The method of auxiliary sources MAS, presents a promising alternative to methods based on discretization, currently used for solving scattering problems. The optimal choice of the auxiliary surface and the proper allocation of radiation centers play a crucial role in ensuring accuracy and stability of the MAS. This approach is considered an open issue and can be investigated numerically. In this paper, we propose a systematic and fully automated technique leading to determine the optimal parameters of the MAS for arbitrary shaped obstacles (partially or fully penetrable) for scattering problems.

A near-field resonant parasitic (NFRP) antenna is presented. Unlike the conventional NFRP antenna, which is fed by coaxial cables, the topology is driven by a planar ``monopole''. In this way, the antenna and the front end circuit can be designed in a single plane, which is crucial for system integration. The radiator is electrically small (λ₀/19.3 × λ₀/10.47 × λ₀/76.4) while reaching a high efficiency (94%) and a good bandwidth (85 MHz). The operating frequency and input impedance are easily tailored. Measured results verify the working mechanism.

A novel multi-layer third-order substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) bandpass filter with improved lower stopband performance is proposed. TE₂₀₁-mode in folded-SIW cavity is utilized to implement negative cross coupling, and the TE₁₀₁-mode is taken as a non-resonating node (NRN) for implementing bypass coupling. A circular aperture etched on the middle metal layer is used to realize coupling between source and the second SIW cavity. Then, three transmission zeros located below the passband can be obtained to improve stopband attenuation. Meanwhile, better spurious suppression performance above passband is achieved. A filter sample is designed and fabricated with multi-layer low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) technology. The measured S-parameters agree well with the simulated ones, with its predicted good performance.

To remotely detect corona discharge from High-Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission lines, a detecting system combining detecting platform and data progressing system is designed. Detecting platform is developed resorting to the principle of differential noise reduction, which can fulfill narrow-band detection breaking away interference from broadcasting and easily catch the electrostatic discharge signal. To get rid of interference from spark discharge, a data progressing system containing feature extractions, clustering and recognition technologies is developed. Clustering is realized by extracting five discharge features, including peak factor, form factor, skewness, kurtosis and mean square error. The unsupervised clustering Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) method is used to achieve fast separation for electrostatic discharges and provide training set for pattern recognition. Pattern recognition resorts to Support Vector Machine (SVM) method. For comparison, Back Propagation (BP) and Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ) approaches are taken to test the recognition ability. The results show that SVM recognizer with a recognition rate of 97.5% achieves higher performance than BP and LVQ methods. It can be concluded that the detecting system can be an interesting alternative for electrostatic discharge detection.

Two exact approaches to synthesize metasurfaces for time-harmonic waves are discussed. The first approach is a spectral approach based on wave momentum conservation. Here, the spectral approach is applied to scalar and paraxial wave transformations. This approach effectively allows the arbitrary translation of the transformation plane parallel to the metasurface. The second approach is a direct-space approach based on the extraction of the susceptibility tensors of the metasurface elements. This approach is applied to vectorial field transformation and can be used for single or multiple transformations. An example of wave transformation by a metasurface is illustrated for each of the two approaches.

In this paper, an efficient spectral signature based chipless RFID tag is presented, where 4^N number of words can be coded using only N number of resonators. As data bit encoding element, the proposed tag utilizes a number of modified complementary split ring resonators (MCSRR). A novel resonance detuning mechanism proposed here allows the use of an MCSRR to independently encode two data bits instead of one bit. Compared with two separate rings based CSRR, the proposed MCSRR occupies 56% less area and also reduces the resonance bandwidth requirement by more than 60%. The multiresonator circuit and the UWB antennas are implemented on a thin (0.127 mm) substrate with only single sided metallization. The proposed tag has great prospect to yield an ultra-low cost chipless RFID tag that may replace barcode in the long run.

