The first step of the procedure retrieves the dispersion relation of a periodic metamaterial slab from the S parameters calculated with full wave electromagnetic simulation of the unit cell. The second step of the procedure utilizes the retrieved dispersion relation in the transfer matrix method to calculate the image of a point source placed behind the metamaterial slab as a function of the observation angle. Knowing the image distance of the point source for all observation angles, the image of an extended object can be efficiently calculated. The procedure is demonstrated with a Fishnet type metamaterial.

Antenna arrays for direction finding (DF) are usually designed and tested in controlled environments such as anechoic chambers. However, antenna pattern may change significantly when antennas are placed in their operational environment. In such perturbing close context, the antennas calibration validity becomes a major issue which can lead to DF performance degradation and costly recalibration process. This paper presents an innovative design and implementation of a non-disturbing solution for quasi-real time antenna monitoring. The proposed system is based on optically modulated scattering (OMS) technique. Its capacity to detect the presence of various types of obstacles, which perturb significantly the antenna radiation pattern, is evaluated. A relation between monitoring mode and DF mode measurement signals is established. Finally, a design and sizing of the overall system is proposed.

Stepped frequency ground penetrating radar (SFGPR) has received increasing attention in the field of ground penetrating radar technology due to its superiority in the detection performance. Compressed sensing (CS) SFGPR imaging reconstruction method can not merely reduce the measured imaging data volume, but also reconstruct target image with less sidelobe. However, the imaging algorithm using CS approach will lose efficacy in strong clutter environment. To solve this problem, a CS SFGPR imaging reconstruction method combined with subspace projection clutter suppression approach is proposed in this paper. First, all frequency domain data at each measurement position are reconstructed from reduced frequency measurements via sparse reconstruction technique. Then subspace projection ground clutter suppression technique is used to suppress the strong ground clutter. Finally, orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) algorithm is utilized to reconstruct the underground target image. Synthetic and experimental data processing results have verified the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed imaging method.

A multilayer notch-loaded antenna for dual-band (L & S) operation has been proposed in this paper for wireless communications. The antenna is multilayered with dielectric layers of FR4 and Rogers/Duroid. A superstrate layer has been introduced with square-shaped elements angled at 90 degrees to each other with an empty space just above the patch. The proposed structure of the antenna with superstrate layer is applicable to low frequency consecutive dual band operations. The antenna also shows very good radiation characteristics with a gain of more than 7.0 dB and side lobe levels reduced to a very good extent of around -20 dB.

We systematically study the Cherenkov optical emission by a nonrelativistic charge uniformly moving in parallel to surface of a photonic crystal by the FDTD simulations. It is found that a near-static structure of field oscillations produced by a discontinuity of dielectric permittivity in the surface of photonic lattice is generated. Such oscillations have large amplitude in the Cherenkov group cone and generate a number of well defined spectral resonances corresponding to eigenmodes of the photonic grid. The dynamics and field properties in photonic lattice with random vacancies are investigated too. It is found that even at medium level of a random perturbation the field shape shows the structural stability of the Cherenkov emission field in a photonic crystal.

An analytical formulation has been developed to evaluate the shielding effectiveness (SE) of two coplanar rectangular metallic enclosures with acircular aperture excitedby an internal electric dipole source. The formulation consists of three parts: First, the near-field electromagnetic interference (EMI) of the electromagnetic leakage from the aperture is represented by the electric dipole in one enclosure. Then, the aperture equivalent magnetic and electric dipole moments are calculated according to the Bethe's small aperture coupling theory. Finally, the electric field of the other enclosure is derived by using the equivalent magnetic dipole field, equivalent electric dipole field and the corresponding enclosure's Green's functions in the two fields. In this formulation, the electric field of the enclosure can be expressed as a function of the observation point, the aperture's center point, source point, shape of the aperture and the enclosure's conductivity. The formulation then is employed to analyze the effect of the above factors on the SE. The analytical results have been successfully compared with the full-wave simulation software Computer Simulation Technology (CST) from 0.3~2.4 GHz.

A compact wideband planar double-sided printed quasi-Yagi antenna is presented. This letter focuses on the feasibility of substituting conventional balun for microstrip-to-slotline transition balun to achieve wider bandwidth and relatively smaller size. The proposed antenna, consisting of a feeding balun, a concave arc-shaped reflector, a modified driver with stacked structure and two directors, is designed and fabricated. Good agreement between simulated and measured results is observed. Simulation and measurement results reveal that the proposed antenna can provide an impedance bandwidth of nearly 100% (2.02-6.05 GHz). Additionally, within the impedance bandwidth, the radiation pattern of the proposed antenna has front-to-back (F/B) ratios ranging from 10.1 dB to 19.1 dB, cross-polarization levels in the main radiation direction from 19.8 dB to 36.2 dB and gains from 3.4 dBi to 7.4 dBi.

In this paper, a novel numerical temporal convolution method is presented to calculate the convolutions between the retarded-time potentials and temporal basis functions (or its integration, derivation) in marching-on-in-time (MOT) solver. This approach can smooth and eliminate the singularity of integrated functions by variable substitution. It can also effectively control the precision of numerical quadratures over the surface of the source distribution. Thus it is suitable for more types of temporal basis functions including non-piecewise polynomial functions. Numerical results demonstrates that this improved method can ensure the accuracy and late time stability of the MOT solver with different types of temporal basis functions.

The dispersion diagram of infinite periodic structures is useful for the practical design of waveguide filters. Analyzing the pass- and stop-bands (gaps) in the dispersion diagram of a unit cell, it is possible to generate a finite structure with a very similar electrical response. However, the truncation of the infinite periodic structure degrades the pass-band performance. In this paper, these impairments are overcome by means of suitable waveguide tapers matching the impedance of the periodic structure to the access ports. As a result, the analysis and design of practical low-pass filters, derived from passive structures based on Electromagnetic Band-Gap (EBG) waveguides periodically loaded with metal ridges, are successfully addressed. According to these procedures, a five-order and an eight-order EBG low-pass filters are obtained after an optimization step. Measurements of a manufactured prototype fully validate the proposed approach.

We propose a wideband multifunctional device which combines a linear-to-circular polarization convertor with focusing metasurface. The proposed design is built by a novel dual-layered metal cross and cross ring unit cell which exhibits satisfying performance for controlling the reflecting phase of the electromagnetic wave polarization-independently. The device is illuminated by a Vivaldi antenna, and the functions of polarization conversion and gain enhancement have been simultaneously achieved in the band of 9.12-10.2 GHz. In addition, the polarization helicity of the system can be reconfigured by rotating the feed antenna. The device has not only greatly presented the flexibility and superiority of the metasurface in steering the electromagnetic waves, but also promoted the development of the multifunctional metasurface.

Target-supporting metal pylon predominantly contributes to background scattering in radar cross section measurement. The separation of scattering from the target and background demands stable background scattering. However, target translation creates variations in metal pylon deformation and changes its scattering, which yields errors in background separation. Analyzing the relationship between the structural parameters of metal pylon and the error caused by its deformation is necessary to reduce errors. A simplified mapping of the relationship is deduced according to the mechanical and electromagnetic theories involved. The approach combines geometrical theory of diffraction for pylon scattering and numerical integration in calculating the deflection of metal pylon to determine the variation of metal pylon scattering, and calculates error in the circle fitting caused by the variation. Simulations with commercial software are employed to verify the efficiency of the numerical model. Although it is slightly contaminated by target-pylon interaction, the approach is 800 times faster than the software simulation. An example of optimization and analysis is provided to demonstrate the trends of optimum structural parameters and fitting error within different pylon weight limits. Such an example proves that the approach can overcome the deficiency of traditional analysis which separately assesses the mechanical and RCS performances of metal pylon.