A dual-polarized L-probe fed microstrip patch antenna with high isolation and low cross-polarization levels is proposed. The proposed antenna has been designed and analyzed by using commercially available software --- High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) based on the finite element method algorithm and a simple resonant equation and Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio (CST MWS) based on the finite-difference-time-domain algorithm. A prototype antenna is built and tested. The return loss has been compared between measured and simulated data under the criterion of VSWR less than 2 through out the designed 4.95 to 5.05 GHz frequency range. The measured isolation between two ports is higher than 22 dB and the gain is larger than 3 dBi. The cross-polarization levels in both E and H planes are better than -21 dB, along with fair regular radiation patterns.

Metamaterials provide the opportunity for designers to create customisable artificial materials by independently tailoring the electric and magnetic response of sub-wavelength geometric structures to electromagnetic energy. Due to the increased complexity of these geometric structures, exacerbated by the increased interest in generating inhomogeneous and anisotropic metamaterials, direct optimisation of these designs using conventional approaches often becomes impractical and limited. In order to alleviate this issue, we propose an alternative optimisation approach which exploits the Kriging methodology in conjunction with an adaptive sampling plan to simultaneously optimise multiple conflicting objectives. Results show the effectiveness of the outlined algorithm in calculating a uniform spread of optimal trade-off designs, balancing the real and imaginary components of the refractive index over a wide range of values.

We propose to analyze the aperture and ITO layer presence of a modified transverse electromagnetic (TEM) cell. This TEM cell can be used to study the potential effects of microwave electromagnetic fields on biological cells. This modified delivery device allows realtime observation of biological cells during exposure. Microscopic observation is achieved through an aperture in the lower wall of the TEM cell that is sealed with a 700-nm film of the transparent conducting material Indium tin oxide (ITO). To determine the device efficiency, numerical and experimental electromagnetic dosimetry was conducted. For assessing the effect of the aperture on the specific absorption rate (SAR) in the exposed sample, a plastic Petri dish containing cell culture medium, full-wave 3-D electromagnetic simulations and temperature measurements were performed. For 1-W input power, the SAR values obtained at 1.8 GHz in the sample exposed in the TEM cell with the sealed or non-sealed aperture of 20-mm diameter were 1.1 W/kg and 23.6 W/kg, respectively. An excellent homogeneity of the SAR distribution was achieved when the aperture was sealed with the ITO layer. The performance of the delivery system was confirmed by microwave exposure and simultaneous observation of living cells.

In this paper, suppression of mutual coupling is achieved using compact waveguided metamaterials in between elements of a densely packed microstrip array. Both the E-plane internally folded complementary split ring resonator and the H-plane internally folded complementary split ring resonator are employed to reduce the mutual coupling between adjacent elements. Coupling suppression of 18 dB and 9 dB, for elements in the E-plane and H-plane, respectively, is demonstrated. Due to the compact size of the waveguided metamaterials, the edge-to-edge separation between elements is kept at only 0.093λ₀. With the same elements spacing, a 2×2 array is also simulated with compact WG-MTMs. The proposed structure reduces the array size and enables the implementation of compact Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output systems.

In this paper, we present a tri-band electromagnetic absorber with insensitive properties. A rotational symmetry structure with a metallic ground is proposed for the design of the metamaterial absorber. Calculation results show that the absorber has three perfect absorption points at 4.76 GHz, 7.61 GHz and 10.84 GHz with the corresponding absorption rates of 96.7%, 97.8%, and 99.3%. An experiment is given, and the results verify our design. Such a tri-band absorber has the merits of high absorption rate, stable performance with various incident angles and different polarizations.

In this paper, we present improved Lumped-Parameter Models for simulation of a Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous (IPMS) machine to calculate PM flux linkage, and Q and D-axis inductances which can be used for torque calculation. These improved models include all details of flux barriers and air bridges of rotor and also the eect of saturation in central posts and stator core. To validate the accuracy of these models, results are compared with the Finite Element Method results for a candidate three-layer IPMS machine.

A novel dual-band circularly polarized monopole antenna fed by coplanar waveguide (CPW) is proposed. Deformed monopole and asymmetrical ground are utilized to achieve dual-band characteristic, by adjusting the tuning stub close to the deformed monopole, the antenna can be further improved to a good performance. Measured results show that the proposed antenna impedance bandwidth is 1.44 GHz centered at 3.42 GHz for the lower band and 400 MHz centered at 5.2 GHz for the upper band, the 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth is 900 MHz centered at 3.25 GHz and 400 MHz centered at 5.1 GHz respectively. The measured results agree well with the simulated results.

A compact dumbbell-shaped split-ring DGS is introduced between array elements of a sixteen-element microstrip array in order to reduce the mutual coupling between antenna elements and eliminate the scan blindness. The proposed DGS is inserted between the adjacent rectangle-shaped slotted microstrip antenna elements separated by 0.35λ, as a technique to suppress the radiation in the horizontal direction. Simulated results show that a reduction in mutual coupling of 36 dB is obtained between elements at the operation frequency of 2.45 GHz (WLAN band). The scan properties of microstrip array with and without DGS have been studied, and the result indicates that the scan blindness of the array has been well eliminated because of the effect of the DGS. We have developed experimental models that have proved the concept of scan blindness elimination. Finally, the influence of other antenna parameters at the presence of DGS in the array system has been studied. Prototype antennas of sixteen-element array with and without resonator have been fabricated, measured, and the idea has been verified. A good agreement is observed between measured and simulated results.

According to a recent European Union report, lighting represents a significant share of electricity costs and the goal of reducing lighting power consumption by 20% demands the coupling of light-emitting diode (LED) lights with smart sensors and communication networks. This paper proposes the integration of these three elements into a smart streetlight, which is based on LEDs and a 24 GHz phased-array (Ph-A) front-end (FE) designed in low-cost 90nm complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The selected FE's architecture allows the implementation of transceivers as well as Doppler radar sensors. Furthermore the Ph-A technology is applied to the Doppler radar sensor in order to realize multi-lane road scanning and pedestrian detection. The radar sensor is used to make the streetlight eco-friendly by turning on the lamp only when necessary and to measure traffic parameters such as vehicle speed, type and direction. Intercommunication between the streetlights is based on a time-sharing mechanism and uses the same FE reconfigured as transceiver. Thanks to this functionality, the recorded traffic information is relayed through adjacent streetlights to a control center, and control commands and warnings can be spread through the network. The system requirements are derived assuming a simplified model of the operating scenario with a typical inter-light distance of 50 m and line-of-sight between lights. The radar range is around 60 m, which allows for continuous coverage from one streetlight to the adjacent one. Meanwhile, a communication range of 140 m is derived as a fundamental requirement for reliable communication between streetlight sensors because it allows bypassing of one node in case of failure. For the developed building blocks --- a low-noise amplifier, a variable-gain amplifier, a voltage-controlled oscillator and a vector modulation phase shifter --- the design methodology is presented together with measurement results. The system feasibility is proved by means of a system analysis based on the measured data from the implemented blocks and the state of the art performances for the missing parts. The requirements are fulfilled with a total power consumption of around 375 mW in Doppler radar sensor mode and around 190 mW in transceiver mode. To the authors' knowledge, this kind of integration is new and overcomes some limitations of the currently used solutions based on infrared sensors and low-throughput communications.

Rain attenuation is a major source of impairment to signal propagation at microwave and millimeter wave bands. The procedures for the estimation of rain attenuation value regard to microwave signals however rely mainly on 1-minute rain rate statistics, particularly those obtained locally from experimental measurement campaigns over a given location. In this paper, we present recent results on 1-minute rain rate statistics required for satellite and terrestrial link designs, as obtained from a 2-year measurement over Akure, Nigeria. The performance of the existing rain rate models: Rice-Holmberg (RH) model, the Kitami model, Moupfouma model and the global ITU rain rate model were tested based on four metrics namely: Prediction error, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Spread-Corrected Root Mean Square Error (SC-RMSE) and the Spearman's rank correlation. Result indicates that no single model completely outperforms all others. Interestingly, the RH model is particularly best behaved over the distribution, while the Moupfouma model performs suitably well. Others seem to vary largely from the measured rain rate distribution. Results for the rain rate exceeded for 0.01% of the time agrees with earlier estimates for the cumulative rain rate distribution derived from higher integration-time statistics over this tropical site.