This paper presents a new property of maximally-at filter prototype coefficients. The property can be used to relate the summation of all the coefficients to an elegant expression which only includes the first coefficient. This property is then used to calculate the increase in insertion loss of this type of filters in the presence of dissipative losses due to elements/resonators finite quality factors. This presented equation for the excess loss is very convenient and does not require referring to the prototype element value table. The property is also used to show that the group delay of a maximally-at lowpass filter at ω = 0 rad/sec is only a function of the first element value of the prototype filter. Finally, a commercial circuit simulation tool is used to generate examples to verify the accuracy of the presented analytical equations. Additionally, the results are compared to expressions found in classical literature.

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) system has inherent constraints between high azimuth resolution and wide swath width. Achieving more phase center samples is one of the key solutions to resolve this limitation. By multiple N transmitting and N receiving channel concept, an increased resolution or a widened swath width could be obtained. In this paper, comprehensive analysis for shifting multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) SAR system is presented. System resolution enhancement has been demonstrated based on the distributed target simulation by a factor of N compared to conventional displaced phase center antenna (DPCA) system.

In this article, we study the far-field trapping behavior of dielectric nanospheres with diameter of 200 nm by utilizing a plasmon enhanced far-field nanofocusing lens. Based on our high effectnanofocusing circular plasmonic lens, such a far-field plasmonictrap is constituted by illuminating with a laser to form a sharper focus (subwavelength) due to a constructive interference of cylindrical surface plasmon wave. The nanoparticles can be steadily trapped in the far-field focal region (4.4λ) with an optical force to nanonewton (-4.76 nN) order, and the required optical power is less than 0.5 W. Compared with other surface plasmon tweezers, the proposed far-filed plasmonic tweezers can not only avoid physical contact with the trapped particles to prevent contamination and reduce thermal damage effects due to metal absorption, but also enable the easy trapping and manipulation of nanosizedielectric particles owing to nanonewton scale forces.

This work proposes a modified Volterra-based series suitable for the low-pass equivalent behavioral modeling of radio frequency power amplifiers (RFPAs) for wireless communication systems. In a Volterra-based series, the instantaneous sample of the complex-valued output envelope is calculated by the sum of products that depend on the instantaneous and past (up to the memory length M) samples of the complex-valued input envelope. To comply with the constraints imposed by the bandpass behavior of RFPAs, the derivation of the proposed model starts from a general Volterra-based series given by the sum of contributions that include exactly one complex-valued information multiplied by a varying number (ranging from zero up to one less than the polynomial order truncation P) of real-valued amplitude components. A first reduction in the number of parameters is then performed by retaining only the one and two dimensional contributions. A second reduction in the number of parameters is finally achieved by introducing a third truncation factor S. In fact, if this additional truncation factor S is set equal to P-1, the proposed model contains all the two dimensional contributions. Moreover, when S is set equal to 0, the proposed model reduces to the largely adopted generalized memory polynomial (GMP) model. The proposed Volterra-based series retains the important property of being linear in its parameters and, in comparison with previous Volterra-based approaches, can provide a better compromise between number of parameters and modeling error. The proposed model is then compared with the GMP model in a scenario of same number of parameters. When applied to the modeling of input-output data obtained from a circuit-level description of a GaN HEMT Doherty PA excited by a LTE OFDMA signal, the proposed model reduces the normalized mean square error (NMSE) by up to 3.4 dB. Additionally, when applied to the modeling of input-output data measured on a GaN HEMT class AB PA excited by a WCDMA signal, the proposed model reduces the NMSE by up to 1.3 dB.

Guided and leaky modes for a circular dielectric rod are analyzed in detail in this paper. By considering the field distributions, these modes are well defined and classified. The relations for the mode solutions using different types of special functions and Riemann sheets are figured out. Further, completed forms of characteristic equations used to solve different modes are presented explicitly. Asymptotic expansion method and Lambert W function are employed to derive the initial guesses around cutoff frequency, low frequency limit and high frequency limit for both TM and TE cases. The behaviors of complex transverse attenuation constants for proper and two types of improper modes with different cases are presented with some modes not shown in literatures.