In this paper, two miniaturized (20 x 20 mm²) coplanar waveguide fed slot antennas are proposed. Both the antennas are characterized by ultra wide impedance bandwidth while one of them has an additional narrow band near 2.5 GHz. The radiating element of the proposed antennas is a modified rectangular geometry which is excited by a 50 ohm line. The radiating element of the proposed antennas is a modified rectangular geometry which is excited by a 50 ohm line. The slot in the ground plane is stair case shape for UWB antenna and octagonal shape for the dual-band antenna. By modifying the slot and adding a λ/4 length metallic stub, an extra resonance is created for the dual-band antenna. The measured impedance bandwidth of the UWB antenna is 7.8 GHz (3.4-11.2 GHz). The impedance bandwidths of the dual-band antenna are 150 MHz (2.45-2.6 GHz) and 8.4 GHz (3.2-11.6 GHz). The radiation patterns of the proposed antenna are found to be bi-directional in E-plane and omnidirectional in H-plane. All the measured and simulated results are in good agreement.

First, we report on the design, simulation and measurement of a 2-4 GHz conformable antenna optimized for skin contact and implemented on a flexible printed circuit for integration into a wearable device. Second, we experimentally verify the suitability of appropriately long (~10 cm) microstrip traces for the wearable system signal distribution network, which features varying radii of curvature. Consequently, the contribution of the here reported work is two-fold. First, the experimental results obtained both with breast phantoms and on-body measurements, demonstrate a return loss below -10 dB in the desired frequency band. Phantom results also show a through-breast transmission coefficient of above -40 dB at the centre frequency of 3 GHz. Second, and essential for signal integrity in our target application, the results show that the longitudinal curvature of such a microstrip does not increase transmission line losses.

A high gain wideband antenna array with an omnidirectional radiation pattern is presented for base station. The antenna array is composed of four elements and a circular four-way power divider. The proposed planar antenna element consists of four pairs of arc dipoles and a balun, which can achieve a better impedance match and a wider frequency range. Furthermore, the conductor ground of the power divider with a larger size than the element is placed under the four antennas, which can also enhance the peak gain. The antenna array is simulated, fabricated and measured. The measurement results show that the proposed antenna array can achieve a bandwidth from 1.62 GHz to 2.43 GHz or a relative bandwidth of 39.4%. The antenna array has a peak gain of 6.4-7.2 dBi in the work band and obtains a radiation efficiency of 88%. The simulated and measured results show that the proposed antenna array is a good candidate as a base station antenna for GSM, PCS, and UMTS applications.

In this paper, a three-band antenna with small size 50×15×0.8 mm³ is developed. The multi-broadband antenna consists of strip-1, tstrip-2, Br-1, Br-2 and S-strip. The lengths of strip-1, strip-2 are close to λ/4 at 680 MHz, 850 MHz and λ3/4 at 2.04 GHz, 2.55 GHz, respectively. S-strip is close to λ at 5.2 GHz and λ3/4 at 3.7 GHz. In addition, two tuning stubs Br-1 and Br-2 connected to strip-2 can further improve the impedance matching. Then six key resonances are excited: 680 MHz, 850 MHz, 2.04 GHz, 2.55 GHz, 3.7 GHz and 5.2 GHz. There exists electromagnetic coupling (EMC) among them, and as a result of the comprehensive effect of the structure, three wide-bands are produced: 660-1050 MHz, 1.60-3.75 GHz, 5.25-6.50 GHz. That is, the operation band covers full LTE700/2300/2500 (1710-2690 MHz)/GSM850/900/ (680 M-960 M)GSM1800/1900/WiMAX3.5G (3400~3650 MHz)/5.4-GHz (5250~5850 MHz)/ UMTS (1710-2170 MHz). The return loss is better than -6 dB. The peak gains also satisfy the requirement for practical application.